Deck 7: The Human Body in Health and Disease

Question 1

Physiology is the study of:

A) what body parts look like and where they are located.
B) the structure and function of the human body.
C) how the various body parts work.
D) how organisms are created.

Answer 1

how the various body parts work.

Question 2

The basic unit of life is:

A) a cell
B) a tissue
C) an organ
D) an organ system

Answer 2

a cell

Question 3

Which is like the cell's "brain"?

A) The cytoplasm
B) The cell nucleus
C) The cell organelles
D) The cell membrane

Answer 3

The cell nucleus

Question 4

Which cell transports oxygen throughout the body?

A) Red blood
B) Epithelial
C) Muscle
D) Nerve

Question 5

Which is considered connective tissue?

A) Mucous membrane
B) Blood
C) Skin
D) Glands

Question 6

Which organ is included in the integumentary system?

A) The fingernails
B) The gallbladder
C) The pancreas
D) The ureters

Question 7

What does epithelial tissue do?

A) It connects tissues together.
B) It produces movement.
C) It conducts information.
D) It protects the body.

Question 8

Which statement correctly describes homeostasis?

A) It causes problems by invading otherwise healthy tissues.
B) It reduces the immune system's ability to fight off infection.
C) It is a state of balance achieved by all the organ systems working together.
D) It occurs when the structure or function of an organ or organ system is abnormal.

Question 9

The purpose of melanin is to:

A) keep the skin lubricated.
B) aid in temperature regulation.
C) give our skin, hair, and eyes color.
D) form the hair and nails found on the body.

Question 10

In which layer of the skin do blood vessels and nerves originate?

A) The surface layer of the epidermis
B) The deep layer of the epidermis
C) The subcutaneous
D) The dermis

Question 11

The integumentary system consists of which structure(s)? Select all that apply.

A) Skin
B) Hair
C) Nails
D) Sweat glands
E) Mucous membrane

Question 12

What is a function(s) of the skin? Select all that apply.

A) Prevents pathogens from entering the body.
B) Improves a person's appearance.
C) