Deck 6: Person-Centered Therapy

Question 1

Which theorist is recognized as the founder of person-centered therapy?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Alfred Adler
C) Rollo May
D) Carl Rogers
E) Fritz Perls

Answer 1

Carl Rogers

Question 2

Rogers' three facilitative conditions for successful therapy are counselor congruence, unconditional positive regard, and

A) two people in contact.
B) a motivated client.
C) trust between the counselor and client.
D) an accurate diagnosis of the client's problem.
E) empathic understanding.

Answer 2

empathic understanding.

Question 3

What was the name Rogers gave to his person-centered approach earlier in its development?

A) humanistic counseling
B) holistic therapy
C) client-centered therapy
D) Gestalt psychology
E) person-focused therapy

Answer 3

client-centered therapy

Question 4

Before becoming interested in psychotherapy, Rogers pursued a career in

A) medicine.
B) the ministry.
C) teaching.
D) sales.
E) writing.

Question 5

Roger's first book was titled

A) Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child
B) Of Love and Will
C) The Interpretation of Dreams
D) On Becoming a Person
E) In and Out the Garbage Pail

Question 6

Which of the following is a major contribution by Rogers to the training of graduate students in counseling programs?

A) having graduate students write a thesis
B) having graduate students teach theories courses
C) using graduate students as "mock" clients
D) providing supervised practicum experience
E) providing intensive training in diagnosis

Question 7

Which of the following statements best articulates why Rogers originally referred to the person receiving counseling as "the client"?

A) The word underscored his belief that the direction and locus of control in therapy were clearly centered in the person seeking help.
B) Rogers believed that "client" more accurately represented the pay-for-service relationship of counseling.
C) He used the term to distinguish his theory from others of the day.
D) Rogers believed that if the person receiving counseling saw him or herself as a client, then he or she would be more amenable to the advice and interpretation offered by the counselor in therapy.
E) Rogers used the term to portray the counselor as a professional rather than just a friend.

Question 8

In training counselors, Rogers deemphasized techniques and emphasized ___________________ and the capacity of the client for constructive change.

A) involvement of the client's family
B) the formal training of the therapist
C) the age of the client
D) the length of sessions
E) the attitudes of the therapist

Question 9

Which of the following was the last of the three fundamental conditions to be added by Rogers?

A) unconditional positive regard
B) leadership
C) therapist congruence
D) generalizability
E) empathic understanding

Question 10

Roger's formulation titled _____________________________________ was published as an article in 1957 and remains foundational to his theory to this day.

A) "Of Love and Logic"
B) "The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change"
C) "On Becoming a Person"
D) "Client-Centered Psychotherapy in the Modern World"
E) "Tales of Empathy and Congruence"

Question 11

In what particular way was Rogers' counseling center at the University of Chicago in the 1940s and '50s different from other counseling agencies at the time?

A) Because of his early training in theology, Rogers discussed religion and spirituality with his clients. These were not part of the psychoanalytic approach to therapy.
B) Rogers believed that clients are lost and need direct advice so that they can get on with their lives.
C) Psychoanalytic practitioners used a variety of settings, such as group therapy, family relationships, and teaching and learning environments. However, Rogers focused his work on individual counseling.
D) Because of the influence of Rogers, the counseling center at the University of Chicago was the only place where a Black or gay person could get therapy without encountering prejudice.
E) Psychoanalytic practitioners pioneered scientific inquiry into what techniques and approaches were effective with clients. Rogers had no use for this approach. Rather, he used his intuition.

Question 12

Carl Rogers' fifth book, titled _________________________, contained some of his more provocative and incisive thinking.

A) Of Love and Logic
B) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change
C) On Becoming a Person
D) Client-Centered psychotherapy in a Modern World
E) Tales of Empathy ad Congruence

Question 13

Which of the following accurately represents Rogers' feelings related to groups and communities?

A) Social groups are frequently the source of personal distress.
B) Communities often impede therapeutic progress.
C) Groups and communities need to have consistent structure and strong leadership in order to survive.
D) Groups and communities are the "best medicine" for those with social ills.
E) Groups and communities, like individuals, can solve their own problems when allowed to be self-directed.

Question 14

January 20, 1987, was the date of two pivotal events in Carl Rogers' life-he fell and broke his hip and

A) he retired from teaching.
B) he was honored with the lifetime achievement award at the American Counseling Association National Conference.
C) he was bestowed a Doctor of Honors degree from the University of Chicago.
D) his most popular book hit the New York Times Best Seller list.
E) he was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Question 15

As Rogers developed his approach beyond the early 1950s, he rarely used the term nondirective and preferred instead to speak of

A) creating conditions that "freed the client."
B) directive therapy.
C) gentle guidance of the therapeutic experience.
D) facilitative conditions.
E) congruence.

