Deck 6: Theoretical Approaches to the Growth and Development of Children

Question 1

Maturation refers to changes that are due to:

A) major life experiences
B) genetic inheritance
C) illness
D) injury

Answer 1

genetic inheritance

Question 2

Cephalocaudal development proceeds in which direction?

A) head downward
B) foot to midsection, followed by head to midsection
C) toe to head
D) extremities in toward the tailbone section of the body

Answer 2

head downward

Question 3

Development that proceeds from the inside out is called by which of the following terms?

A) internal-external
B) inner-outer
C) proximodistal
D) cellular-epidermal

Answer 3

proximodistal

Question 4

Infants start grasping with the whole hand, and as they develop they begin to use just the fingers. This development is an example of which of the following types of development?

A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) anterior-posterior
D) internal-external

Question 5

When comparing the development of a number of children, you would expect which aspect of developmental change to be the same in all the children?

A) basic sequence of changes
B) onset of each change
C) length of each change
D) response

Question 6

When children learn new developmental skills, the new skills:

A) take longer to learn than earlier skills
B) cause the child anxiety
C) predominate over older skills
D) are a minor focus compared to old skills

Question 7

When comparing the way infants react to pain with the way older children respond to pain, you will find that:

A) there is little difference between the way infants and children respond to pain
B) infants respond with their whole body while children can localize the pain
C) children will cry more and infants will withdraw more
D) infants will refuse to nurse during pain while children will continue to eat

Question 8

The nurse is working with the caregivers of a child who is 2-1/2 years old. The nurse advises the caregivers that it is important for the child to know what it feels like to have a wet diaper. This advice was given because of which rationale?

A) The nurse is acting on an old wives' tale and has no rationale.
B) Children need to know the connection between being wet and being changed by a caregiver.
C) Children have to be able to tell a caregiver they are wet before they can be successfully toilet trained.
D) This is an important sensory experience for maximum development of brain potential.

Question 9

In the nature versus nurture controversy about human development, the nature view sees development as mainly influenced by which of the following factors?

A) genetic
B) environmental
C) culture
D) chance

Question 10

When a person is discussing the strong influences that child-rearing methods have on the development of the child, this person is most probably coming from which of the following viewpoints or theories?

A) neoclassic
B) nurture
C) nature
D) naturalistic

Question 11

The most popular theory of developmentalists today is that:

A) nature provides the most important contribution to development
B) how biological and environmental factors interact is more important than the predominance of one over the other
C) development depends almost entirely on the experiences an individual has by age 5
D) genetics is most important, and we are about to engineer people to correct all defects

Question 12

In looking at continuity versus discontinuity in human development, theorists who use discontinuity believe that:

A) there is a connection between early and later development
B) a shy adult was shy as a child
C) development is a series of discrete steps or stages
D) once an introvert, always an introvert

Question 13

If you view a child's development from a passivity theory rather than an activity theory, you would most probably believe that:

A) creative teachers have little to do with a child's interest in a particular subject
B) children become delinquent because of association with an antisocial peer group
C) child-rearing practices have little to do with whether a child is passive or assertive
D) children seek their own experiences to shape their development

Question 14

The activity view of a child's development would most believe which of the following statements?

A) The personality and activity levels of children are for the most part shaped by association with family.
B) An inquisitive, friendly, outgoing child may encourage the same behavior in indifferent and unfriendly people.
C) Children who are fearful as toddlers will most likely retain some paranoia as adults and isolate themselves.
D) Teachers and peers are the most important indicators of a child's motivation to seek meaningful experiences.

Question 15

It is documented that infants who lived in an impoverished orphanage and who were adopted into nurturing homes grew up without identifiable intellectual defects. This occurrence best supports which of the following views of development?

A) shared parenting
B) correctional
C) critical period
D) sensitive period

Question 16

Context specificity suggests which of the following beliefs?

A) Bad caregivers raise bad kids, and good caregivers raise good kids.
B) Children develop according to an internal time clock that is set for certain milestones.
C) There are differences in child development related to cultural values, beliefs, and experiences.
D) Climate has a lot to do with the rate at which children develop.

Question 17

John Locke suggested that children are neither good nor bad but have inborn tendencies and are molded by life experiences. His doctrine was called:

A) original sin
B) innate purity
C) tabula rasa
D) carta blanca

Question 18

The assumptions about human nature that Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) proposed include a belief that children are:

A) inherently good and born without a sense of right and wrong
B) little adults and have all the reasoning abilities of adults
C) bad and must be taught, corrected, and saved from evil ways
D) neither good nor bad but are taken over by God or the devil

Question 19

Freud developed the theory that the source of psychic energy that drives human behavior is:

A) sexual need
B) work need
C) the id, ego, and superego
D) the preconscious mind

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the ego, according to Freudian theory?

