Deck 11: The Global Economy

Question 1

Agriculture is defined as

A) food production involving the domestication of plants and animals.
B) cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.
C) practicing farming involving mechanization.
D) clearing of land for cultivation purposes using controlled burning methods.

Answer 1

cultivation involving permanent cultivation of the land.

Question 2

According to the text,Côte d'Ivoire is a country best known for

A) extensive tropical forests.
B) banana exports.
C) political corruption.
D) cocoa exports.

Answer 2

cocoa exports.

Question 3

The process of "closing a deal" in business can be a cutthroat one,with both parties (think of a corporate merger)trying to get the best deal they possibly can.This can be analyzed by anthropologists as a form of

A) balanced reciprocity.
B) forced reciprocity.
C) negative reciprocity.
D) general reciprocity.

Answer 3

negative reciprocity.

Question 4

One of the ways that human beings have established societies that flourish is through the cultural adaptation to the environment,which is also known as

A) the economy.
B) capitalism.
C) a commodity chain.
D) industrialism.

Question 5

The primary difference,from an anthropological perspective,between balanced reciprocity and generalized reciprocity is

A) generalized reciprocity occurs between those with close ties.
B) balanced reciprocity occurs only between immediate family members.
C) generalized reciprocity is a political act.
D) balanced reciprocity serves to keep families together.

Question 6

The problems with industrialized agriculture are discussed in the book and include dangerous chemicals,weather susceptibility,large amounts of energy and health risks.Taken all together,these problems add significantly to the

A) dramatic increases in poverty worldwide.
B) shrinking numbers of people who are able to till the soil for a living.
C) expanding human ecological footprint.
D) increased dependency on fossil fuels.

Question 7

Hunting,fishing,and gathering plants for food are all adaptive strategies for survival that were employed by ________ humans.

A) egalitarian groups of
B) primitive agricultural groups of
C) early industrial societies of
D) early pre-agricultural groups of

Question 8

Investigations of Côte d'Ivoire do NOT reveal which of the following complex dynamics seen in the global economy?

A) interconnectedness of farmers in Africa with global consumers
B) tensions between nation-states and transnational corporations
C) commodity chains that help to reinforce distinct national territories
D) global financial markets affecting producers' compensation and quality of life

Question 9

Did you get a tax refund last year? If you did,you have experienced one of the side effects of redistribution that we understand as

A) reallocation.
B) balanced reciprocity.
C) a leveling mechanism.
D) market exchange.

Question 10

Industrial agriculture has raised a number of challenges but as a form of farming has also increased the total carrying capacity in part because it

A) provides a far more efficient means of raising crops.
B) has resulted in significantly lower disease rates.
C) can support larger human settlements.
D) employs far more people to work the land.

Question 11

Foraging is defined as

A) food production involving the domestication of animals.
B) food production involving some cultivation of the land.
C) food production involving farming.
D) food production based on hunting,fishing,and gathering.

Question 12

Which of the following distinguishes agriculture in nonindustrial states from egalitarian societies?

A) swidden farming
B) tending livestock
C) gathering of nuts,fruits,and root crops
D) landless tenants as wage laborers

Question 13

Among the many strategies employed for food production,nonindustrialized societies have often depended largely on

A) pastoralism.
B) swidden farming.
C) agriculture.
D) foraging.

Question 14

Horticulture is defined as

A) cultivation of animals and plants.
B) cultivation of plants involving mechanized cultivation of the land.
C) cultivation strategy demanding well-orchestrated land use strategies.
D) cultivation strategy with nonintensive use of both land and labor.

Question 15

Generalized reciprocity-the exchange of goods and services among those of relatively equal status-provides a means to share resources,but it is also significant because it

A) maintains social status.
B) helps provide for the poor.
C) thwarts the dangers of large-scale industrial agriculture.
D) builds social ties.

Question 16

Among other changes that occur with the transition to intensive agriculture that reflects a distinctly Marxist perspective is

A) population sizes tend to decrease.
B) surpluses generated through peasant labor are transferred to a small elite.
C) a more egalitarian lifestyle emerges.
D) populations became more politically active.

Question 17

The text tells us that early evidence of agriculture appears in numerous places around the globe,including the Indus River in South Asia,the Yellow River in China,the Nile valley in Egypt and,of course,the Fertile Crescent region in Mesopotamia.Southern Africa is notably absent,and this may be because

A) egalitarianism was well established and there was little need to change that.
B) the population of that region was too small to support agriculture.
C) the poor conditions and soil precluded the use of cultivation.
D) that population was not intelligent enough to develop agriculture.

