Deck 1: Introduction to Diversity in Canadas Families: Variation in Forms, Definitions, and Theories

Question 1

On August 23, 2016, about 200 Indigenous people gathered in Toronto to protest the ________, a period in the 1960s and 1970s during which Indigenous children were removed from their families and placed "in the care" of non-Indigenous families.

A) double decade revelation
B) Sixties Exposé
C) Sixties Scoop
D) Sixties Sensation
E) decade of injustice

Answer 1

Sixties Scoop

Question 2

According to the most recent Canadian Census data available, which of the following is not an increasing trend in Canada?

A) Households with a mother, father, and children
B) People living alone
C) Couples living together without children
D) LGBTQI+ families
E) Multi-generational families

Answer 2

Households with a mother, father, and children

Question 3

Blended families are also known as ________

A) mixed families.
B) stepfamilies.
C) reformulated families.
D) remodelled families.
E) millennial families.

Answer 3

stepfamilies.

Question 4

Amanda Jette Knox's autobiographical book Love Lives Here explores her relationships with family members who are _______

A) gay.
B) divorced.
C) transgender.
D) aging.
E) childless.

Question 5

________ are not an example of a transnational or multi-local family.

A) Visa students
B) Immigrant families
C) Migrant workers
D) Adopted children
E) Refugee claimants

Question 6

Thousands of people living in Canada currently find themselves temporarily separated from their children and spouses as part of a strategy to secure a better economic future and opportunities for their family. Families who find themselves in this position are called ________

A) dependent families.
B) settlement families.
C) refugees.
D) conditional Canadians.
E) satellite families.

Question 7

The term "satellite children" was first used in the 1980s to describe ________ children whose parents were immigrants to North America.

A) Japanese
B) Chinese
C) Italian
D) British
E) African

Question 8

Many racialized immigrants in Canada live in poverty because of ________

A) racial discrimination in employment.
B) an over-representation of racialized groups in low-paying jobs.
C) a labour market failure to recognize international credentials.
D) a and c.
E) all of the above.

Question 9

"Child launch" from families refers to the point at which children leave their parental home. This "launch" has been delayed due to changing economic circumstances and ________

A) children staying to assist aging parents.
B) children marrying at an older age.
C) larger school debt loans.
D) higher rents.
E) None of the above

Question 10

The term "________" refers to young adults who leave their parental homes for work or school, only to return due to large debt loads, shifting employment prospects, or changing marital statuses.

A) velcro kids
B) rebounding kids
C) ricochet kids
D) bouncing-back babies
E) comeback kids

Question 11

All of the following, except for ________, are familiar with living in multi-generational households and pooling family resources.

A) divorced Canadians
B) older Canadians
C) Canadians with disabilities
D) new immigrants to Canada
E) large families

Question 12

The 2020 groundbreaking study by C. Chih et al revealed health and well-being data on which population in Canada?

A) Racialized trans and non-binary people
B) Trans and non-binary parents
C) LGBTQI+ children
D) LGBTQI+ immigrants
E) Racialized Canadians

Question 13

In relationships, "resource differentials" can produce "________," which can result in exploitation in the marital relationship.

A) a relationship of exchange
B) a negative home environment
C) relationship asymmetry
D) resource imbalance
E) a reverse power structure

Question 14

Ethnographic resesearch, such as Margaret Mead's work on families and culture in the South Pacific, is best described as ______

A) qualitative and descriptive.
B) quantitative and statistical.
C) qualitative and historical.
D) quantitative and imperical.
E) qualitative and self-reflective.

Question 15

The term "________" family is defined as a household that is shared by several generations or sets of kin.

A) extended
B) nuclear
C) long-term
D) elongated
E) protracted

Question 16

Due to dire economic circumstances, Sarah, her mother and father, invited her grandparents, two aunts, a second-cousin, and a great-grandparent to come and live with them. These ________ family members planned to stay until they could afford to live on their own.

A) extended
B) peripheral
C) outlying
D) secondary
E) ancillary

Question 17

A "________" consists of related or unrelated individuals who share a dwelling.

A) domicile
B) abode
C) household
D) residence
E) domestic quarter

Question 18

According to recent research by Whitehead and Perry, the functionalist idea of separate but complementary sex roles is still commonly held among which group?

A) Those who hold strong religious beliefs
B) LGBTQI+ populations
C) Parents with more than one child
D) Grandparents
E) Those who remain childless

Question 19

The life course approach is a recent development in the study of life trajectories. Which earlier theory does this approach expand on and revise?

