Deck 7: Ethics in Nursing Research

Question 1

What serves as the basis for regulations affecting research by the U.S. government?

A) The Nuremberg Code
B) The Declaration of Helsinki
C) The Belmont Report
D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association

Answer 1

The Belmont Report

Question 2

In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. What was developed after Nazi atrocities were made public as an international effort to establish ethical standards?

A) The Nuremberg Code
B) The Declaration of Helsinki
C) The Belmont Report
D) The Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association

Answer 2

The Nuremberg Code

Question 3

What document covers primarily ethical issues for practicing nurses and includes principles that apply to nurse researchers?

A) Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements
B) Ethical Research Guidelines for Registered Nurses
C) Ethical Guidelines in the Conduct,Dissemination, and Implementation of Nursing Research
D) ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses

Answer 3

Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements

Question 4

The Belmont Report articulated broad principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based. Which is not considered an ethical principle for protecting study participants in the report?

A) Beneficence
B) Respect for human dignity
C) Informed consent
D) Justice

Question 5

What is beneficence?

A) Performance of some good
B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
C) Participants right to self-determination
D) Freedom to control their own actions

Question 6

What is justice?

A) Right to fair treatment
B) Protection from physical and psychological harm and exploitation
C) Participants right to self-determination
D) Freedom to control their own actions

Question 7

Which ethical principle may be violated if a researcher unobtrusively studies interactions among patients in a psychiatric hospital?

A) Confidentiality
B) Freedom from harm
C) Right to self-determination
D) Right to privacy

Question 8

What provides prospective participants with information needed to make a reasoned decision about participation?

A) Confidentiality
B) Anonymity
C) Informed consent
D) Right to privacy

Question 9

How can confidentiality of study participants be increased?

A) Avoiding the collection of any identifying information
B) Avoiding introducing the participants to any of the research personnel
C) Placing all identifying information on computer files rather than in manual files
D) Placing all identifying information on manual files rather than in computer files

Question 10

What is an example of a vulnerable group?

A) Women hospitalized for a mastectomy
B) Members of a senior citizen group
C) People who do not speak English
D) Pediatric clients

Question 11

What is a major potential risk of research to participants?

A) Monetary gains
B) Access to a new and potentially beneficial treatment
C) Opportunity to discuss personal feelings and experiences with an objective listener.
D) Physical boredom

Question 12

Researchers can often show their respect for participants-and proactively minimize emotional risks-by carefully attending to the nature of the interactions they have with them. What are debriefing sessions?

A) Discussions with prospective participants to obtain informed consent
B) Discussions with participants after a study to explain various aspects of the study
C) Discussions with a human subjects committee before a study to obtain permission
D) Discussions before a study that findings will be shared after data have been analyzed

Question 13

In a qualitative study that involves multiple contacts between the researcher and study participants, what can the researcher negotiate?

A) Implied consent
B) Stipend
C) Process consent
D) Risk/benefit ratio

Question 14

When is informed consent not obtained?

A) Researcher pays a stipend to study participants.
B) Researcher collects information covertly.
C) Risk/benefit ratio is low.
D) Study is determined exempt by Institutional Review Board.

Question 15

What is an expedited review?

A) The committee must consist of five members to carry out the review.
B) Research involving no more than minimal risk can use this procedure.
C) The researcher must have an affiliation with an institution.
D) The research is exempt from the review board process.

Question 16

What is an important consideration when nurses choose to use animals as research subjects?

A) Must obtain informed consent from the animal's owner.
B) Recognize that it is more convenient to use an animal.
C) Recognize that it is less costly to useanimals than humans.
D) Recognize that animals need humane careand treatment.

Question 17

When can the researcher omit informed consent, when existing data from records and/or specimens are used?

A) The study does not involve an intervention.
B) The researcher is gathering data anonymously.
C) Health professional students are used as subjects.
D) The study is gathering data from records over 10 years old.

Question 18

Under HIPAA regulations, a covered entity such as a hospital can disclose individually identifiable health information from its records if the patient signs an authorization granting access. What does this include?

A) Who will receive the information
B) Why they need the information
C) The Social Security number of the patient
D) If the data is not specifically obtained for the research