Deck 11: Personality Theories and Criticisms: a Comprehensive Overview

Question 1

Which of the following psychologists is NOT associated with the psychodynamic perspective on personality?

A) Jung
B) Adler
C) Horney
D) All these are associated with the psychodynamic perspective.

Answer 1

All these are associated with the psychodynamic perspective.

Question 2

The preconscious in Freud's theory is most nearly analogous to ________ memory in the three-stage model of memory described in your text.

A) short-term
B) long-term
C) working
D) sensory

Answer 2

long-term

Question 3

According to Freud, the personality structure he labelled the id is matched with which of the following descriptive terms?

A) conscience
B) pleasure principle
C) reality principle
D) self-actualization

Answer 3

pleasure principle

Question 4

According to Freud, the personality structure he labelled the ego is matched with which of the following descriptive terms?

A) conscience
B) pleasure principle
C) reality principle
D) self-actualization

Question 5

According to Freud, the personality structure he labelled the superego is matched with which of the following descriptive terms?

A) conscience
B) pleasure principle
C) reality principle
D) self-actualization

Question 6

The five stages that are identified by particular pleasures experienced by the individual are known as:

A) Erikson's psychosocial stages of development.
B) Piaget's cognitive stages of development.
C) Kohlberg's moral stages of development.
D) Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development.

Question 7

The stage of development during which sexual urges become unimportant is called the

A) latency stage.
B) genital stage.
C) quiet stage.
D) pre-puberty.

Question 8

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, smoking during adulthood is explained as a(n):

A) phallic fixation.
B) genital fixation.
C) anal fixation.
D) oral fixation.

Question 9

Liz yells at her dog after getting a test back that she failed. Which defense mechanism is she using?

A) projection
B) sublimation
C) reaction formation
D) displacement

Question 10

"Ben's nasty; he's disgusting," says Renee; really, Renee secretly finds Ben sexy. Which defense mechanism is she using?

A) projection
B) sublimation
C) reaction formation
D) displacement

Question 11

Which of the following statements identify criticisms levelled against the scientific basis of Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality?

A) Freud's theory is built wholly on case study data.
B) Many of the concepts in Freud's theory are not operationalized.
C) Freud does not offer specific mechanisms allowing one to predict the effects of fixation at a particular . stage of psychosexual development.
D) All of these are scientific shortcomings of Freud's theory.

Question 12

Which of the following statements CORRECTLY identifies/identify potential shortcomings of Freud's theory of psychosexual development?

A) Freud failed to account that personality may continue to develop after puberty.
B) Freud failed to specify how exactly fixation at a particular stage would be displayed in adult personality.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 13

How might we criticize Freud's psychodynamic theory, given the values of contemporary psychological science?

A) Freud's theory seems to contain a bias against women.
B) Freud fails to consider potential cultural influences on personality and personality development.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 14

Which neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorist is CORRECTLY matched with a key concept?

A) Rogers; inferiority complex psychology
B) Adler; unconditional positive regard
C) Horney; collective unconscious
D) None of these is correctly matched.

Question 15

In general, how does neo-Freudian thought differ from Freud's original theory?

A) The neo-Freudians tended to emphasize the importance of the ego rather than that of the id.
B) The neo-Freudians paid more attention to sociocultural influences on behaviour.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 16

That our behaviour may be driven by archetypes, which are symbolic representations of types of behaviours, such as good and evil, is part of the personality theory of ______.

A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Adler
D) Erikson

Question 17

Karen Horney believed that the strongest influence on an individual's personality was that person's:

A) birth order.
B) relationship with his/her parents.
C) Oedipus complex.
D) use of defense mechanisms.

Question 18

Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the key dimensions necessary to explain the consistencies in individuals' behaviour. Dr. Montgomery is a(n) _________ theorist.

A) trait
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) evolutionary

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Allport's trait categories?

A) Not everyone possesses central traits.
B) Not everyone possesses cardinal traits.
C) Not everyone possesses secondary traits.
D) None of these are true.

Question 20

Which trait theorist suggested that there are three fundamental categories of traits that he called cardinal, central, and secondary?

A) Allport
B) Cattell
C) Eysenck
D) None of these

Question 21

Which trait theorist suggested that there are sixteen pairs of source traits that represent the basic dimensions of personality?

A) Allport
B) Cattell
C) Eysenck
D) None of these

Question 22

Which trait theorist used factor analysis to determine that there are three dimensions of personality that he called extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism?

A) Allport
B) Cattell
C) Eysenck
D) None of these

Question 23

The "Big Five" personality dimensions demonstrate:

A) consistency across various procedures to evaluate personality.
B) cross-cultural consistency.
C) both of these options
D) neither of these options

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the trait approach to personality?

A) Trait approaches provide a clear, straightforward explanation of people's behavioural consistencies.
B) All trait approaches are basically the same.
C) Trait approaches allow us to readily compare one person with another.
D) All these are advantages.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT identified as a disadvantage of the trait approach to personality?

A) Trait approaches are merely descriptions of personality, not explanations.
B) The various trait approaches come to very different conclusions about which traits are the most fundamental and descriptive.
C) Trait approaches do not allow us to compare one person with another.
D) All these are disadvantages.