Question 16

_________________-oriented psychotherapy, developed by Eugene Gendlin, aspired to attend to the felt sense of the problem in a supportive relationship.

A) Process
B) Body
C) Focusing
D) Feeling
E) Awareness

Question 17

_____________________ reflection was developed by Laura Rice, who viewed it as a more active, vivid, and powerful form of client-centered reflection.

A) Intrinsic
B) Archtypal
C) Multifaceted
D) Evocative
E) Supreme

Question 18

_________________-oriented psychotherapy, developed by Greenberg, Elliott, and colleagues, blends the essence of client-centered therapy with elements of Gestalt therapy, existentialism, and Rice and Gendlin's experiential methods.

A) Process
B) Body
C) Focusing
D) Feeling
E) Awareness

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT identified by Mick Cooper as a similarity of existential and client-centered views?

A) rejection of the use of techniques
B) understanding of the client in terms of his or her lived experience
C) heavy reliance on assessment and diagnosis
D) emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual and each therapeutic encounter
E) psychological problems seen as a result of the denial or distortion of experiences

Question 20

According to Chapter 6 of the textbook, why is it important to consider the culture of the person-centered therapist as well as the client?

A) Research has shown that therapy is more effective when the therapist and client are from the same culture.
B) There are some cultures that completely disavow the client-centered philosophy.
C) A key to effective intervention using this approach is to increase the client's exposure to various cultures, including that of the therapist.
D) It is important that the therapist recognize the differences between his or her culture and that of the client so the differences can be talked about in therapy.
E) The therapist's culture can have an influence on his or her assumptions and therapeutic behavior.

Question 21

"Therapist know _______________" is an important endeavor embraced by person-centered therapists.

A) when to use techniques
B) thyself
C) your theory
D) your client
E) the best outcome for your client

Question 22

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term actualizing tendency?

A) the inborn drive of all human beings to achieve their highest potential
B) the tendency to repeat things that feel good regardless of consequences associated with that behavior
C) the tendency to expect an action to draw a certain result and ignore information that indicates a different outcome
D) the motivation for a human being to do what his or her parents expect him or her to do
E) the tendency to become what society expects a person to become

Question 23

The ________________ is the organized, consistent conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of characteristics of the "I" or "me"…together with the values attached to those perceptions.

A) ego
B) self
C) personality
D) id
E) identity

Question 24

According to Rogers, a congruent therapist is one

A) whose actions are not at odds with his or her feelings and thoughts.
B) who presents as empathic at all times.
C) whose expression reflects what the client is presenting.
D) who gets a client to do what the counselor thinks he or she should be doing.
E) who agrees with the client about an important issue.

Question 25

When does optimal psychological adjustment exist?

A) when an individual's ego and superego are congruent
B) at the point in experience when a person recognizes that their internal world is in line with their external experience
C) after successful integration of the self through person-centered therapy
D) when one reaches important experiential milestones such as puberty and graduation
E) when the concept of self is such that all experiences are assimilated into the self structure

Question 26

According to Rogers, __________________________ occurs "when the organism denies to awareness, or distorts in awareness, significant experiences, which consequently are not accurately symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self structure, thus creating an incongruence between self and experience."

A) existential anxiety
B) neurosis
C) psychological maladjustment
D) death
E) psychosis

Question 27

What is the meaning of Rogers' term unconditional positive regard?

A) avoiding saying things to the client that might hurt his or her feelings
B) randomly encouraging the client
C) nonjudgmental acceptance of every aspect of the client's self-experience
D) reinforcing the client's movement toward individuation by showing approval when the client does something positive in that direction
E) reframing each negative thing that the client says into a positive thing

Question 28

____________________ exist in the person when a self-experience is either avoided or sought based on whether it brings him or her regard from another person.

A) Self-fulfilling prophesies
B) ego maintenance strategies
C) Behavior checks
D) Conditions of worth
E) Generalities

Question 29

What is meant by the term locus of evaluation?

A) the setting where psychological assessment is done
B) a method used to assess clients' level of functioning
C) a person's point of view regarding who should do assessments
D) a person's habit of judging his or her actions and motivations, successes and failures by internal or external standards
E) the way a person handles problems

Question 30

What is the meaning of Rogers' term organismic valuing process?