A) Marxism
B) Feminist theory
C) Developmental theory
D) Social exchange theory
E) Functionalism

Question 20

George Murdock concluded that the nuclear family was universal and served four basic functions: ________

A) reproductive, sociable, habitual, and economic.
B) stabilizing, reproductive, sexual, and educational.
C) educational, habitual, sexual, and stabilizing.
D) reproductive, sexual, sociable, and habitual.
E) sexual, economic, reproductive, and educational.

Question 21

________ identified cross-cultural variations and stressed that labour divisions are learned behaviours.

A) George Murdock
B) Talcott Parsons
C) Margaret Mead
D) Karl Marx
E) Stephanie Coontz

Question 22

Functionalism is based on the idea that families are ________

A) systems of interaction.
B) flexible units that change over time.
C) institutions that serve specific functions in society.
D) the "doers" of social life.
E) designed to fulfill the goals of capitalism.

Question 23

According to Parsons (1955), men are biologically better suited to fulfill _______ (i.e. tasks that need to be performed to ensure a family's physical survival) while women are better suited to performing ________ (i.e. tasks involved in emotional or supportive functions).

A) instrumental functions; expressive functions
B) labouring functions; domestic functions
C) paid work roles; subordinate chores
D) aggressive roles; emotional roles
E) assertive functions; demonstrative functions

Question 24

Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx believed that ________

A) the way we organize economic life affects the way we organize social life and experience family relations.
B) the family can be understood by examining what it does and how it functions within a society.
C) gender differences in power and status within and outside families is natural.
D) parent-child relationships are most important when understanding family life.
E) None of the above

Question 25

For ________, the social goal is to abolish private property, re-establish communism, and return to more equitable relations between the sexes.

A) functionalists
B) Marxists
C) symbolic interactionists
D) exchange theorists
E) developmental theorists

Question 26

Symbolic interactionism is used to explore all of the following except________

A) how social relations and interactions explain family situations.
B) how individuals construct meaning through their daily interactions with others.
C) the belief that individuals and interactions within families shape the organization of family life, which in turn helps shape larger organizations.
D) parent-child relationships.
E) economic forms and relationships.

Question 27

________ focuses on understanding the balance between the costs and rewards to marital partners who choose to enter and remain within a conjugal relationship.

A) Developmental theory
B) Exchange theory
C) Family systems theory
D) Functionalism
E) Symbolic interactionism

Question 28

Exchange theory is a broad theoretical framework used to examine relational processes within families. It borrows from ________

A) anthropology, biology, and sociology.
B) economics, anthropology, and psychology.
C) psychology, anthropology, and sociology.
D) sociology, economics, and psychology.
E) biology, economics, and sociology.

Question 29

________ argues that an individual's problems and behaviour are best understood in the context of families.

A) Symbolic interactionism theory
B) Family systems theory
C) Development theory
D) Functionalist theory
E) Marxist theory

Question 30

Developmental theorists believe that families are influenced by ________

A) experienced life cycles with clearly delineated stages.
B) the economic cycles present in society.
C) birth, death, and migration cycles.
D) cultural traditions and environmental changes.
E) sexual, economic, educational, and reproductive changes.

Question 31

Evelyn Millis Duvall and Reuben Hill created the family development theory using the works of ________

A) Murdock, Mead, and Marx.
B) Piaget, Skinner, and Freud.
C) Piaget, Freud, Erikson, and Kohlberg.
D) Mead, Engels, Piaget, and Erikson.
E) Mead, Marx, Freud, and Erikson.

Question 32

Duvall and Hill argued that families go through a series of ________ developmental stages in the family cycle.

A) seven
B) eight
C) five
D) four
E) nine

Question 33

________ bias is not identified as one of Eichler's biases in family literature and theorizing.

A) Monolithic
B) Sexism
C) Activism
D) Ageism
E) Racism

Question 34

Since the 1960s, the "big bang" feminist theories have challenged all of the following, except________

A) gender-neutral assumptions about family life and roles.
B) the differential distribution of activities, resources, and power.
C) the myths surrounding women's roles and abilities.
D) existing family theories.
E) the denial of access to a legitimate and social instituted sphere of family, marriage, and parenting for lesbian families.

Question 35

_______ challenge the gender-neutral assumptions about family life and roles that mask or ignore inequalities and result in negative outcomes for women.

A) Developmental theories
B) Family systems theories
C) Feminist theories
D) Functionalist theories
E) Exchange theories

Question 36

Same-sex unions have gone from being illegal, to being invisible, to being recognized and counted as marriages and families.

Question 37

For the first time in 2011, the Census was changed to include and count stepfamilies.

