Deck 8: Schools, Children, and the Community

Question 1

Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective of human development argues that

A) home and school settings are not as interconnected as once thought.
B) the "third layer" is the interrelationship among settings.
C) the structures or settings are nested or fit inside one another.
D) the innermost layer is the environment that the child is NOT in very often.

Answer 1

the structures or settings are nested or fit inside one another.

Question 2

According to Bronfenbrenner's nested model, an understanding of development requires _________ perspective.

A) the ecological
B) a selffocused
C) an interpersonal
D) a maturational

Answer 2

the ecological

Question 3

What do data show about working parents?

A) That more mothers are working (approximately 60 percent in twoparent families).
B) That fewer mothers are working (approximately 20 percent in twoparent families).
C) That the number of working mothers is about the same as the 1950s.
D) That when fathers stay at home, only then do most mothers work.

Answer 3

That more mothers are working (approximately 60 percent in twoparent families).

Question 4

The NICHD study on child daycare found that

A) when high standards of care exist, the better the care and the better the child's outcomes.
B) family care is better than center care on most measures such as cognitive development.
C) high quality care centers have higher caregiver to child ratios than poorer quality centers.
D) surprisingly, quality of care is not linked to better cognitive or social development.

Question 5

The NICHD study of childcare revealed some interesting results. What result below is true?

A) Family care is usually better than centerbased care on all developmental measures.
B) Fortunately, a large number of children are receiving excellent care at daycare centers.
C) Family characteristics have more impact on child development than do daycare arrangements.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 6

What does the study of daycare conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development show thus far?

A) Nonmaternal childcare is actually detrimental to the child and to human development.
B) Children in daycare almost always are more advanced than children not in such care.
C) Few differences exist between high and low quality care in their impact on child development.
D) The effects of daycare cannot be fully understood without taking into account family dimensions.

Question 7

What effect does regulation of childcare have on the QUALITY of care, according to research?

A) There is no effect? regulated centers and unregulated centers offer about the same quality of care.
B) Regulation is a moot issue at present? most of our states unfortunately still have no such regulations.
C) Centers in more stringently regulated states seem to offer better care, according to research.
D) Regulations don't seem to affect quality as much as profit vs. nonprofit status, with for profits offering better care.

Question 8

Childcare providers

A) must provide both education and health care to children in daycare.
B) may be licensed or unlicensed depending on the state and its laws.
C) in most states cannot be relatives of the children receiving daycare.
D) must ensure a ratio of no more than seven children to one caregiver.

Question 9

In order to improve the daycare situation in the U.S., what does the book suggest needs to happen?

A) Professionals need to educate parents about what quality care is and how to find high quality daycare centers.
B) Employers have to provide more actively flexible working hours for parents or onsite daycare centers.
C) Policy makers need to become more family friendly and to provide better regulations for daycare centers.
D) All of the above.

Question 10

What program is the largest provider of comprehensive childcare to families living in poverty?

A) The Jigsaw Schools
B) The Montessori Schools
C) Head Start
D) The De Luca Educational System

Question 11

What is the largest early childhood enrichment program in the United States and, thus, should be of concern to community psychologist?

A) The De Luca Educational System
B) Montessori Schools
C) Head Start
D) Jigsaw Schools

Question 12

Head Start provides a good example of which community psychology principle?

A) The ecological perspective? both child and parents typically are involved in the program.
B) Empowerment? children select what and when they want to learn.
C) Choice among alternatives? parents can select from a variety of different types of Head Start preschools.
D) Social change? Head Start requests that parents join activist groups to promote sweeping public policy reforms at the Federal level.

Question 13

_________ are specifically designed to assist economically disadvantaged young children with future educational achievement.

A) Enrichment programs
B) Jigsaw classrooms
C) Montessori schools
D) All of the above.

Question 14

Head Start attempts to meet children's _________ needs.

A) emotional
B) health
C) educational
D) All of these.

Question 15

Which statement regarding research on the effectiveness of Head Start is NOT true?

A) Head Start children are more likely to complete high school than their siblings.
B) Head Start appears to reduce the likelihood of being arrested later in life.
C) Head Start is cost effective for society with a possible cost/benefit ratio of 7:1.
D) None of these statements is untrue? all are researched benefits of Head Start.

Question 16

What has research shown about Head Start? Head Start

A) children only show improved health, not improved cognitive or social skills.
B) narrows the educational gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children.
C) children show few gains? therefore, it costs more than what it returns to society.
D) All of these are true.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program is/are true?

A) The program views children as active, self initiating learners, not as passive recipients of educational information.
B) Children in the program select their own activities from a variety materials prepared by the teacher.
C) The program includes staff trained in early childhood development as well as parental involvement.
D) All of the above are true of the program.

Question 18

Research on the High Scope/Perry Preschool Program shows that this program

A) is not as effective as Head Start, especially in terms of longterm gains for the children.
B) reduces the need for remedial services and improves achievement test scores.
C) is more effective in the short run but not in the long run as compared to Head Start.
D) increases later crime rates but reduces high school dropping out among participants.

Question 19

Julio is Hispanic. The Anglo children isolate him in that they refuse to play with him at school or talk to him in class. The Anglo children are practicing

A) prejudice.
B) discrimination.
C) stereotyping.
D) selffulfilling prophecy.

Question 20

Your neighbors won't let you join their soccer team because you are Jewish. You experience

A) stereotyping.
B) the nocontact hypothesis.
C) discrimination.
D) modern prejudice.

Question 21

________ is an attitude toward members of a group based solely on their group membership.

A) Racism
B) Discrimination
C) Prejudice
D) Stereotyping

Question 22

Pavel believes that all Native Americans are alcoholics and smoke long pipes. This is an example of

A) a stereotype.
B) prejudice.
C) discrimination.
D) selffulfilling prophecy.

Question 23

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) conducted research on children labeled "bloomers" and "normal". Their results supported the notion of

A) intergroup contact to reduce intergroup conflict.
B) the self fulfilling prophecy.
C) teachers' expectations irrelevant to student achievement.
D) None of these.

Question 24

Modern prejudice, as defined in the book, is more ________ than traditional racism.

A) obvious and overt
B) subtle and covert
C) easily measured
D) less common

Question 25

Modern racism is _________ than oldfashioned racism.

A) more overt
B) more subtle
C) less frequent
D) easier to measure

Question 26

The BEST example below of modern prejudice is

A) a White interviewer sitting further away from Black than White interviewees.
B) Whites in South Africa banning Blacks from White places of worship.
C) South Africans making slow but steady progress away from Apartheid.
D) teachers paying noticeably less attention to Asian than to Caucasian students.

Question 27

Which of the following is the BEST example of the selffulfilling prophecy?

A) Enjoying a person's company and wanting to spend more time with that special someone.
B) An individual expects another person to be hostile so indeed provokes hostility.
C) Providing medication for a mentally disordered individual who forgets to take it.
D) Two rival schools have a massive fight after an emotionally arousing football game.

Question 28

Immigrants in the U.S. are

A) less common in the past due to heightened security measures (i.e. terrorist attacks).
B) most likely to be discriminated against if they are immigrants of color.
C) discriminated against most by those low in social dominance and "Americanism".
D) All of the above.

Question 29

In order for intergroup contact to reduce prejudice, what conditions need to be met?

A) The groups (or individuals) must be of equal initial status.
B) The situation must require interdependence between groups.
C) The situation should encourage members to be perceived as individuals.
D) All of the above.

Question 30

Which of the following could be used to foster acceptance of diversity in schools?

A) The jigsaw technique
B) Intergroup contact
C) The Eye of the Storm technique
D) All of these.

Question 31

To reduce prejudice among school children, community psychologists would suggest

A) the jigsaw technique.
B) superordinate goals.
C) magnate schools.
D) All of these.

Question 32

Mastery (expert) groups learn their lessons and break into scrambled groups such that one expert from each mastery group is present. The children in the scrambled groups thus depend on each expert. This method is

A) the Eye of the Storm technique.
B) the jigsaw classroom.
C) enrichment education.
D) None of these.

Question 33

In the Eye of the Storm demonstration, students are shown

A) the advantages of the opposite sex's gender role.
B) about the pain caused by prejudice and discrimination.
C) about the stigma of mental illness.
D) about the benefits of compensatory education.

Question 34

A teacher tells his students that children with red hair are inferior and should be ignored. One week later, he indicates that children with brown hair are inferior and should be ignored? the redheaded children are now superior. This technique is called _________ and is designed to teach _________.

A) the jigsaw classroom? group problemsolving skills
B) the Eye of the Storm technique? about prejudice
C) interpersonal cognitive problem solving? about aggression
D) intergroup contact strategy? interpersonal skills

Question 35

Which strategy works best to promote racial understanding in classrooms according to research?

A) Placing Black and White students in the same home room for quiet time.
B) Holding mixed race parental discussion groups about racial prejudice.
C) Having students of various races cooperate on a joint, interdependent task.
D) Forcing desegregation where high income schools receive low income students.

Question 36

You are an excellent musician. Therefore, your parents send you to a special, racially integrated school with students from other districts and who share the same love of music. This type of school is known as

A) enrichment education.
B) compensatory education.
C) a charter school.
D) a magnet school.

Question 37

Which of the following factors predicts likelihood of dropping out of school?

A) Alienation from school
B) Low socioeconomic status
C) English as a second language
D) All of the above.

Question 38

According to research, which of the following factors predicts the probability that an adolescent will drop out of high school?

A) Being Hispanic.
B) Having friends drop out.
C) Repeating a grade.
D) All of the above.

Question 39

When even gifted students drop out of school or become alienated, what are community psychologists most likely to see as the overarching cause?

A) The teachers' methods
B) The students' attitudes
C) The school climate
D) The parents' attitudes

Question 40

Which of the following is true about high school dropouts? Compared to students who remain in school, those students who drop out

A) suffer more from unemployment.
B) have lower earnings.
C) tend to become single parents.
D) All of the above.

Question 41

Alternative education is generally typified by

A) a sense of community.
B) a sense of empowerment.
C) cooperative learning.
D) All of the above.

Question 42

There are multiple causes for dropping out of school. Which one is not an ecological cause per se?

A) The student's race
B) School alienation
C) Neighborhood characteristics
D) Lack of adult mentors

Question 43

Alternative education has been found to be successful in terms of student outcomes as well as teacher and student satisfaction. Which factor(s) is/are believed to cause these results?

A) Student characteristics, such as high IQ
B) Racial segregation rather than integration
C) Ecological factors such as school climate
D) None of these? alternative education is not successful

Question 44

Joe and Sandy are second graders and have a fight. The teacher asks them to develop solutions for their dispute as well as to discuss advantages and disadvantages of each solution before settling on one. This is an example of

A) compensatory education.
B) the Eye of the Storm technique.
C) the jigsaw technique.
D) interpersonal cognitive problemsolving.

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of when interpersonal cognitive problem solving training would be inappropriate?

A) Paul has to learn how not to fight with other classmates when they tease him.
B) Ling has to learn how to walk home after school without getting lost.
C) Demitri has to learn to assert himself to his classmates so that he is not ignored.
D) Maria has to learn to generate and evaluate solutions for dealing with her difficult parents.

Question 46

How well do crime and violence prevention devices (e.g. security cameras and metal detectors) work to deter school violence incidents?

A) They work quite well? incidents have dropped since the mid 1990s.
B) They have not had an effect one way or the other? administrators like them, though.
C) They do not work? it's better to teach young children conflict resolution skills.
D) Metal detectors clearly work better than do security cameras and other devices.

Question 47

Most school related violent incidents take place ______, so it makes sense to design ______ intervention programs.

A) before school? parent led
B) during school? teacher led
C) after school? afterschool
D) almost any time? community based

Question 48

In developing a program for children of divorce, what factor is probably most important to take into account in program design?

A) Contact with a socially supportive group of other children of divorce
B) Length of time between the divorce and when the child enters the program
C) Exposing divorced children to children whose parents are not divorced
D) Dealing with the children's anger first rather than with their depression

Question 49

According to the text, what technique has been MOST successful in assisting children of divorce?

A) Individual counseling
B) Support from other children of divorce
C) Supportive homeroom teachers
D) Extra tutoring from a caring adult

Question 50

With respect to "selfcare" children, the extent to which such arrangements are problematic depends on all BUT the following:

A) the age of the children caring for themselves.
B) the extent to which they are being monitored by adults.
C) what they are doing with their time.
D) the number of children in the home.

Question 51

With respect to what you have read about school climate and academic engagement, an example of a push factor is:

A) the demand to care for younger siblings.
B) the temptation to join a gang.
C) a teacher who believes the child is not going to succeed.
D) parents who do not value education.

Question 52

With respect to what you have read about school climate and academic engagement, an example of a pull factor is:

A) being bullied at school.
B) a counselor who discourages you from applying to college.
C) financial needs of the family and the pressure to work.
D) a long commute to school.

Question 53

Language Immersion Programs are:

A) an alternative to English as a Second Language Programs.
B) found to enhance the academic performance of students.
C) typically begin in kindergarten or first grade.
D) All of the above.

Question 54

Dual Language Immersion programs require students with different native language backgrounds to work together as a strategy for helping both groups achieve bilingualism and cultural appreciation. As such, they are a good example of:

A) mentoring
B) contact theory
C) linguistic complimentarity
D) school reform

Question 55

Review some of the reasons our nation is experiencing a child daycare crisis.

Question 56

What constitutes high quality daycare? What are some techniques we could use to ensure better childcare for our nation's children?

Question 57

You are assigned to a task force by the state's governor to develop child daycare regulations. Describe 5 policies you would like to see instituted. Be sure to provide empirical support for your suggestions.

Question 58

For any one of these educational programs - Head Start, Perry/High Scope, Jigsaw Classroom, The School Transitional Environmental Program, or the Positive Action Program -
a. describe the program (population served, purpose, etc.).
b. cite the principles from community psychology it incorporates.
c. cite research related to its success or failure.

Question 59

What is the main issue addressed by the NICHD early childcare study? Briefly describe how the study design and its flaws. What, to date, has the study demonstrated?

Question 60

Describe the Head Start Program. Is Head Start effective for the children it serves; support your answer with results from research.

Question 61

Describe the Perry/High Scope Program. Is it an effective program for the children it serves; support your answer with research.

Question 62

Describe three social problems found in U.S. public schools. Why it is imperative that these problems be addressed by communities (i.e. what are the consequences to the individual and society)?

Question 63

Select any one social problem found in our public schools (e.g. prejudice). Describe the extent of the problem and who it affects. Then discuss a program designed to address this problem and provide research demonstrating whether the program is effective.

Question 64

Differentiate among prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping. Provide a concrete example for each.

Question 65

Review the history of desegregation of American schools (e.g. Brown vs. School Board, our recent emphasis on accountability, etc.). Then provide an analysis based on research of the effects of desegregation.

Question 66

Differentiate modern from old fashioned prejudice. Then discuss how prejudice is problematic in our public schools. Describe two programs designed to reduce prejudice in the schools.

Question 67

Imagine that you are requested to help a nine year old girl who is afraid of approaching other children playing on the playground. How would you help her by using (interpersonal) cognitive problem solving skills? Be specific! Based on research by Elias and colleagues (1986), what might be the long term effects of your intervention?

Question 68

What causes school dropping out? What is one intervention you would suggest to a school district that has a high dropout rate? Why this intervention (i.e. how is the intervention in tune with the principles of community psychology)?

Question 69

Draw a 3 by 4 table. For the column headings write Jigsaw Technique, Eye of the Storm, and Head Start. In the first row briefly describe the program. In the middle row identify the issue this program addresses. In the third row report an advantage and in the fourth row a disadvantage of this program.

Question 70

According to Cook (1985), there are 5 conditions that must be met during intergroup contact to reduce prejudice. List the 5 conditions and then explain how any sample program designed to reduce prejudice does or does not incorporate these principles.

Question 71

What is school climate? What is alienation from school? What causes alienation? What are its effects? What would community psychologists suggest to improve school climate and, thus, reduce alienation?

Question 72

Describe a program designed to reduce or prevent school violence. How is this program consistent with the principles of community psychology?

Question 73

Design a program for children of divorce. The children can be either elementary school age or high school students. How is your program consistent with the principles of community psychology?

Question 74

Describe the Children of Divorce Intervention Program. What principles from community psychology does it incorporate? According to research, is this program effective?

Question 75

Define the following terms: compensatory education, interpersonal cognitive problem solving, self fulfilling prophecy, magnet school, and modern prejudice.

Question 76

Describe a concrete (realistic) example for the following terms: aversive prejudice, enrichment education, participatory learning, out group,and a mentor.