Deck 9: Law, Crime, and the Community

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a part of the criminal justice system?

A) Correctional facilities (e.g. jails)
B) Courts
C) Enforcement (e.g. police)
D) All are part of the system.

Answer 1

All are part of the system.

Question 2

Research has shown that _____________communities are prone to crime.

A) disorganized
B) unstable
C) decaying
D) All of the above.

Answer 2

All of the above.

Question 3

________ is an intentional act that violates the prescriptions or proscriptions of a law within the context of a particular society and historical era.

A) A pleabargain
B) An indictment
C) A crime
D) An arraignment

Answer 3

A crime

Question 4

Parental monitoring of youth appears

A) to not make a difference in youth crime.
B) to offset atrisk community based factors.
C) to only work if the community context is orderly and supportive.
D) to have a small effect on community chaos.

Question 5

Keen and Jacobs (2009) believed that ______ helped explain the disproportionate number of minorities in jail.

A) perception of racial threat
B) tendencies toward crime in ethnic minority groups
C) use of an English value system
D) both b and c

Question 6

The philosophical basis on which the present day legal system is based is that of

A) reprehension.
B) rehabilitation.
C) restitution.
D) retribution.

Question 7

What is the best predictor of outcomes in jury trials?

A) Gender of the perpetrator
B) Race of the perpetrator
C) Geographic location (big vs. small city)
D) Emotionality of the witnesses to the crime

Question 8

The country with the highest percentage of its population in jail or prison is

A) China.
B) Russia.
C) U.S.
D) South Africa.

Question 9

Race has been demonstrated to play a role in

A) All of the following.
B) verdicts (guilty or not).
C) length of incarceration.
D) sentencing decisions.

Question 10

The inverse relationship between fear and actual victimization is known as

A) the fear victimization paradox.
B) PINS.
C) victimization phobia.
D) mediational fear.

Question 11

Research supporting the fear victimization paradox indicates that

A) young men, although most likely to be victimized, are least fearful of victimization.
B) young women report being the most fearful yet are unlikely to be victimized.
C) children, while being very fearful of crime, are unlikely to be crime victims.
D) None of the above.

Question 12

Explanations for the crime victimization paradox include

A) the perception of urban environments as dangerous.
B) the perception of the deterioration of social controls.
C) a desensitization to the probability of crime.
D) All of the above.

Question 13

Early release from prison with supervision in the community is known as

A) parole.
B) probation.
C) perpetuation.
D) None of these.

Question 14

The noted pioneer, rebel urban planner ____________ argued that it was not the physical aspects of design itself so much as what the design accomplishes on the human interaction level.

A) Jane Jacobs
B) William Hurt
C) Charles Simons
D) Ayn Rand

Question 15

In a classic psychological study, Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973) developed a mock prison. They found that

A) mentally healthy volunteers are quite immune to the effects of the prison experience.
B) the prison experience is different for those incarcerated in authentic rather than simulated prisons.
C) the prison experience can result in abusive behavior and negative emotional states such as depression.
D) All of the above.

Question 16

The prison study by Zimbardo demonstrated that

A) only normal young men can resist the pressures of the prison environment.
B) students portraying the role of prison guards were less aggressive than those playing inmates.
C) the pressures of prison transform individuals playing "guards" into abusers.
D) the study is easily replicated because prison experiences are easy to simulate.

Question 17

As cited in the book, what is the typical U.S. recidivism (reconviction) rate within 3 years after the first crime?

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 40 %
D) 60 %

Question 18

Roccato, Russo, & Vieno (2011) found that in ________ communities, neither direct nor indirect victimization affected people's fear within the neighborhood.

A) ordered
B) disordered
C) integrated
D) b and c

Question 19

_____ seems to reduce the perception of crime in a neighborhood.

A) Networks
B) Social capital
C) Money
D) Use of a car

Question 20

What differentiates those individuals who will and those who won't join neighborhood crime watches?

A) Family cohesiveness
B) Sense of community
C) Fear of crime victimization
D) Level of urbanization and industrialization

Question 21

In community policing,

A) police and neighbors work collaboratively.
B) communities are engaged in determining what are problems.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 22

In high crime neighborhoods, citizens

A) become involved for the sake of the general public.
B) are least likely to become involved.
C) are more likely to become involved.
D) are especially interested in community policing.

Question 23

Police are typically called into action by citizens for

A) public nuisance offenses.
B) family conflicts.
C) traffic accidents.
D) All of these are likely stimuli for calls to the police.

Question 24

Data suggests that juvenile correction facilities

A) are effective deterrents to a life of crime.
B) do not work, since over 50% reoffend.
C) are much too lenient on their charges.
D) do not have trained staff.

Question 25

Which family patterns have been associated with LOWER probability of criminal behavior?

A) Low conflict
B) High religiosity
C) High cohesiveness
D) All of the above.

Question 26

What one set of factors appears most responsible for an individual being at risk for crime?

A) Community factors
B) Individual factors
C) Familial factors
D) Any of these is important.

Question 27

Which of the following is a protective rather than a risk factor for preventing delinquency?

A) Media portrayals of violence and crime.
B) Consistent prosocial standards within the community and family.
C) Lack of commitment to a school which causes alienation.
D) All of these paradoxically afford some degree of protection.

Question 28

The number of female delinquents has ________ in recent years.

A) increased
B) decreased
C) remained the same
D) followed the same up and down patterns as male delinquents

Question 29

What is JUMP?

A) An experimental correctional facility
B) A youth mentoring program
C) A crisis intervention program for at risk youth
D) A new mediation program for youths and their families

Question 30

What do preliminary data show about mentoring programs such as Big Brother/Big Sister?

A) Children who are mentored are as likely to commit crimes as nonmentored children.
B) Mentors seem to afford the child protective factors against problem behaviors.
C) Mentored children are more likely to stay in school but also more likely to turn to drugs.
D) Adult mentors report high satisfaction but mentored children report low satisfaction.

Question 31

Environmental changes designed to reduce crime are examples of _________ prevention.

A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quandary

Question 32

Criminologists and community psychologists agree that crime prevention is helped when

A) citizens feel attachment to their communities.
B) there is a feeling of ownership of their neighborhoods.
C) people are told what to do in a definitive manner.
D) the answers to questions about security are provided by those in authority.
E) both a and b
F) both c and b

Question 33

During crisis intervention, which order of responses results in successful outcomes?

A) Responding to feelings, problem solving, assessment
B) Assessment, responding to feelings, problem solving
C) Assessment, problem solving, responding to feelings
D) No special order is effective? most calls result in successful intervention.

Question 34

Choi et al (2010) believe the ______ helps victims to feel reempowered, in that they are allowed to speak of their victimization, get information and receive an apology from the perpetrator.

A) mediation process
B) criminalization process
C) retribution process
D) punishment process

Question 35

According to research, _________ can successfully assist individuals who have been victims of crimes.

A) crisis intervention
B) social support
C) neighborhood justice centers
D) All of these.

Question 36

What type of interaction with callers to crisis intervention hotlines results in the best outcomes for the caller (Mishara, 1998)?

A) Nondirective (Rogerian)
B) Directive
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Solution oriented

Question 37

Offenders who participate in _____ are less likely to reoffend.

A) retribution programs
B) boot camps
C) restorative justice programs
D) swift and severe punishment programs

Question 38

__________ are programs designed to assist individuals in reducing extreme levels of stress related to crime victimization or other experiences.

A) Emotion focused coping programs
B) Crisis intervention programs
C) Victim offender mediations
D) MST

Question 39

Among the programs that appear to reduce recidivism is/are

A) prison based education.
B) returning the former prisoner to live at home or with relatives.
C) housing and employment for the former prisoner.
D) All of the above.

Question 40

What has happened to the number of mediation programs in the U.S.?

A) The programs were popular in the 1960s but are less popular now.
B) The programs have witnessed phenomenal and continual growth.
C) The number of programs stayed the same from the 1960s to the 1990s.
D) The number of programs is actually on the decline, mostly due to cost.