Question 26

Dr. Robinson is a strict Skinnerian learning theorist. Most likely, she believes that the consistency in an individual's behaviour across situations is:

A) genetically determined.
B) learned.
C) determined by an internal personality.
D) cannot be understood.

Question 27

What makes one person different from another? Which theorist below is CORRECTLY matched to a potential response to this question?

A) Skinner: "People have different histories of reinforcement and punishment."
B) Bandura: "People develop different expectations of the effect their behaviour is likely to have."
C) Cattell: "People differ in the extent to which their behaviour reflects several fundamental dimensions.
D) All these are correctly matched.

Question 28

Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She provides constant, consistent feedback on her students' math assignments. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students' self-

A) awareness.
B) esteem.
C) efficacy.
D) actualization.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding self-esteem?

A) An individual's sense of self-esteem may be multidimensional.
B) Low self-esteem can be perpetuated by our failures.
C) both of these options are true
D) neither of these options are true

Question 30

As compared to a Skinnerian learning theory approach to personality, the social cognitive approach places __________ emphasis on ____________.

A) less; cognition
B) more; learning
C) more; cognition
D) less; learning

Question 31

The belief that your personality is the result of the influence of your unique thought, feelings, expectations, and values as well as your observations of others' behaviour is called the __________approach to personality.

A) interactionist
B) cognitive-behavioural
C) learning
D) social-cognitive

Question 32

The degree to which a person assumes mastery and leadership roles in social situations is a trait known as__________.

A) traditionalism
B) need for achievement
C) social closeness
D) social potency

Question 33

The tendency to follow authority is a trait known as

A) traditionalism.
B) need for achievement.
C) social closeness.
D) social potency.

Question 34

Which theories suggest that important components of personality are inherited?

A) biological and genealogical
B) genealogical and evolutionary
C) evolutionary and cognitive
D) biological and evolutionary

Question 35

Which of the following traits does NOT have a strong genetic component?

A) social potency
B) traditionalism
C) achievement
D) All of these have strong genetic components.

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the humanistic approach to personality?

A) It is not scientific.
B) It assumes that everyone is inherently good.
C) It makes unverifiable assumptions.
D) All of these are criticisms of the humanistic approach.

Question 37

Which of the following are important criteria for evaluating the usefulness of tests?

A) reliability and validity
B) consistency and correlation
C) necessary and sufficient
D) diagnosis and prediction

Question 38

An online personality test yields different scores each time Jenny takes it. The test is:

A) reliable.
B) not reliable.
C) predictive.
D) not predictive.

Question 39

According to your textbook, the original purpose of the MMPI-2 was to:

A) predict some everyday behaviours.
B) assess a person's propensity to lie or distort the truth.
C) identify people with psychological difficulties.
D) All of these options

Question 40

According to your textbook, in addition to the original purpose of the MMPI-2, this test has also been found to:

A) predict some everyday behaviours.
B) assess a person's propensity to lie or to distort the truth.
C) identify people with psychological difficulties.
D) none of these options

Question 41

A technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with different diagnoses is called test __________.

A) correlation
B) standardization
C) intellectualization
D) structuralization

Question 42

Which of the following is a self-report measure of personality?

A) the Thematic Apperception Test
B) the Rorschach test
C) the MMPI-2
D) All of these are self-report measures

Question 43

The MMPI-2 has been normed using:

A) samples of college students only.
B) a single large representative sample of the U.S. population.
C) psychiatric populations.
D) Minnesotans only.

Question 44

Critics of the Rorschach contend that it:

A) is invalid.
B) resists standardization.
C) requires too much inference on the part of the examiner.
D) All of these

Question 45

Speaking loudly and talking with one's hands is an example of a ________ trait that people who are Italian may have.

A) central
B) common
C) cardinal
D) secondary

Question 46

"OCEAN" is a mnemonic device to help people remember which personality theory?

A) Factor Analysis
B) Allport's trait theory
C) The "Big Five" Factors of Personality
D) none of these options

Question 47

Udi Blankstein and colleagues found that more grey brain matter volume in the frontal-limbic area in young women was related to which of the following?

A) higher levels of neuroticism
B) more chronic pain
C) depression
D) all of these options

Question 48

The ________ measures people's preference for thinking and behaving.

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
B) Rorschach test
C) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 49

__________ refers to wanting to be like another person as much as possible.

Question 50

Anastasia is using a statistical procedure to detect the broader relationships among a large number of correlation coefficients. She is performing __________.

Question 51

Task is to self as _________ is to esteem.

Question 52

Bandura used the term __________ to describe viewing the actions of others and observing theconsequences.

Question 53

The ________ occurs when little girls unconsciously wish to have a relationship with their father andrival their mother.

Question 54

The ________ occurs when a child unconsciously develops sexual interest in his or her opposite-sexparent and sees their same-sex parent as a rival.

Question 55

Social-cognitive theorists believe personality develops based on the two-way interaction of the individual's impact on the situation/environment and the situation/environments impact on the individual. This is known as ________.

Question 56

Describe Freud's three components of personality.

Question 57

How have psychologists criticized (a) the methodological basis and (b) the sociocultural generality of Freud's psychodynamic theory of personality? Identify one or two of the major contributions of Freud's work to psychology and to Western culture more generally.

Question 58

Review contemporary evidence regarding the potential genetic and biological foundations of personality. Does this evidence contradict the notion that the environment is important in molding personality? Why or why not?