Question 18

When you lived at home growing up as a child,you may have received a small allowance-a bit of money on a somewhat regular occasion that you could use as you wished.This typically comes from a parent who is also working at a regular job to support the family.This is,in anthropological terms,a form of

A) general reciprocity.
B) redistribution.
C) balanced reciprocity.
D) gifting.

Question 19

Pastoralism is defined as

A) food production involving the domestication of animals.
B) food production involving permanent cultivation of the land.
C) food production involving the mechanization of animal slaughter.
D) food production involving the domestication of plants.

Question 20

One of the distinct differences in the carrying capacity found in industrial agriculture and that of simpler subsistence strategies-hunter-gatherers,pastoralism,horticulture,and low-intensity agriculture-is that the latter are

A) locally limited.
B) cheaper to maintain.
C) more readily subject to environmental changes.
D) not easily applied to larger populations.

Question 21

As European colonialism expanded in scope,many of the places that had been colonized began to rebel.Social upheaval included France,the United States,Haiti,and many other places around the world.However,the collapse of the colonial system did not actually take place until

A) 1776.
B) the end of World War I.
C) 1812.
D) the end of World War II.

Question 22

As a result of the China-Europe trade imbalance,European nations sought to acquire needed resources in order to participate fully in the world economy of that time.The major advantage they had-advanced weaponry and strong military strategies-resulted in a lasting legacy of

A) slavery.
B) colonialism.
C) disease.
D) religious domination.

Question 23

Haiti is a significant former colony because

A) it was the first nation to gain independence from a colonial power.
B) it became the first independent former colony to be ruled by people of African descent.
C) it was an example of a highly profitable colony.
D) widespread migration from Haiti to Britain occurred after Independence.

Question 24

Development is frequently considered to be a way to spur economic growth and a path toward

A) balanced trade.
B) democracy.
C) progress.
D) financial stability in the global economy.

Question 25

One outgrowth of European colonialism was driven in part by the vast inflow of raw materials-sugar,cotton,and more-as well as labor,seen as expendable.As this economy grew,it led to the development of faster,cheaper processing methods,all of which led to

A) a huge population explosion.
B) widespread social unrest.
C) major advances in scientific discovery.
D) the industrial revolution.

Question 26

Following the end of World War II and the development efforts made by Western nations,questions about the efficacy of the entire development model arose in part because

A) nations that had a rich base of natural resources did not experience the expected levels of growth.
B) nations that had smaller populations continued to experience serious poverty.
C) some former colonial powers continued to exploit other countries.
D) the cost of restoring the war-torn nations of Europe proved far higher than originally thought.

Question 27

________ is the commodity most closely associated with early Chinese trade routes.

A) Slavery
B) Sugar
C) Gold
D) Silk

Question 28

Of the many different things that were exchanged in the Triangle Trade,the one unexpected thing was

A) silk.
B) people.
C) disease.
D) gold.

Question 29

Prior to the European exploration of the Americas,trade routes between China and Europe were accomplished via

A) long-distance overland routes via Siberia and Northern Europe.
B) long-distance ship routes around the southern coast of South America.
C) long-distance overland routes through Asia and eastern Europe.
D) long-distance ship routes around the southern coast of Africa.

Question 30

The Triangle Trade that emerged in the early 1500s resulted in an unprecedented level of economic,social,and military activity between Europe,Africa,and the Americas.The European effort to expand their own economic power in the Caribbean quickly proved unsustainable due to a shortage of

A) water.
B) sugar.
C) ships.
D) people.

Question 31

One critique of modernization argues that colonialism has not gone away and that the underlying economic interrelationships in the world today are

A) unchanged.
B) controlled by the same powers.
C) failing to alleviate suffering and poverty.
D) changing too quickly.

Question 32

Critics of modernization suggest that underdevelopment is the result of postcolonialism,and that poor countries today cannot participate in the global economy because it is structured to transfer ________ to developed nations.

A) money
B) people
C) resources
D) energy

Question 33

The origins of the current global economic system are found in the late 1400s,when China was the world leader in the production and export of goods such as silk and hard goods.The result of this position created what problem that fostered European exploration of the Americas?

A) currency surplus,with vast reserves held by the ruling elite
B) trade deficit,with exports vastly exceeding imports
C) gold shortage,with an inability to pay off international debts
D) labor shortage,leading to a strong demand for slave labor

Question 34

According to the author,what conditions led to the emergence of dependency theory?

A) African scholars argued that industrialized countries were using the land and rain in East Africa to grow crops for export.
B) Anthropologists observed that inadequate natural resources made former colonies across the globe dependent on help from industrialized nations.
C) Latin American scholars observed that the global economy was structured to extract resources from less developed nations and transfer them to industrialized nations.
D) European scholars argued that flows of migrants from the global North to the global South made Europe dependent on immigrants as a labor source.