Question 41

In community mediation,

A) the mediator is neutral and facilitates discussion to find mutually acceptable solutions.
B) the mediator acts like a judge? the mediator decides the outcome for the involved persons.
C) the success rates are high but the satisfaction rates remain as low as those for courts.
D) the mediator acts like a therapist? that is, focuses on emotional coping techniques.

Question 42

In community mediation,

A) the mediator renders a binding solution, much as a judge would.
B) the mediator acts "neutral" while facilitating discussion among disputants.
C) an agreement is usually reached, but the agreement does not hold up over time.
D) the mediator can intercede in interpersonal disputes but not criminal disputes.

Question 43

Mediators are generally

A) neutral.
B) selected by the parties.
C) barcertified lawyers.
D) All of the above.

Question 44

The studies of mentor programs have shown that

A) they can be detrimental if the mentor is inconsistent.
B) they are usually ineffective.
C) they must be requested by the youth in question.
D) All of the above.

Question 45

Ratcliffe et al. (2011) found the use of police foot patrols to be

A) an effective crime deterrent.
B) not very effective without the addition of horse patrols as well.
C) not useful in high crime areas.
D) All of the above.

Question 46

Has shock incarceration been demonstrated to be successful?

A) Rearrest rates are often higher for "offenders" in boot camps compared to other forms of incarceration.
B) Recidivism rates are often higher for "offenders" in shock incarceration programs compared to other forms of incarceration.
C) In a study of three different programs, boot camps generally were less successful than more traditional "corrections".
D) All of these are true.

Question 47

Shock incarceration or boot camps have been shown to result in

A) lower recidivism rates.
B) faster reoffense.
C) significant changes in behaviors and cognitions.
D) All of the above.

Question 48

The number of crimes committed is decreasing

A) and so the prison population is declining as well.
B) but the prison population is increasing.
C) and the prison population is holding steady.
D) and so the number of parolees in the community is decreasing.

Question 49

Which program was designed mainly to assist crime victims?

A) VOM
B) Multi-systemic Therapy
C) Boot camps
D) Community policing

Question 50

Which of the following is true about victim-offender mediation?

A) VOM utilizes mediation rather than arbitration
B) VOM has been successful in terms of satisfaction rates
C) VOM emphasizes restorative rather than retributive justice
D) All are true.

Question 51

Tertiary Prevention efforts in the area of crimes and the law have focused on

A) reintegration of former prisoners into their community
B) reducing the hormonal levels in crime offenders
C) ensuring that prisoners are punished in prison so they understand the consequences of their actions
D) making communities where former prisoners are released, aware of the former prisoner's offenses

Question 52

Among the reintegration efforts for former prisoners is/are

A) giving former prisoners a $1000 on release
B) allowing prisoners to work in prison so as to have money on their release
C) allowing former prisoners to vote again
D) having former prisoners introduced to their victims

Question 53

Discuss the differences in probability of incarceration among the various ethnic groups in the U.S.

Question 54

Which country has the highest percentage of its population in jails or prisons? Discuss.

Question 55

Describe the fear victimization paradox. What can we do to reduce fear of victimization?

Question 56

The city mayor has asked you to design a program to prevent youth crime. Design the program and discuss what elements of community psychology the program embraces.

Question 57

The city mayor has asked you to design a program for first time youthful offenders. Design the program and discuss the elements of community psychology the program uses.

Question 58

By what means can victims become involved in the justice system even if they are not called to testify?

Question 59

Describe three methods supported by community psychologists for decreasing the crime rate in the U.S.

Question 60

Discuss exposure to violence by children as a predictor of risk for a life of crime.

Question 61

What factors offer protection to a child faced with several risk factors for a life of crime or other problem behaviors?

Question 62

What are three problems within the traditional criminal justice system? For each, describe alternative programs designed to correct these problems.

Question 63

Describe what PINS, boot camps, VOM, community mediation, and retribution are.

Question 64

Describe three ways prisons depart from the philosophies and goals of community psychology.

Question 65

You have been placed on a task force to revise the state's justice system. What five recommendations would you suggest? Why?