Deck 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860

Question 1

The Deist faith embraced all of the following except  

A) the concept of original sin.
B) the reliance on reason rather than revolution.
C) belief in a Supreme Being.
D) belief in human beings' capacity for moral behavior.
E) denial of the divinity of Christ.

Answer 1

the concept of original sin.

Question 2

All of the following contributed to the appeal of the Second Great Awakening to women except  

A) it offered women an active role in bringing their husbands and families back to God.
B) it encouraged women to enter into professions normally reserved for men in order to make these professional more ethical and morally upright.
C) it provided a springboard for them to turn their attention to reforming society.
D) it preached a gospel of female spiritual worth.
E) it allayed women's concerns about the expanding market economy.

Answer 2

it encouraged women to enter into professions normally reserved for men in order to make these professional more ethical and morally upright.

Question 3

The Second Great Awakening tended to  

A) widen the lines between classes and regions.
B) open Episcopalian and Presbyterian churches to the poor.
C) unite southern Baptists and southern Methodists against slavery.
D) bring the more prosperous and conservative eastern churches into the revivalist camps.
E) increase the influence of educated clergy.

Answer 3

widen the lines between classes and regions.

Question 4

The religious zeal of the Second Great Awakening led to the founding of many small, denominational, liberal arts colleges, chiefly in the  

A) East.
B) South and West.
C) North.
D) South exclusively.
E) West exclusively.

Question 5

Unitarians held the following beliefs except  

A) the belief that God existed in only one person.
B) the denial of the divinity of Christ.
C) they stressed the essential goodness of human nature.
D) they believed in the possibility of salvation through good works.
E) they believed in a stern and Puritan type of God.

Question 6

A third revolution accompanied the reformation of American politics and the transformation of the American economy in the mid-nineteenth century that contained all of the following characteristics except  

A) improved the character of ordinary Americans.
B) made Americans more upstanding and God-fearing.
C) focused on preserving the traditions of the founders.
D) made Americans more literate and educated.
E) poured their energies into religious revivals and reform movements.

Question 7

The Second Great Awakening partly reshaped American religion by making it  

A) more dependent on a college-educated clergy.
B) more reliant on women as members and social reformers.
C) less socially and theologically diverse.
D) more sympathetic to hierarchical churches like Catholicism.
E) more centered on the life of the local parish.

Question 8

All the following are true of the Second Great Awakening except that it  

A) resulted in the conversion of countless souls.
B) encouraged a variety of humanitarian reforms.
C) strengthened democratic denominations like the Baptists and Methodists.
D) was a reaction against the growing liberalism in religion.
E) was not as large, democratic, or influential in terms of social reform as the First Great Awakening.

Question 9

The Mormon religion originated in  

A) Utah.
B) New England.
C) Nauvoo, Illinois.
D) Ireland.
E) the Burned-Over District of New York.

Question 10

Unitarians endorsed the concept of  

A) the deity of Christ.
B) original sin.
C) free will and salvation through good works.
D) predestination.
E) the Bible as the norm of doctrine.

Question 11

Church attendance was still a regular ritual for ____ of the 23 million Americans in 1850.  

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) three-fourths
D) less than one-fourth
E) two-thirds

Question 12

The Second Great Awakening tended to  

A) promote religious diversity.
B) reduce social class differences.
C) blur regional differences.
D) discourage church membership.
E) weaken women's social position.

Question 13

Asone the greatest of the revivalist preachers, Charles Grandison Finney advocated  

A) opposition to slavery.
B) a perfect Christian kingdom on earth.
C) opposition to alcohol.
D) public prayer by women.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 14

The religious sects that gained most from the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening were the  

A) Roman Catholics and Episcopalians.
B) Unitarians and Jews.
C) Methodists and Baptists.
D) Congregationalists and Presbyterians.
E) Lutherans and Mormons.

Question 15

Deists like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin endorsed the belief  

A) in divine revelation.
B) in original sin.
C) in the deity of Christ.
D) that a Supreme Being endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior.
E) in the imminent end of the world.

Question 16

The original prophet of the Mormon religion was  

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
B) Brigham Young.
C) Charles G. Finney.
D) William Miller.
E) Joseph Smith.

Question 17

​Which of the following events prompted the Mormons to abandon their settlement at Nauvoo, Illinois and set out West to the valley of the Great Salt Lake?  

A) Continuing vicious hostility by non-Mormon Americans including the murder of Mormon leader Joseph Smith and his brother
B) ​A vision by the Mormon angel Moroni to Brigham Young of a peaceful, bountiful, and safe refuge in the valley of the Great Salt Lake
C) The expectation that a lush, easily arable western enviornment awaited the Mormons in present-day Utah, which would not require or expensive and technologically sophisticated irrigation to grow crops
D) A generous land grant by the federal government
E) ​All of these choices are correct.

Question 18

Besides polygamy, characteristic behavior(s)of Mormons which angered many non-Mormon Americans in the 1840s was their  

A) belief in visions and a special spiritual role for America.
B) constant movement toward the western frontier.
C) refusal to take up arms and defend themselves.
D) voting as a religious bloc and openly drilling their militia, alebit for defensive purposes.
E) dislike of federal government control of their lives.

Question 19

By 1850, all of the following were true about developments in organized religion in America except  

A) organized religion had lost a fair portion of the theological rigor and austerity of the colonial era.
B) the influence of Calvinism had been reduced significantly from the colonial era.
C) the liberal doctrines of Deism had been embraced by certain Protestant denominations such as Unitarians.
D) organized religion had generally grown more theologically conservative than during the colonial eras.
E) a significant counterreactionagainst theological liberalism of the 1790s and early 1800s developed in the form of the Second Great Awakening.

Question 20

Religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening resulted in  

A) little increase in church membership.
B) a stronger religious influence in many areas of American life including abolitionism and benevolent and charitable organizations.
C) surprisingly few humanitarian reforms.
D) greater attention to church history and doctrine.
E) increase in enlightenment and rational religion.

Question 21

Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century America because  

A) frontier life necessitated these distinctions.
B) men were regarded as morally superior beings.
C) it was the duty of men to teach the young how to be good, productive citizens.
D) the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.
E) women believed this emphasis brought them greater respect.

Question 22

Those seeking to reform women's style of dress in the 1840s claimed all of the following except  

A) corsets constricted women's vital organs.
B) voluminous skirts unfairly restricted women's mobility.
C) that bloomer-style trousers were necessary to prevent a woman's sexuality from becoming unhinged leading to immoral actions with a man who was not her husband.
D) that simpler clothing styles would serve as a rejection of the artificial desires created by industrialization.
E) that bloomer-style trousers were a more rational form of dress.

Question 23

The key to Oneida's financial success was  

A) its move from Vermont to New York.
B) the establishment of Bible communism.
C) the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.
D) its tax-exempt religious status.
E) its linkage of religion to free-market capitalism.

Question 24

One sign that women in America were treated better than women in Europe was that  

A) American women could vote.
B) the law in the United States prohibited men from beating them.
C) rape was more severely punished in the United States.
D) their ideas of equality were well received by American men.
E) American women earned respect by engaging in male activities.

Question 25

The beliefs advocated by John Humphrey Noyes of the Oneida Community included all of the following except  

A) no private property.
B) sharing of all material goods.
C) removing children from exclusive parental care at a very young age so they can be raised communally.
D) strictly monogamous marriages.
E) improvement of the human race through eugenics.

Question 26

In the first half of the nineteenth century, tax-supported schools were  

A) chiefly available to educate the children of the poor and European immigrants.
B) most in evidence in the South.
C) uniformly and consistently opposed by upper-class white Protestant Americans.
D) open only to tuition-paying children of the well-to-do.
E) more academically demanding than private academies.

Question 27

Despite early resistance, the main reason free public education ultimately triumphed was  

A) wealthy and politically powerful Americans feared that if the government failed to provide free public education, poor families immigrants would utilize their free vote to elect candidates and political parties unfavored by these political and economic elites.
B) wealthy Americans feared the problem of vagrancy as farm families depended less upon the labor of children.
C) Southern slave owners abandoned their resistance to it.
D) teaching provided paid employment for unmarried, single women.
E) poor Americans threatened to launch a violent rebellion unless free education was made available.

Question 28

According to John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the utopian Oneida Community, the key to happiness is  

A) acceptance of a sinful mankind.
B) the suppression of selfishness.
C) the abandonment of "free love" orcomplex marriages.
D) liberal political reform.
E) None of these choices are correct.

