Question 1

Which portion of the stomach produces HCL?&#10;A)Cardiac zone&#10;B)Body&#10;C)Pyloric zone&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Of the three zones of the stomach, the body is the only portion in which HCL is produced, in addition to mucus and several different hormones. The cardiac zone primarily produces mucus and the pyloric zone produces mucus and several different types of hormones.

Question 2

The shortest and widest portion of the small intestine is known as the:&#10;A)Ileum&#10;B)Jejunum&#10;C)Duodenum&#10;D)Villi

Accepted Answer

The duodenum is the shortest and widest portion of the small intestine. The jejunum and ileum make up the other parts of the small intestine. Villi are small wavelike folds that line the small intestine.

Question 3

The first part of the digestive process is known as the ________ phase and starts with the sight, smell or taste of food.&#10;A)Neurogenic&#10;B)Vagal&#10;C)Gastric&#10;D)Both A and B

Accepted Answer

The first part of the digestive process is known as the neurogenic phase, or the vagal phase. The sight, smell, or taste of food stimulates the brain's vagal nuclei, which cause pepsinogen, HCl, and gastrin to be produced.

Question 4

Gastrin plays an important role in digestion. Which of the following is not one of its roles?&#10;A)Causes HCl release&#10;B)Simulates motility&#10;C)Stimulates hormone release&#10;D)Inhibits Secretin

Accepted Answer

Gastrin's role in digestion includes causing HCl to be released from parietal cells, the simulation of antral motility, and the stimulation of hormone release. Secretin is released in the duodenum and inhibits the action of gastrin.

Question 5

Which of the following conditions is a high level of gastrin seen above 1000 ng/L?&#10;A)Crohn's disease&#10;B)GERD&#10;C)Zollinger-Ellison syndrome&#10;D)Esophagitis

Accepted Answer

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is diagnosed as a result of high levels of gastrin being produced by gastrinomas (gastrin producing tumors of the duodenum or pancreas). A gastrin level of above 1000 ng/L is considered diagnostic of these tumors.

Question 6

Pepsinogen is an enzyme that, when released into the stomach, is activated by acid to form Pepsin. Pepsin is responsible for the hydrolysis of which substance?&#10;A)Carbohydrates&#10;B)Proteins&#10;C)Lipids&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Pepsin is responsible for the hydrolysis or break-down of proteins in the stomach into polypeptides and partially-digested proteinaceous foods. 99% of the pepsinogen that is released into the stomach stays there to activate pepsin. The remaining 1% gets absorbed and goes into the blood stream.

Question 7

Which of the following enzymes are created in the pancreas?&#10;A)Amylase&#10;B)Lipase&#10;C)Trypsin&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Amylase, lipase, and trypsin are produced in the pancreas and their levels can vary based upon diet. Increases above the normal reference ranges can be indicative of pancreatitis.

Question 8

Which of the following is not an example of erosive gastritis?&#10;A)H) pylori&#10;B)Trauma&#10;C)Usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)&#10;D)Alcohol use

Accepted Answer

H. pylori is considered an example of non-erosive gastritis because it is a more chronic condition that causes the gastritis to occur slowly. Trauma, NSAIDs, and alcohol use can cause gastritis quickly and are therefore termed erosive. In non-erosive gastritis, the inflammation of the gastric mucosa is a secondary to an internal disease or process, while in erosive gastritis it is usually associated with being the primary result of an external event or action.

Question 9

Which of the following are conditions of malabsorption or maldigestion of lipids?&#10;A)Cystic fibrosis&#10;B)Chronic pancreatitis&#10;C)Zolinger-Ellison syndrome&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis and Zolinger-Ellison syndrome are all examples of conditions that cause the body to not digest or absorb lipids properly. These three diseases in particular affect the ability of the pancreas to produce the correct enzymes to break down and process lipids and/or produce them in the correct quantities.