A) the conscience
B) the irrational, selfish, impulsive part of the personality
C) the rational and controlling part of the personality
D) the inner self

Question 21

In Freudian theory the component of the personality that emerges when the child internalizes values, roles, and morals is called the:

A) superego
B) ego
C) id
D) anti-Narcissus

Question 22

Freud believed that the most important life instinct was which of the following instincts?

A) protector
B) hunter
C) sex
D) comfort

Question 23

From birth to 1 year of age, the infant is in which of the following stages, according to Freudian theory?

A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) genital

Question 24

Freud theorized that methods used to toilet-train children might have a lasting effect on their personality. Children who had rigid, severe toilet training would most likely show which of the following behaviors later in life?

A) narcissistic
B) meticulous and hypercritical
C) self-mutilating
D) bullying to others and aggressive

Question 25

In Freudian psychodynamic theory, which of the following best describes the Oedipus complex?

A) a child becoming the center of attention
B) extreme jealousy of one or more siblings
C) believing that one is actually the child of royalty
D) incestuous desire of a boy for his mother

Question 26

Freud theorized that during the phallic stage, a child's energy is focused on which of the following areas of the body?

A) mouth
B) genitals
C) anus
D) hands

Question 27

According to Freudian psychodynamic theory, the attachment of a girl to her father produces anxiety, which must be resolved and controlled. Which name is used for this attachment?

A) Electra
B) Cleopatra
C) Oedipus
D) Olympia

Question 28

Which of the following activities are most closely identified with the latency stage suggested by Freud?

A) The id is out of control, and the child struggles with antisocial thoughts and deeds.
B) The child increasingly identifies with the same-sex parent and has intense involvement with same-sex peers.
C) Energies are directed toward sexual thoughts and curiosity about opposite-sex parent and peers.
D) The superego has not yet developed, and the child has little focus on society and useful skills.

Question 29

Using your knowledge of the Freudian stages of psychosexual development when caring for a child between the ages of 1 and 3 years, it would be most important for you to ask the caregivers about:

A) fords and rituals used for elimination
B) use of pacifiers
C) pet names for grandparents
D) whether or not the child has a tendency to bite others

Question 30

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development differed from Freud's ideas of development in that Erikson viewed:

A) children as being controlled by caregivers and society with little room for exploring the environment on their own
B) children as being controlled by the superego and being afraid to displease the caregivers
C) humans as rational creatures with the ego--rather than the id, superego, or conflicts--controlling thoughts, feelings, and actions
D) children as having no sexual interests or conflicts of any kind, with this issue not arising until young adulthood

Question 31

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, a child between ages 6 and 11 is going through which of the following stages?

A) initiative versus guilt
B) industry versus inferiority
C) identity versus role confusion
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 32

In order to help an infant accomplish the basic task of infancy (according to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development), caregivers must consistently do which of the following things?

A) Provide entertainment and stimulation for psychological growth.
B) Talk with the child during the child's waking hours.
C) Hold the baby in a way that the baby prefers.
D) Meet need for comfort, security, predictability, food, and warmth.

Question 33

The nurse is assessing a toddler's psychosocial developmental level using Erikson's eight stages. Which of the following behaviors would the nurse most likely find if the child were demonstrating being in shame and doubt instead of having mastered autonomy?

A) dependency and constantly looking to others for approval
B) sleep disturbance, crying, and vomiting
C) always imitating others rather than using imagination
D) frequent crying, emotional outbursts, and whining

Question 34

When an infant is hospitalized, the nurse recognizes the importance of this infant mastering the first of Erikson's eight life stages. He or she would most help the infant by instructing the caregivers:

A) not to visit as it could upset the infant when the caregivers leave
B) to spend as much time with the infant as possible
C) to schedule visits around nursing care
D) to limit visits to official visiting hours

Question 35

Sullivan believed that personality development is mainly the result of:

A) biochemical types and amounts and being either in balance or out of balance
B) genetic inheritance
C) childhood experiences, interpersonal encounters, and the mother-child relationship
D) extended family influences

Question 36

According to Sullivan's stages of interpersonal development, the primary task of the first stage is:

A) to learn to rely on others, especially the primary caregiver, to gratify physiological needs and achieve satisfaction
B) to satisfy egotistical and narcissistic needs
C) to learn how to please the caregivers and others
D) to become independent of caregivers and separate oneself from the environment and significant people

Question 37

Sullivan believed that a person's self-image emerged according to how the infant:

A) was treated by the extended family
B) interpreted the primary caregiver relationship
C) was or was not the center of attention of the family
D) was treated in relation to other people or siblings by the primary caregivers

Question 38

Sullivan theorized that the "good me" and the "bad me" fuse around which age?