Question 29

Many of the denominational liberal arts colleges founded as a result of the Second Great Awakening  

A) were academically distinguished institutions.
B) lacked much intellectual vitality.
C) eventually gained tax-supported status.
D) offered a new, nontraditional curriculum.
E) opened their doors to Catholic students.

Question 30

New England reformer Dorothea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf of  

A) prison and asylum reform.
B) the peace movement.
C) the temperance movement.
D) abolitionism.
E) women's education.

Question 31

One strong prejudice inhibiting women from obtaining higher education in the early nineteenth century was the belief that  

A) they would gain political and economic power through education.
B) women were inherently conservative and opposed to social reform.
C) children should grow up without the influence of educated women.
D) the Constitution prohibited women from attending colleges.
E) too much learning would injure women's brains, ruin their health, and make them unfit for marriage.

Question 32

Which of these is NOT associated with the rise of the modern women's rights movement in 1848?  

A) The Declaration of Sentiments
B) The Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, New York
C) The demand for the ballot for women
D) The call to boycott traditional marriage as oppressive to women
E) Women's increasing involvement in the antislavery movement

Question 33

Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called for  

A) the abolition of capital punishment.
B) the abolition of slavery.
C) improved conditions and treatment for the mentally ill housed in asylums.
D) woman suffrage.
E) a ban on the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor.

Question 34

All of the following were nineteenth century notions of gender differences except  

A) women had finely-tuned moral sensibilities.
B) men were charged with teaching young boys to be good and productive citizens.
C) the home was women's special sphere, the centerpiece of the cult of domesticity.
D) men were always in danger of slipping into some savage way of life, if not for women's influence.
E) women could be legally beaten by husbands.

Question 35

By the 1850s, the crusade for women's rights was eclipsed by  

A) the temperance movement.
B) the movement to improve treatment and conditions for the mentally ill.
C) abolitionism.
D) prison reform advocates.
E) evangelical revivalism.

Question 36

The excessive consumption of alcohol by Americans in the 1800s  

A) was addressed by the wide availability of private and government-sponsored alcoholism programs for alcoholics.
B) did not involve women.
C) held little threat for the family because everyone drank.
D) had little impact on the efficiency of labor.
E) stemmed from the hard, struggling, and monotonous life of many American men and women.

Question 37

Which of the following was not associated with the early nineteenth-century cause of women's rights?  

A) Emily Dickinson
B) Lucy Stone
C) Lucretia Mott
D) Susan B. Anthony
E) Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Question 38

The Oneida colony declined due to  

A) widespread criticism from neighbors of its licentious "free love" sexual practices, which undermined the community's integral complex marriage system.
B) a decline in animal trapping.
C) their adoption of capitalism.
D) the loss of Noyes's leadership.
E) the meteoric rise in the cost of silver.

Question 39

Two areas where women in the nineteenth century were widely thought to be superior to men were  

A) physical strength and mental vigor.
B) moral sensibility and artistic refinement.
C) political ability and organizational shrewdness.
D) sexual appetite and physical desire.
E) economic competitiveness and capacity for education.

Question 40

Noah Webster's dictionary  

A) had little impact until the twentieth century.
B) helped to standardize the American language.
C) was used to educate nineteenth-century slaves.
D) came to the United States from Britain in the 1800s.
E) gave legitimacy to American slang.

Question 41

America's artistic achievements in the first half of the nineteenth century  

A) were included after the War of 1812, turning away from human portraits and history paintings to pastoral depictions of local landscapes.
B) borrowed heavily from existing European styles in painting and architecture.
C) illustrated a gradual shaking off the religious restraints of the Puritans.
D) included the use of new technologies such as the daguerreotype, a crude early form of photography.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 42

The writer who faded to obscurity in the nineteenth century but was recognized as one of America's greatest literary geniuses in the twentieth century and wrote the masterpiece work of fiction, Moby Dick, was  

A) Nathaniel Hawthorne.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
D) Herman Melville.
E) Walt Whitman.

Question 43

One American writer who did not believe in human goodness and social progress was  

A) James Russell Lowell.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
D) Edgar Allan Poe.
E) Walt Whitman.

Question 44

Most of the utopian communities in pre-1860s America held ____ as one of their founding ideals.  