Question 10

Which disease is characteristic of the body's inability to process gluten?&#10;A)Celiac disease&#10;B)Chron's disease&#10;C)Ulcerative colitis&#10;D)Tropical sprue

Accepted Answer

Celiac disease is an autoimmune process that occurs when the body does not process gluten appropriately as a result of the body producing anti-bodies to parts of the small intestine. The production of these antibodies is triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in many wheat flour-based products. One of the best treatments for this disease is avoidance of gluten and maintaining a gluten-free diet. Use of rice- and corn-based flours rather than wheat flour is one of the ways in which gluten-free foods are produced.

Question 11

Which of the following procedures or tests are considered standard screening tools for Colorectal cancer?&#10;A)Fecal &#34;occult&#34; blood test&#10;B)Colonoscopy&#10;C)Sigmoidoscopy&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following procedures or tests...

Question 12

Which of the following types of hepatitis are contracted via the fecal-oral route?&#10;A)Hepatitis A&#10;B)Hepatitis B&#10;C)Hepatitis C&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following types of hepatitis...

Question 13

Which of the following conditions are characterized by an abnormal increase in weight, liquidity, and/or frequency of bowel movements?&#10;A)Cystic fibrosis&#10;B)Pancreatitis&#10;C)Hyperstoolaremia&#10;D)Diarrhea

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following conditions are characterized...

Question 14

Abnormal functioning of the pancreas can cause what effects on stool?&#10;A)Creatorrhea&#10;B)Steatorrhea&#10;C)Amylorrhea&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Abnormal functioning of the pancreas can cause...

Question 15

Duncan is told by Dr. Gurney, D.O. that he needs a breath test to see if excess carbon dioxide production is present. Which of the following conditions is Dr. Gurney testing for?&#10;A)H) Pylori&#10;B)Stomach cancer&#10;C)Lung volume&#10;D)Lung cancer

Accepted Answer

The answer of Duncan is told by Dr. Gurney, D.O....

Question 16

Which of the following is produced by the epithelium of the stomach to protect the stomach lining from acid and digestive enzymes?&#10;A)Mucus&#10;B)Pepsin&#10;C)HCl&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is produced by...

Question 17

The precursor to feces is known as:&#10;A)Chyme&#10;B)Stool&#10;C)Lacteals&#10;D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of The precursor to feces is known as:&#10;A)Chyme&#10;B)Stool&#10;C)Lacteals&#10;D)None...

Question 18

A muscle that constricts an orifice is known as a __________.&#10;A)Sphincter&#10;B)Appendical&#10;C)Restrictus&#10;D)Constrictus

Accepted Answer

The answer of A muscle that constricts an orifice is...

Question 19

The internal anal sphincter is characterized by _______________________.&#10;A)Smooth muscle that encircles the top end of the anal canal&#10;B)Skeletal muscle that encircles the top end of the anal canal&#10;C)Smooth muscle that encircles the lower end of the anal canal&#10;D)Skeletal muscle that encircles the lower end of the anal canal

Accepted Answer

The answer of The internal anal sphincter is characterized by...

Question 20

Bile is produced in which organ?&#10;A)Liver&#10;B)Gall bladder&#10;C)Pancreas&#10;D)Duodenum

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bile is produced in which organ?&#10;A)Liver&#10;B)Gall bladder&#10;C)Pancreas&#10;D)Duodenum...

Question 21

Bile is responsible for the breakdown of which type of dietary substance?&#10;A)Fat&#10;B)Starch&#10;C)Carbohydrate&#10;D)Protein

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bile is responsible for the breakdown of...

Question 22

A diet in which the amount of solid material introduced into the intestines is reduced is known as a ______________.&#10;A)Minimum-residue diet&#10;B)Yo-yo diet&#10;C)Gluten-free diet&#10;D)Macrobiotic diet

Accepted Answer

The answer of A diet in which the amount of...

Question 23

Macrobiotic diets consist of which of the following foods:&#10;A)Vegetables&#10;B)Beans&#10;C)Whole grains&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Macrobiotic diets consist of which of the...

Question 24

High residue diets are those that contain a lot of ____________, which helps to reduce constipation.&#10;A)Fish&#10;B)Fiber&#10;C)Fruits&#10;D)Folic acid

Accepted Answer

The answer of High residue diets are those that contain...

Deck 3: Digestion