Deck 6: Ethnicity and Nationalism

Question 1

In the 1920s,Italian immigrants were considered dark,strange,and often subhuman by the so-called white majority in the United States,who were then primarily of northern European descent.Today,the descendants of these immigrants are no longer marginalized according to their appearance and are now fully

A) assimilated.
B) nationalized.
C) incorporated.
D) integrated.

Answer 1

assimilated.

Question 2

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called a

A) creation story.
B) folktale.
C) origin myth.
D) history.

Answer 2

origin myth.

Question 3

In Jewish tradition,in order to be Jewish,a person must have a Jewish mother,follow the Jewish religion,and abide by kosher food limitations.Although they are not ironclad,these customs set off traditional Jewish people from others and demonstrate the concept of

A) ethnic boundary markers.
B) ethnic-making projects.
C) socially significant traits.
D) religious determinism.

Answer 3

ethnic boundary markers.

Question 4

The text recounts the problems experienced by the French soccer team in the World Cup-tempers,refusals to practice,and a humiliating early exit and loss.This reflects a deeply held perspective on what being "French" really means and is a window into the problems that surround the concept of

A) nation.
B) nationality.
C) ethnicity.
D) lineage.

Question 5

Swedish people share a common language,culture,and ideals;therefore,Sweden-the country they live in-illustrates the concept of a

A) dominion.
B) state.
C) nation-state.
D) society.

Question 6

When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant group,they are practicing

A) nationalization.
B) integration.
C) absorption.
D) assimilation.

Question 7

Originally,________ referred to a distinct group of people with a shared place of origin,but it is now most commonly used to refer to a country.

A) state
B) realm
C) nation
D) nation-state

Question 8

When we consider the brutality of the Rwandan genocide,it seems almost inconceivable that archeological evidence points to a few larger geographical locations in East Africa-the Kenya Rift Valley and the Olduvai Gorge-as the origin of the vast majority of existing African ethnicities.
This process of diffusing and relocating and then assuming a new,separate cultural identity is understood as

A) budding.
B) ethnogenesis.
C) fissioning.
D) origination.

Question 9

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group.These are known as

A) culturally significant traits.
B) ethnic boundary markers.
C) ethnic-making projects.
D) social signifiers.

Question 10

According to Aztec tradition,they wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island with an eagle standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth.According to their prophecy,this would be their new home.The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco,where tradition said they found the eagle.This demonstrates the concept of a(n)

A) tall tale.
B) origin myth.
C) folktale.
D) ethnohistory.

Question 11

The influx of different nationalities into the United States has taken place since the 1600s,and today,immigrants who do gain entry are often forced into a process of

A) assimilation.
B) indoctrination.
C) naturalization.
D) nationalization.

Question 12

Illegal border crossings in the southwestern United States have led to the enactment of laws to try and stop the influx of immigrants.Sometimes the legal language is written in a manner that signifies "American-ness" using veiled racial or other supposed markers to clearly identify those who are "in" and those who are "out." Such demarcation is called

A) apartheid.
B) cultural wall.
C) ethnic boundary.
D) segregation.

Question 13

To say that one is born in a particular country establishes the affiliation of that person to a

A) community.
B) nation.
C) state.
D) nation-state.

Question 14

Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family,and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St.Patrick's Day parade and drinks margaritas with his Mexican relatives the next day.This demonstrates the concept of

A) flexible concept of self.
B) situational negotiation of identity.
C) rationalization of identity.
D) simulated nationalism.

Question 15

What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary whose population shares a sense of culture,ancestry,and destiny?

A) community
B) nation-state
C) state
D) society

Question 16

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n)

A) society.
B) ethnicity.
C) dominion.
D) nation.

Question 17

The brutal genocide in Rwanda took millions of lives.As the death squads moved through different villages killing those who were considered "Tutsi," some who had identified as Tutsi attempted to survive by calling themselves Hutu.This is a tragic example of

A) ethnic variation.
B) flexible nationalism.
C) national identification.
D) situational negotiation of identity.

Question 18

Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed,self-identification with a particular ethnic group can change through what process?

A) situational negotiation of identity
B) rationalization of self
C) naturalization of identity
D) ethnodetermination
E) ethnic cleansing

Question 19

Most groups of people have tales about where they came from and when,which unite them as a group.These tales are known as

A) creation stories.
B) folktales.
C) tall tales.
D) origin myths.

Question 20

What was formerly a way to identify people with a shared geographical place of origin is now used synonymously with the term

A) state.
B) society.
C) nation-state.
D) nation.

Question 21

In Zimbabwe,guerrilla fighters turned to spirit mediums to receive the blessing of ancient Shona kings and gain legitimacy and unity in their fight against British colonialism.This allowed them to promote what concept?

