Deck 1: Historical Influences and Research Methodology

Question 1

In the design of a research project within an organization, the case study approach involves:

A)Using experimental and control groups, as was the case with the Hawthorne experiments
B)Measurement that takes place before and after a change to the independent variable
C)Probing in some detail the activities or behaviour of individuals or groups
D)All of the other alternatives presented here

Answer 1

Using experimental and control groups, as was the case with the Hawthorne experiments

Question 2

The major perspectives within psychological thought can be classified as:

A)The phenomenological approach, the psychoanalytical approach, the cognitive approach, and the behaviourist approach
B)The phenomenological approach, the psychoanalytical approach, the biological approach, and the behaviourist approach
C) The psychoanalytical approach, the human relations approach, the cognitive approach, and the behaviourist approach
D)The classical approach, the psychoanalytical approach, the cognitive approach, and the behaviourist approach

Answer 2

The phenomenological approach, the psychoanalytical approach, the cognitive approach, and the behaviourist approach

Question 3

Which of the following continues to be the most prominent school of thought in scientific psychology?

A)The phenomenological school
B)The classical school
C)The psychoanalytical school
D)The cognitive school

Answer 3

The cognitive school

Question 4

Which of the following is not a key landmark in the development of organizational psychology and behaviour?

A)Organizational analysis
B)Systems approach
C)Contingency approach
D)Principles of organization

Question 5

Scientific management was spearheaded by:

A)Fayol and Urwick
B)Weber
C)Taylor, Gilbreth, and Gantt
D)Elton Mayo

Question 6

Which of the following belongs to the concept of bureaucracy?

A)Technical competence
B)All of the other alternatives presented here
C)Rules and procedures
D)Division of labour

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of the principles of organization put forward by authors such as Fayol and Urwick?

A)Definition
B)Authority and responsibility
C)Unity of command and direction
D)All of the other alternatives presented here

Question 8

Early approaches in organizational psychology are:

A)Scientific. management, systems approach, and principles of organization
B)Scientific. management, classical bureaucracy, and principles of organization
C)Scientific. management, human relations movement, contingency approach
D)Classical bureaucracy, systems approach, and principles of organization

Question 9

The Hawthorne studies combined the following two radical approaches from previ-ous industrial psychology:

A)Shift to the socio-emotional model and a focus on the improvement of working conditions
B)Shift to the psycho-physiological model and an experimental approach with the body as the object of study
C)Shift to the socio-emotional model of the worker and an experimental approach with attitudes as the intervening variable between situation and response
D)Shift to the psycho-physiological model and a focus on the improvement of working conditions

Question 10

The Hawthorne effect refers to:

A)The increase of workers' productivity because of a close collaboration with management
B)Change in workers' behaviour by the mere fact that they are being observed
C)The change of workers' behaviour due to socialization in the workplace
D)The continuous increase of workers' productivity following improvements in the working environment

Question 11

The neo-human relations movement differs from the human relations movement in:

A)The idea that an organization continually adapts to and influences its environment
B)That it takes into account the need for a common outlook for superiors and subordinates
C)Its acceptance that the structure of the organization is dependent upon the situation in which each organization finds itself
D)Its more scientific analysis of organizational functioning

Question 12

The scientific method is characterized by:

A)Definition and control of the variables used in the research, data analysis, replica-tion, and hypothesis testing
B)Dependent and independent variables, data analysis, experimentation, and hypoth-esis testing
C)Reliability, replication, quantification, and hypothesis testing
D)Definition and control of the variables used in the research, data analysis, experi-mentation, and hypothesis testing

Question 13

In an experiment:

A)The dependent variable is under the control of the researcher
B)The independent variable is under the control of the researcher
C)Both the independent and dependent variable are under the control of the researcher
D)The major principle is that of operant conditioning

Question 14

Experiments are conducted in:

A)The laboratory
B)The field
C)Both the field and the laboratory
D)Neither the field nor the laboratory

Question 15

The following research method is not of an explanatory nature:

A)An observational study
B)An experiment
C)A case study
D)A descriptive survey

Question 16

External validity concerns:

A)The extent to which laboratory experiments can be replicated in field experiments
B)The extent to which the independent variable influences the dependent variable
C)The extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the specific con-fines of the setting in which the study took place
D)The extent to which research findings match findings of previous research

Question 17

Action research could be defined as:

A)The application of the scientific. method of fact-finding and experimentation to practical problems awaiting solutions
B)The application of the scientific. method of fact-finding and experimentation to initiatives taken by the researchers themselves
C)The transformation of information taken from documents into new research projects
D)None of the other alternatives presented here

Question 18

The focus of organizational psychology is on:

A)Occupational stress and employee well-being
B)People's relationship with their working environment
C)Individual, group, organizational development, and occupational psychology techniques
D)Time and motion study and work measurement

Question 19

The cognitive approach is most closely related to:

A)The behaviourist approach
B)The phenomenological approach
C)The psychoanalytical approach
D)The biological approach

Question 20

Which approach to psychology is the most appropriate when analysing unconscious forces in the minds of key players in a hostile takeover situation whereby one com-pany makes a bid for another?

A)The behaviourist approach
B)The phenomenological approach
C)The psychoanalytical approach
D)The biological approach