A) rugged individualism
B) pacifism
C) capitalism
D) opposition to communism
E) cooperative social and economic practices

Question 45

The Mormons were advocates or practitioners of  

A) polygamy.
B) free enterprise.
C) theocracy.
D) pacifism.
E) birth control.

Question 46

Virtually all the distinguished American historians who wrote American and Latin American histories during the mid-nineteenth century came from  

A) the South.
B) the Middle Atlantic states.
C) New England.
D) the Midwest.
E) the western frontier.

Question 47

A genuinely American literature received a strong boost from the  

A) wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812.
B) writing of Charles Wilson Peale.
C) religious writings of the Second Great Awakening.
D) federal support for the arts.
E) receding influence of romanticism on American shores.

Question 48

Match each writer below with his work.
A.Louisa May Alcott
B.Edgar Allan Poe
C.Nathaniel Hawthorne
D.Ralph Waldo Emerson
1)The Scarlet Letter
2)"The American Scholar"
3)Little Women
4)"The Fall of the House of Usher"

A) A-3, B-2, C-l, D-4
B) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
C) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
E) A-3, B-4, C-l, D-2

Question 49

"Civil Disobedience," an essay that later influenced both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., was written by the transcendentalist  

A) Louisa May Alcott.
B) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
C) James Fenimore Cooper.
D) Margaret Fuller.
E) Henry David Thoreau.

Question 50

The American medical profession by 1860 was noted for  

A) its still primitive standards.
B) having abandoned the practice of bleeding.
C) its discovery of germs as the cause of illness.
D) pioneer work in dentistry.
E) its well established medical schools.

Question 51

The most noteworthy southern novelist before the Civil War who wrote works such as The Yemasee and The Cassique of Kiawah was  

A) William Gilmore Simms.
B) John C. Calhoun.
C) James Russell Lowell.
D) Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
E) William Faulkner.

Question 52

Match each writer below with his work.
A.Nathaniel Hawthorne
B.James Fenimore Cooper
C.Herman Melville
D.Henry David Thoreau
1)Walden
2)The Last of the Mohicans
3)The Marble Faun
4)Moby Dick

A) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
B) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
C) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
D) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
E) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3

Question 53

Match each individual below with his or her achievement.
A.Thomas Jefferson
B.Gilbert Stuart
C.Louisa May Alcott
D.Margaret Fuller
1)author of Little Women
2)portrait artist from Rhode Island
3)transcendentalist editor of The Dial
4)architect of the University of Virginia

A) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
B) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
C) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
E) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3

Question 54

The Hudson River school excelled in the art of painting  

A) portraits.
B) classical frescos.
C) still life.
D) daguerreotypes.
E) landscapes.

Question 55

Perhaps the greatest inhibiting factor for American artists in the first half of the nineteenth century was the  

A) lack of first-rate art schools.
B) Puritan prejudice that art was a waste of time.
C) cultural dependence on Europe.
D) lack of adequate patronage from the wealthy or the government.
E) popular suspicion of artistic creativity.

Question 56

The Poet Laureate of Democracy, whose emotional and explicit writings expressed a deep love of the masses and enthusiasm for an expanding America, was  

A) Edgar Allan Poe.
B) Emily Dickinson.
C) Walt Whitman.
D) Nathaniel Hawthorne.
E) Washington Irving.

Question 57

All of the following influenced transcendental thought except  

A) German philosophers.
B) Oriental religions.
C) Catholicism and the papacy.
D) individualism.
E) love of nature.

Question 58

Of the following, the most successful of the early-nineteenth-century communitarian experiments was at  

A) Brook Farm, Massachusetts.
B) Oneida, New York.
C) New Harmony, Indiana.
D) Seneca Falls, New York.
E) Shaker Heights, Ohio.

Question 59

Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through  

A) scientific observation and experiment.
B) the senses.
C) divine revelation.
D) reason, logic, and critical thinking.
E) an inner light.

Question 60

A dark writer whose genres included poetry, horror stories, and detective fiction was  

A) Edgar Allan Poe.
B) Herman Melville.
C) Sherlock Holmes.
D) Walt Whitman.
E) Henry David Thoreau.

Question 61

Write your definition of paternalism.Then use this definition to argue that early-nineteenth-century American reform efforts were in part paternalistic endeavors by middle-class Americans to "do something for" the less fortunate.