Question 35

The European drive to enter the world economy of the 1500s led to a frenzied effort to procure

A) silk.
B) spices.
C) gold.
D) slaves.

Question 36

Immanuel Wallerstein's modern world systems analysis sees nations and regions as divided into different groups in terms of economic dominance.These include core,semiperiphery and periphery groups.One defining characteristic that is applicable to the periphery group is

A) tax sheltering.
B) cheap labor.
C) industrially developed.
D) militarily developed.

Question 37

The text suggests that globalization has challenged the neat categories of Wallerstein's world systems theory,in that the flow of goods and ideas is less predictable,and the uneven development persists in much of the world.According to the world systems theory,this is likely because

A) there is not always geographical isolation between core and peripheral nations.
B) globalization creates geographical isolation between core and peripheral nations.
C) both core and peripheral nations are developing more rapidly.
D) semi-peripheral nations are major contributors to continued poverty.

Question 38

In the critique of modernization,modern world systems analysis argues that the source of raw materials today is the same as it was during the height of colonial expansion,namely in those nations that are now considered to be

A) core.
B) developed.
C) peripheral.
D) impoverished.

Question 39

Following the end of World War II,modernization was thought to be the path on which all nations,even former colonies,would do best.One underlying rationale that helped foster this idea was that modernization,and by extension,development,was considered to be

A) the cheapest way to restore war-torn nations.
B) the natural path of economic development.
C) the best way to eliminate poverty.
D) an effective means of stemming social unrest.

Question 40

In the United States,the system of taxation is a form of

A) redistribution.
B) balanced reciprocity.
C) negative reciprocity.
D) market exchange.

Question 41

Why is understanding the foraging lifestyle so important to economic anthropologists? When did humans first use this adaptive strategy,and how many humans rely on this practice today? What are the primary locations where it is practiced today? Think specifically of the resources and means of obtaining them,settlement patterns,and division of labor.

Question 42

The text discusses the Tsukiji fish market as an example of a global commodity chain because

A) one can trace the hands fish pass through in a network that connects previously unconnected people and locations.
B) merchants in Tokyo opted to sell only local produce to make the market more sustainable.
C) it has become the largest tourism attraction in Tokyo.
D) it is a shifting of core and periphery because goods and money are flowing from the periphery to the core.

Question 43

Henry Ford is best known,perhaps,for the introduction of the assembly line and the Model T.As his manufacturing effort expanded,however,he also adopted an attitude that came to be known as Fordism and had as one of several central tenets the idea that workers should

A) earn higher wages and work shorter hours.
B) earn lower wages and work shorter hours.
C) be drawn from a pool of immigrant labor.
D) be willing to tolerate the grueling work of an assembly line without complaint.

Question 44

Which of the following does the author identify as a success the global economy has achieved in the past 60 years?

A) School enrollments have more than doubled across the globe.
B) Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent.
C) A reduction in poverty has meant fewer than one million people across the globe go hungry each day.
D) Life expectancy in the past century has risen by 50 percent to 78 years.

Question 45

Why was European colonialism such an important component of the development of the global economic system? Why was Columbus's voyage to the New World tied to the trade network occurring in the Old World? Explain how the discovery of gold and silver in the New World and colonization facilitated Europe's participation in the Old World trade network.

Question 46

The text suggests that "ecological overshoot" is a likely consequence of our current global economy.This means that

A) we have damaged the environment beyond its ability to repair itself.
B) we have exceeded the ability of the planet to provide for our needs.
C) development planners have not properly accounted for the ecological costs of growth.
D) the free market must pull back from the environmental practices that destroy the planet.

Question 47

Why does the nation of Bangladesh illustrate the problems of development and how it relates to environmental challenges?

A) Governments alone cannot change the pattern of environmental destruction.
B) Past programs designed to help poor nations have been a failure.
C) Poorer nations suffer the consequences of climate change in ways that developed nations do not.
D) Poor nations are not well equipped to manage economic growth.

Question 48

How does the Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement fit with the ideas behind neoliberal economic policies?

A) It helps promote government spending on health care.
B) Trade agreements increase tariffs and taxes on industry.
C) Trade agreements in general advocate limiting the profits of international corporations.
D) Neoliberalism seeks to eliminate trade barriers across international boundaries.

Question 49

How were the Old World long-distance trade routes a precursor to the global economy? First,provide two examples of the commodities exchanged by Arab and Chinese traders,discussing how these products circulated from Asia to Europe.How and when did the movement of slaves occur in the eighth and ninth centuries?

Question 50

How does tracing the links in the commodity chain originating in Côte d'Ivoire inform us of the complex dynamics in the global economy? After defining the term commodity chain and identifying the commodities produced and exported from this nation,discuss how the recent history of this former colony illustrates three important dimensions of the global economy.

Question 51

Are structural adjustment loans as provided by organizations such as the World Bank consistent with the goals of neoliberalism?

A) no,because organizations such as the World Bank are not promoting free trade
B) no,because organizations such as the World Bank are actually making poverty worse
C) yes,because organizations such as the World Bank are nongovernmental organizations
D) yes,because organizations such as the World Bank are government-controlled organizations

Question 52

Keynes advanced the position that capitalism works best when

A) government reigns in the excesses of capitalism.
B) government controls the free market completely.
C) free markets are able to implement the legal structures needed to succeed.
D) all citizens are able to decide what the free market can and cannot do.

Question 53

There is widespread agreement that climate change is having a serious impact on the planet,and the contribution of human activity is a major part of this problem.Meeting an agreed-upon goal of a reduction in emissions,which contribute to temperature increases worldwide,has fallen well short of the original 2 degrees Celsius and has instead resulted in

A) intensified oil and gas drilling.
B) a dramatic rise in greenhouse gases.
C) greater numbers of people using cars to get around.
D) an increase of eight-tenths of a degree.

Question 54

The position that the free market and free trade rather than the state are the main mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with

A) John Keynes.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Karl Marx.
D) Henry Ford.

Question 55

The author discusses that the Chinese restaurant workers who enter the United States through New York

A) have typically learned English before arriving in the United States,so they do not need English classes.
B) tend to come from larger cities such as Beijing and have experience working in restaurants.
C) save up for years before making the journey so that they have no debts on arrival.
D) frequently suffer physical and emotional stress as underpaid employees working long hours.

Question 56

Currently,the world is consuming natural resources at double the rate required to maintain sustainable levels.This is a stark example of the problem of

A) overpopulation.
B) the human ecological footprint.
C) uncontrolled expansion of capitalism.
D) increasing poverty.

Question 57

The concept of flexible accumulation describes an overall strategy of multinational corporations to increase profitability.One of the keys to the success of this strategy is the use of

A) offshoring.
B) local transportation systems.
C) a low cost labor force.
D) increasingly large-scale manufacturing techniques.

Question 58

Some estimates suggest that a Chinese immigrant trying to enter the United States illegally may pay upwards of $75,000 to do so.This is an example of

A) pushes and pulls.
B) bridges and barriers.
C) chain migration.
D) hometown associations.

Question 59

Discuss where and when agricultural production is first seen in the historical record.What technologies does this subsistence strategy entail? Identify and explain changes that occur with the transition to the agricultural subsistence strategy.Provide a total of three examples of social,political,and demographic changes in societies practicing agriculture with food production that is not seen in horticultural,pastoral,or foraging lifestyles.

Question 60

How are today's privatization programs,often associated with neoliberalism,an unsurprising result of Adam Smith's perspective on economic growth?

A) Smith's belief in increased governmental control of the market is in opposition to privatization.
B) Smith argued for unfettered competition in the market and called for government assistance to ensure this result.
C) Smith's belief in laissez-faire-"leave it alone"-economics calls for a free market,which must itself be a private market.
D) Smith supported the idea of colonialism and felt that governments were best suited to implement privatization.

Question 61

Why are anthropologists interested in the anticolonial and independence movements? When did the majority occur? Summarize reasons for this.Identify three strategies commonly used to gain independence and how external forces often contributed to the quest for independence.

Question 62

What distinguishes Wallerstein's notions of core,peripheral,and semiperipheral nations? Define each,and explain how they correlate to the concepts of colonial and postcolonial nations.After explaining the role of each in production or exchange networks,explain-using the example of Appalachia from the text-how a peripheral area can exist within a core.Provide a second example of how a core can exist within a periphery.How does the author account for this phenomenon?

Question 63

Contrast the perspectives of modernization and dependency theories.First,define modernization theory and explain two objectives of economic development projects.Then discuss the criticisms of this approach that have emerged in Latin America.Why did Latin American theorists argue that Latin American nations could not be competitive in the global economic system? What did they suggest that underdeveloped nations do?

Question 64

Explain where and when the so-called Triangle Trade occurred,identifying the three primary commodities the text discusses in this exchange network.Contrast the production and exchanges that occurred in the Caribbean plantation economy with the exchanges occurring between European trappers and Native American populations in North America.

Question 65

Explain the controversies associated with neoliberal policies.Identify two positives and two negatives of neoliberalism discussed in the text.What is the reasoning behind structural adjustment policies? Use two examples from Jamaica to discuss problems associated with structural adjustment.