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 18 months

Question 39

During Sullivan's early childhood stage, excessive parental disapproval may cause children to see themselves and the world as:

A) negative or hostile
B) inadequate and wanting
C) undeserving
D) sick

Question 40

The stage at which children have a chum, according to Sullivan's stages of interpersonal development, is which of the following stages?

A) early childhood
B) preadolescence
C) late childhood
D) adolescence

Question 41

The nurse applying knowledge of Sullivan's interpersonal theory of development would most likely encourage which of the following activities for school-aged children and adolescents who are hospitalized?

A) extra homework
B) television and computer game time
C) interactions with same-aged children
D) visits from extended family

Question 42

The behavioral theorists believe which of the following factors most influence behavior?

A) rewards and punishment
B) genetic inheritance
C) confrontation
D) presentation of reality

Question 43

Ivan Pavlov is known for his studies involving which of the following?

A) behavior modification of small children
B) stress levels of maze rats and the rise of these levels as more rats are added to the maze
C) mental illness among the homeless
D) dogs that salivated not only at the sight of food but also at the sound of the bell that rang before the food appeared

Question 44

Operant conditioning is a term originated by which of the following theorists?

A) Albert Ellis
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Victor Frankl
D) Urie Bronfenbrenner

Question 45

Which of the following behaviors best describes an example of classical conditioning?

A) an infant getting excited when seeing the spoon used for feeding
B) a child crying when frightened by a dog
C) children singing when directed by the choir director
D) the dog barking when seeing the master come down the stairs

Question 46

B. F. Skinner discovered that behavioral change becomes more lasting when consequences are:

A) less than the rewards
B) provided intermittently
C) continuous
D) not part of the plan of change

Question 47

Bandura proposed a kind of behaviorism called:

A) model learning
B) new learning
C) cognitive learning
D) social learning

Question 48

Bandura suggested that children acquire new behaviors from observational learning in which:

A) teachers observe the child, without the child being aware of the observation, and base teaching on this observation
B) caregivers spend more time observing their children and sharing these observations with behaviorists
C) the child watches others who are pursuing their own interests with no attempt to teach, reward, or punish
D) a teacher models the behavior, and the child demonstrates the behavior in return

Question 49

Which of the following statements best demonstrates social learning theory applied in a health care setting?

A) Children cooperate with a procedure if they see other children or adults cooperating for the same or similar procedure.
B) The nurse shows the child the equipment and lets the child play with it until the procedure takes place.
C) The respiratory therapist shows the child how to use a nasal inhaler and lets the child then demonstrate the use of the inhaler.
D) Children play with peers in a playroom rather than staying in bed in the acute care hospital.

Question 50

Piaget believed that interactions with the environment caused people to organize patterns of thought called:

A) synapses
B) schema
C) strings
D) social maps

Question 51

Piaget theorized that development moves from:

A) simple to complex--begins with the concrete and proceeds to abstraction
B) head to toe--begins with the face and proceeds to the hands and feet
C) easy to difficult--begins with smiling and proceeds to complex thinking
D) physical to neuronal--begins with small movements and proceeds to communication

Question 52

According to Piaget, the coordination of the secondary schemes phase of development (8 to 12 months) occurs when the infant:

A) is interested in novelty and repetition as seen in activities such as continual hitting with a hammer
B) understands concepts of space and object permanence and anticipates actions of others
C) is able to think before acting and use memory for simple trial-and-error problem solving
D) can name and locate familiar objects and demonstrate symbolic and ritualistic play

Question 53

When children use language and have a growing understanding of the past, present, and future, they are in which of the following stages or phases of a stage, according to Piaget?

A) preoperational stage
B) preconceptual phase
C) mental combinations phase
D) tertiary circular reactions phase

Question 54

According to Piaget, the concrete operations stage occurs in which of the following age ranges?

A) 3 to 6 years
B) 7 to 11 years
C) 12 to 15 years
D) 16 to 18 years

Question 55

According to Piaget, a child whose thinking is characterized by systematic and abstract thinking and who is able to consider alternative solutions is in which of the following stages?

A) abstract stage
B) parable stage
C) systematic operations stage
D) formal operations stage

Question 56

According to Kohlberg, the first level of moral development is called:

A) preconventional
B) instrumental realistic orientation
C) conventional
D) postconventional

Question 57

The first level of moral development according to Kohlberg is divided into three stages. Which of the following types of behavior characterizes stage zero?

A) magical thinking
B) impulsiveness
C) sharing
D) goodness

Question 58

During stage one of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, the child conforms to rules:

A) to please caregivers
B) due to fear of punishment
C) because children like rules
D) to get rewards