Question 62

Explain why the Mormons became a target for religious intolerance in America.Why did the Mormons continually run afoul of Congress and the federal government even after they moved to Utah to escape the religious intolerance they encountered in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois? What factors accounted for their economic and social success when they moved to the Utah territory after 1844?

Question 63

Why were women prominent in the reform crusades of the early nineteenth century? What contributions did they make to social reform in different areas of economic, family, and political life? Evaluate the level of their success in these women's social reform endeavors.

Question 64

The Knickerbocker group of American writers included  

A) Henry David Thoreau.
B) Louisa May Alcott.
C) Washington Irving.
D) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
E) William Cullen Bryant.

Question 65

In early-nineteenth-century America,  

A) the lines between male and female roles in society were becoming substantially blurred and evolving quickly.
B) women could not vote.
C) married women could not retain ownership of their property.
D) women were growing less aware of themselves as individuals and as one another's sisters.
E) millions of women turned away from organized religion because of its patriarchal elements.

Question 66

The authors claim that in early-nineteenth-century America, public schools "existed chiefly to educate the children of the poor." Why were both upper- and lower-class Americans willing to support public education with their tax dollars?

Question 67

Transcendentalists were dedicated to  

A) individualism.
B) self-reliance.
C) respect for authority.
D) conventional wisdom.
E) political activism.

Question 68

What was the relationship between industrialization and the women's rights movement? What did women reformers want in the early-mid-nineteenth century? How would you assess the scope and substance of their goals and measure their level of success?

Question 69

How do the Knickerbocker group, Hudson River school, and transcendentalists all reflect the nationalism of early-nineteenth-century America? What particularly American values did each reflect?

Question 70

The text's authors label Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville "literary individualists and dissenters." Against what were they dissenting? Why?

Question 71

Early-nineteenth-century American educators included  

A) Horace Mann.
B) William H. McGuffey.
C) Noah Webster.
D) Emma Willard.
E) Mary Lyon.

Question 72

Social reformers of the early-mid-nineteenth century wanted to  

A) find a practical, application for their religious beliefs and principles during this era.
B) reaffirm traditional social values and strengthen family in the confusion of industrialization.
C) do something for the welfare of early factory workers.
D) fundamentally alter middle-class values.
E) fulfill many of the political, economic, and social ideals of American democracy.

Question 73

How did each of the following encourage early-mid-nineteenth century social reforms: Second Great Awakening, industrialization, and nostalgia for the past? What specific social reforms grew out of the Second Great Awakening, industrialization, and nostalgia for the past? What were the political, economic, social, and religious limitations that restricted these social reforms from going further than they did during this era?

Question 74

The leaders of the women's rights movement in the early nineteenth century included  

A) Lucretia Mott.
B) Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
C) Susan B. Anthony.
D) Jane Addams.
E) Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Question 75

In what ways did American literature in the early nineteenth century reflect the New Democracy of the Jacksonian age? In what ways was the literary flowering of transcendentalism a continuation or a break from the literary themes of the Jacksonian age? Use specific literary examples and reference particular American writers of the early-mid-nineteenth century to support your arguments.

Question 76

American transcendentalist writers included  

A) Ralph Waldo Emerson.
B) Henry David Thoreau.
C) James Fenimore Cooper.
D) Angelina Grimke.
E) Margaret Fuller.

Question 77

The text's authors contend that early-nineteenth-century Americans "were more interested in practical gadgets than in pure science," and it is widely believed that Americans have always had a love affair with technology.What political, economic, and social factors would account for this asserted long-standing American love affair with technology?

Question 78

In early-nineteenth-century America, men usually regarded women as  

A) social and political equals.
B) having a sharply distinct economic role in society.
C) physically and emotionally weak but morally superior to men.
D) having their proper place in the home.
E) sexually lustful and dangerous.

Question 79

What do you consider the single most worthwhile and consequential social reform movement of the early-mid-nineteenth century? Which social reform movement of the early-mid-nineteenth century do you consider the least worthwhile and influential in advancing social progress in America? Defend your arguments in both cases with specific examples.

Question 80

Why did the utopian communitarian movement flourish in the early nineteenth century? What were the utopian communitarians trying to prove? Why did most fail? What long-term impact, if any, did any of these utopian communities have on the political, economic, or social development of America?