A) colonialism
B) spiritualism
C) nationalism
D) resistance

Question 22

Prior to 1800,the French were a scattered collection of urban and rural people who spoke different languages,celebrated different holidays and festivals,and practiced different religions.Then,in the early 1800s,the development of schools and a road system brought people closer together,and along with a growing economy and a national language united them as French,rather than Gascons,Burgundians,and Parisians.This illustrates the idea of

A) nationalism.
B) ethnic boundaries.
C) ethnogenesis.
D) nation building.

Question 23

The process through which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as

A) assimilation.
B) biculturalism.
C) multiculturalism.
D) naturalization.

Question 24

In New York,the annual India Day Parade excludes the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA).This happens despite the existence of the hijra in India,an alternative sex and gender that has been legally recognized.In considering the process of assimilation,this exclusion might be understood as

A) segregation.
B) nationalism.
C) prejudice.
D) ethnic boundary markers.

Question 25

Babylon,Mesopotamia,and the "cradle of civilization" are all attributes we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq.This creates a sense of ethnic unity in that nation today,something that has

A) never existed at all.
B) existed since World War II.
C) existed for two hundred years.
D) existed at least two thousand years.

Question 26

England-as a separate nation-does not exist in the sense of being a political entity in the world of nations.It is in fact part of the United Kingdom.England today as a place is a potpourri of immigrants,ideas,values,and social norms that vary tremendously.But when the World Cup soccer matches begin,England suddenly exists as a nation,united by a single passion-to win the cup.Such melding of different peoples is a kind of

A) ethnogenesis.
B) origination.
C) syncretism.
D) nationhood.

Question 27

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations,our connection to people within these groups is relatively new,and our shared traditions are recently invented.In addition,most members will never meet each other.Therefore,most nations today are

A) achieved communities.
B) conglomerates.
C) nation-states.
D) imagined communities.

Question 28

The Indian American community has broken down many old barriers once held in India,but has chosen to deny efforts by the members of the SALGA to participate in the India Day Parade.This illustrates the concept of

A) control of identity.
B) ethnic boundary markers.
C) ethnic cleansing.
D) ethnogenesis.

Question 29

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of

A) nationalism.
B) imagined community.
C) invented identity.
D) nation-state.

Question 30

The text notes that the stories of the Mayflower,the first Thanksgiving,the Boston Tea Party,the American Revolution,and the settling of the West are retold to emphasize a shared destiny as well as the values of freedom,exploration,and individualism.These illustrate the concept of a(n)

A) folktale.
B) history.
C) "just so" story.
D) origin myth.

Question 31

Many non-native-born groups in the United States-such as Arabs,Czechs,the French,Irish,Italians,Greeks,Jews,and many others-have become part of white American society,and this has been described as

A) the melting pot.
B) enculturation.
C) assimilation.
D) immigration.

Question 32

The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily by occupation;however,the Belgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different and superior to the Hutu farmers.Eventually,these two groups of people began to see each other as different as well.This is an example of

A) ethnic division.
B) apartheid.
C) ethnogenesis.
D) colonialism.

Question 33

What metaphor is used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S.dominant culture?

A) nationalism
B) tossed salad
C) melting pot
D) whitening

Question 34

What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?

A) the United Kingdom
B) England
C) France
D) Indonesia

Question 35

Chinese immigrants in the United States have a long history,but many Chinese American communities still have a distinct Chinese character where they retain many aspects of traditional Chinese cultures.This example illustrates the concept of

A) amalgamation.
B) biculturalism.
C) integration.
D) multiculturalism.

Question 36

Sometimes a group of people breaks away from an ethnic group to form a new identity,and,in the past,two ethnic groups have combined to form a new and unique identity.These are examples of

A) nation building.
B) ethnic making.
C) ethnogenesis.
D) situational negotiation of identity.

Question 37

The French have a strong sense of connection to their history,ideals,and culture that binds them together,and this is clearly missing in Iraq.This illustrates the concept of

A) dominion.
B) ethnicity.
C) nation-state.
D) society.

Question 38

Despite the often obvious ethnic,socioeconomic,occupational,and religious differences,and the fact that most will never meet each other,most people in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called "America," who share common beliefs and traditions.This demonstrates the concept of

A) ethnic making.
B) ethnogenesis.
C) imagined community.
D) nationalism.

Question 39

African Americans were originally brought to the United States as slaves in the 1600s.Even after the Emancipation Proclamation,black Americans were segregated and treated as third-class citizens.The Civil Rights Act in 1965 initiated some legal changes,but attitudes continued to hamper life.Part of what has helped bring African Americans more fully into American life is an embrace of ancestral traditions,as well as the emergence of linguistic forms such as Black English.While these are all commendable and important,African Americans might not still be understood through the lens of

A) biculturalism.
B) multiculturalism.
C) segregation.
D) separation.

Question 40

As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s,the broad array of new arrivals dispersed into cities and towns,often blending in to both embrace their new lives and as a way of being safe against prejudice and hatred.This process has often been called

A) melting pot.
B) integration.
C) enculturation.
D) amalgamation.