Question 38

In 2016, 5.8 million children under the age of 14 (or 69.7 per cent) lived with both of their biological or adoptive parents.

Question 39

Partners in recent-immigrant households were more likely to have lived common law in the past, rather than being married.

Question 40

In essence, no one family portrait explains the massive diversity of family types to be found in Canada.

Question 41

In 2011, seven in ten young people either remained in or returned to live in their parental home.

Question 42

"Satellite families" is a term used to describe people temporarily separated from their children and spouses in attempt to secure a better economic future for their families.

Question 43

The terms "boomerang children" and "velcro kids" are used interchangeably.

Question 44

Many new immigrants to Canada, older Canadians, and Canadians with disabilities tend to live in multi-generational households.

Question 45

Divorce rates peaked a year after the 1986 changes to the Divorce Act.

Question 46

During the Great Depression of the 1930s, marriage and fertility rates increased.

Question 47

Compared with other Canadian families, immigrant families tend to be smaller.

Question 48

By 2011, six in 10 young people either remained in or returned to live in their parental home.

Question 49

Although racialized immigrants make up just over half of all immigrants to Canada, they comprise up to 71% of all immigrants living in poverty.

Question 50

Symbolic interactionist theories are based on the idea of organic ontology which assumes that society is like a living organism or body, made up of a series of interrelated parts working together for the good of the whole.

Question 51

Feminists believe that with the advent of private ownership and male control of land and other property, women lost power and control both within and outside of families.

Question 52

According to Marxist theory, gender differences in status and power are natural and inevitable.

Question 53

Functionalism incorporates the concept that men and women are equally suited to perform instrumental and expressive tasks within the family to ensure its survival.

Question 54

George Herbert Mead assumed that individuals were active agents or "doers" of social life.

Question 55

Exchange theory maintains that couples who receive favourable reward/cost outcomes from each other are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage.

Question 56

Family systems theory assumes that a family is a relatively closed system of social interactions, or a site of interacting personalities.

Question 57

Bronfenbrenner's (1977) ecological theory of human development uses a systems approach to understanding family life by looking at how the home environment or micro-system affects child development.

Question 58

According to developmental theories, family members are challenged by different developmental tasks and normative events which can, at times, result in stress, crises, and critical transitions.

Question 59

The timing and duration of family life cycle stages are typical from one family to the next.

Question 60

Duvall (1988) believes that developmental theory is unique as its family life cycle dimension provides the basis for the study of families over time.

Question 61

Margrit Eichler used the term "conservative bias" for the tendency to emphasize uniformity of experience and universality of functions within the family.

Question 62

Margrit Eichler used the term "monolithic bias" for the tendency to treat families as encapsulated units, typically ignoring such social factors as the economy, religion, or politics.

Question 63

In the first half of the twentieth century, the prevailing literature on families tended to ignore or devalue families of culturally or ethnically non-dominant groups.

Question 64

Feminism turned "private matters" such as sexuality and domestic violence into issues of public, social, and political importance.

Question 65

Feminist approaches today downplay the importance of the unpaid work women perform in the home.

Question 66

Queer theory challenges traditional family theory by attempting to bring changing attitudes and laws around gay and lesbian unions into the mainstream.

Question 67

A longitudinal study shows changes over time, usually by tracking a particular group of people or by taking snapshots of different groups at different points in time.

Question 68

Like lone-parent families and remarriages, same-sex families and transnational families are new family forms on the Canadian landscape.

Question 69

The term "transgender" refers to individuals who have a gender identity, or gender expression, that differs from their assigned sex.

Question 70

Most feminist theories have been criticized for failing to provide an adequate analysis of lesbian and gay family experiences.
Short

Question 71

Discuss the statistical trends and patterns associated with same-sex families in Canada.

Question 72

Discuss the statistical trends and patterns associated with stepfamilies in Canada.

Question 73

Explain some of the challenges facing recent-immigrant families.

Question 74

Discuss why racialized immigrants are more likely to live in poverty.

Question 75

What are two of the most significant changes that have been made to the Canadian Census over the past 25 years related to collecting data on families?

Question 76

Why is it important to include LGBTQI+ families in research on Canadian families?

Question 77

What are some critiques of applying traditional developmental theories to the study of the family?

Question 78

What is a "monolithnic bias" and how does it connect to theories of the family?

Question 79

What is a "paradigm shift"? Give one example of a paradigm shift in the context of family studies.

Question 80

Functionalist theory suggests that gender roles must be distinctive in order for a family to function. What problems might we encounter when this theory is applied to the definitions of family?