A) taking care of oneself first and then considering others
B) the tendency to repeat things that feel good regardless of consequences associated with that behavior
C) the tendency to expect an action to draw a certain result and ignore information that indicates a different outcome
D) the motivation for a human being to do what his or her parents expect him or her to do
E) a quality of human nature that leads us to prize choices that are both good for each individual and good for the peace and harmony of humanity

Question 31

The __________________________ is all of the realm of experience which is available to the awareness of the individual at a given moment.

A) organismic valuing
B) internal frame of reference
C) psychological ego
D) locus of evaluation
E) empathic understanding

Question 32

What is the meaning of Rogers' term empathy?

A) sensing the client's anger, fear, or confusion as if it were your own, yet without your own anger, fear, or confusion getting bound up in it
B) translating the client's actions into meaningful concepts
C) sympathizing with the client's challenges
D) advocating for the client
E) going above and beyond the limitations of your position as a counselor to make sure that the client gets what he or she needs

Question 33

What role does a person-centered therapist play in the counseling relationship?

A) The therapist presents as an expert whom the client can trust.
B) The therapist displays as little personality as possible to facilitate the transference process.
C) It varies, depending on which stage of therapy the counseling relationship is in.
D) The therapist presents as fully present and immersed in the moment-to-moment unfolding of the client's world.
E) It varies, depending on the diagnosis.

Question 34

According to Rogers, it is essential that for person-centered therapists to utilize ________________ listening.

A) interpretive
B) attentive
C) reflective
D) unconditional
E) nontheoretical

Question 35

Why does the author of Chapter 6 say that empathic responding is more difficult to do than it looks?

A) Clients are typically uncomfortable with empathic responding and tend to deflect it.
B) Formal training programs in counseling do not focus enough on teaching therapists how to engage in empathic responding.
C) It requires precise and effective use of language to open up understanding.
D) It commonly takes place in a social context and most therapy is conducted with an individual.
E) It is difficult to prove the efficacy of empathic work in a world of outcome-based managed care systems.

Question 36

What are clients likely to experience in a counseling relationship that is characterized by positive regard, acceptance, warmth, lack of judgment, and affirming responses?

A) suspicion about the counselor's hidden agenda
B) safety and comfort
C) a deep affection for the therapist
D) fear over the blurring of boundaries
E) a cathartic realization that these characteristics have been missing from their other relationships

Question 37

Person-centered therapists believe that their empathy also conveys unconditional positive regard because it is devoid of

A) dogma.
B) feelings of superiority.
C) personal feelings.
D) self-actualization.
E) evaluation.

Question 38

What "marker" did Rogers use to identify appropriate times to share his own feelings in therapy (congruence)?

A) when the client expressed a desire to terminate the counseling relationship
B) when it would help him refocus on his role as a therapist
C) the beginning of the second session with a client
D) the recognition of any persistent problematic reaction or feeling elicited by the client
E) Rogers espoused that it is never therapeutically advantageous to share personal feelings with a client.

Question 39

One of the most common misconceptions about person-centered therapy is that it

A) is inevitably long-term therapy.
B) is only for those who are relatively psychologically healthy.
C) has no research supporting its efficacy.
D) is so intuitive that it does not take specialized training-anyone can do it.
E) is something many therapists shy away from because they consider it too simplistic.

Question 40

Rogers and his students were the first to study the process of counseling by

A) engaging in experimental research with their clients.
B) conducting mock sessions to examine characteristics of the therapy.
C) subjecting transcripts of counseling sessions to critical examination.
D) using a special research lab to explore the dynamics of the therapeutic relationship.
E) examining past studies and completing a number of meta-analyses.

Question 41

Client-centered therapy is supported by a large body of _________________ research.

A) outcome
B) experimental
C) descriptive
D) conceptual
E) laboratory

Question 42

Which of the following was NOT identified by Sachse and Elliot as a possible outcome of therapist empathic responses?

A) maintenance of client experiential processing
B) a flattening of client self-exploration
C) deepening of client self-exploration
D) over-identification of the client with the therapist
E) a flattening of client experiential processing

Question 43

Both ________________ and __________________ experience provide compelling evidence that feeling understood and accepted by important others is conducive to our well-being.

A) internal; external
B) private; public
C) personal; therapeutic
D) whole; partial
E) conscious; unconscious

Question 44

_______________________ serves both to provide information to the person about what is important and meaningful, and to energize appropriate action.

A) Therapy
B) Advice-giving
C) Education
D) Therapist congruence
E) Emotion

Question 45

According to Greenberg, Korman, and Pavio, __________________________ is consistently related to outcome, especially in client-centered therapy.

A) client maturity
B) duration of counseling
C) training of the therapist
D) depth of emotional experiencing
E) degree of personal goal-setting

Question 46

For person-centered therapy, the __________________ tendency is the bedrock concept upon which the approach is built and is viewed by critics as a controversial concept.

A) actualizing
B) displacement
C) incongruence
D) nurturing
E) stagnation

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a word that many clients would use to describe the processing of strong emotional experiences in person-centered therapy?

A) disturbing
B) threatening
C) painful
D) confusing
E) arduous

Question 48

Which of the following populations present the most compelling need for further research on the premises and effectiveness of person-centered therapy?

A) children
B) the highly educated
C) diverse clients
D) those who have been in treatment multiple times
E) clients suffering from addiction

Question 49

Which of the following is offered in the textbook as the primary way in which person-centered therapists might be more effective?

A) In some cases they need to abandon the philosophies of Carl Rogers.
B) They need to study another approach for a while and then come back to practicing client-centered therapy.
C) They must engage in more outcome research.
D) As they become more experienced, they should begin to develop their own related theories.
E) They need to learn to adapt their therapy to the client rather than attempt to get the client to adapt to their approach and style.

Question 50

The predominant response mode of person-centered therapists remains

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) paradoxical intent.
C) empathic understanding.
D) redirection.
E) interpretation.

Question 51

Of what must the client-centered therapist be particularly mindful when bringing self into the counseling relationship?

A) Many clients will disengage when the therapist introduces their true self.
B) Only master therapists are encouraged to do this.
C) Whatever part of one's self one brings into the relationship is open for discussion with the client.
D) The bringing in of self should always be done in a way that allows for a meaningful interaction with the client.
E) When one brings self into the therapeutic relationship, it opens the door for litigation.

Question 52

What suggestion is offered to counselors who find themselves working with clients who embrace collectivist views?

A) Be especially sensitive and work to help these clients understand the necessity of individualism.
B) Set aside your own values and be receptive to the merits of the client's family and subculture.
C) You would be best served by referring the client for family counseling.
D) Experiential counseling that sensitively exposes the client to the demands of an individualistic society is the best course of action.
E) Monitor more closely your modification of technique for such clients.

Question 53

The author of Chapter 6 suggests that a client's worldview emerges as a result of culture, experience, or

A) need to cope with a difficult condition.
B) education.
C) biological predisposition.
D) social norming.
E) psychological well-being.

Question 54

Which of the presumptive characteristics of client-centered therapy does the author of Chapter 6 suggest might be modified to better meet the needs of diverse clients?

A) empathic understanding
B) unconditional positive regard
C) affirming stance
D) nondirectiveness
E) attentiveness

Question 55

The author of Chapter 6 suggests that the optimal form of client-centered therapy would be client-informed, by which he means that

A) clients would need the therapist to disseminate insight for growth.
B) clients would play a stronger role in how the therapy is implemented.
C) clients would take more of a consumer role.
D) the counselor-client relationship would more closely resemble that of the teacher-student.
E) clients would primarily seek out therapists for information.

Question 56

Rogers identified the therapist qualities of empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard as ______________ and _______________.

A) necessary; sufficient
B) progressive; complex
C) cognitive; behavioral
D) relational; therapeutic
E) primary; unattainable

Question 57

Today, the therapeutic trend in the United Sates is toward ________________________ therapy.

A) psychoanalytic
B) existential
C) behavioral
D) cognitive-behavioral
E) person-centered

Question 58

List the three facilitative conditions necessary for optimal change and growth to occur in a client.

Question 59

Identify the four primary foci in Carl Roger's first textbook, Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice.

Question 60

List three of the five settings identified as appropriate for the client-centered approach by Rogers in his book Client-Centered Psychotherapy?

Question 61

In what way is client-centered therapy congruent with multicultural counseling?

Question 62

What often happens to great theories after their founders die?

Question 63

Describe how the three core conditions of a client-centered therapeutic relationship influence the multicultural applicability of the theory.

Question 64

List and briefly describe the three concepts associated with "self."

Question 65

What is the likely result when people feel positive regard?

Question 66

List the six core conditions that Rogers conceptualized as necessary and sufficient for successful therapy.

Question 67

Identify the five most prominent ways in which client-centered therapy effects change.

Question 68

How does a person-centered counselor approach the process of counseling?

Question 69

What is the relationship between congruence and authenticity?

Question 70

List three of the five research findings outlined in the text related to therapist empathy.

Question 71

List the three multicultural competencies as identified by Sue and Sue.