Question 41

The desire of Scots to have their own independent country of Scotland,separate from the United Kingdom,of which they are a part now,illustrates the concept of

A) dominion.
B) nationalism.
C) partition.
D) separation.

Question 42

The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group is known as

A) apartheid.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) mass murder.
D) genocide.

Question 43

Explain what is meant when we say that a nation is an imagined community,and give an example from class.

Question 44

A particular ethnic group may attempt to assert its domination over a recognized territory and to affirm its values,ambitions,and common destiny in an expression of

A) power.
B) dominion.
C) hegemony.
D) nationalism.

Question 45

According to the text,what ended five hundred years of peace between Bosnian Muslims,Catholic Croats,and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?

A) ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
B) religious beliefs
C) ethnic rivalries
D) colonial interference

Question 46

The United States has been described as a so-called melting pot for immigrants,but not all immigrant groups follow the same trajectory.In a brief essay,compare and contrast the experiences of Italian,Jewish,Greek,or other European immigrants with those of immigrants from China or India.

Question 47

Adolf Hitler rose to power on the basis of a claim to so-called Aryan supremacy,arguably a racist ideology.The Nazi rise to dominance,however,happened largely because the Nazis harnessed the power of

A) the state.
B) the nation-state.
C) the community.
D) nationalism.

Question 48

The stark contrast between 1987 and 1994 in Bosnia that Tone Ringa found-all four hundred Muslim villagers had fled or been killed-was a powerful case of

A) ethnic cleansing.
B) ethnocide.
C) mass murder.
D) genocide.

Question 49

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia tells a very different story about the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia.Similarly,scholar Mahmood Mamdami gives a different perspective on the history of the Rwandan conflict.In both cases,there is clear agreement that the conflicts were a type of

A) mass destruction.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) decimation.
D) genocide.

Question 50

The concepts of "ethnicity," "nation-state," "nationality," and "nationalism" are closely related and have serious impacts on countries in the world today.In a brief essay,discuss the situation in Iraq with regard to nation,nation-state,ethnicity,and nationality,and provide examples to support your points.

Question 51

During the colonial period,colonial powers redrew the political boundaries of much of the world to suit their economic needs,without regard to local ethnic,political,or religious realities.When colonialism ended,these new boundaries became new countries,and most had groups claiming multiple ethnicities and identities within these new countries.This has resulted in civil war,ethnic cleansing,and ethnic conflict,as well as

A) political stability.
B) ethnocorporations.
C) ethnic diversity.
D) genocide.

Question 52

China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China.One way this is done is by the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-born Chinese Han people.Evidence to suggest the use of force in this process is scant;however,it is still understood as a kind of

A) domination.
B) ethnic cleansing.
C) ethnocide.
D) removal.

Question 53

In the text,the author notes that the French national soccer team imploded at the 2010 World Cup because one of the team's stars questioned if some members of the team were actually French.They have to be citizens of France to play on the team.Explain why this became an issue for the French team.

Question 54

Identify three things that are used as ethnic boundary markers,and explain in what cultures they are used and how.

Question 55

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia,ethnic Croats expelled,imprisoned,or killed the Muslim people to whom they had lived peacefully next door for more than five hundred years.This illustrates the concept of

A) ethnic cleansing.
B) genocide.
C) fascism.
D) expulsion.

Question 56

In a brief essay,identify three ways that various immigrants from India have created a new and unique Indian American identity in the United States.Is this assimilation or multiculturalism,and why?

Question 57

In South Africa,the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white settlers who had taken it through the formation of the Royal Bafokeng Nation,Inc.This effort has subsequently flourished and is a powerful example of

A) Bafokeng independence.
B) a type of guerrilla warfare.
C) an ethnocorporation.
D) a form of ethnic cleansing.

Question 58

The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation Royal Bafokeng Nation,Inc.to

A) recover land taken by white settlers.
B) get wealthy from platinum mining.
C) make the Bafokeng people wealthy.
D) take advantage of native sovereignty.

Question 59

Explain why England is called the "ninety-minute nation" and why it is so important to people who identify as English.

Question 60

In the opening discussion of the chapter,the author discusses how Jerome and Kevin-Prince Boateng have become soccer stars.Their father was Ghanian and their mothers were German;one played soccer for the German national team and the other played for the Ghanian national team.In a brief essay,explain how they can have different nationalities that allow them to play on different national teams.Do they have different ethnicities as well? Why?

Question 61

In a brief essay,compare and contrast how the Bafokeng and Native American tribes have formed corporations to achieve specific goals.Use specific examples from the class to illustrate your answer.

Question 62

Define ethnic cleansing and genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.

Question 63

The text notes that for most of the world's people,ethnicity is not a pressing matter in daily life;instead,it becomes active when power relationships undergo negotiation in a community or nation.In a brief essay,give an example and explain how ethnicity has been activated to accomplish some end.Explain the power relationship under negotiation,who was involved,and how ethnicity was activated to accomplish the goal.Describe the outcome of these efforts.

Question 64

Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.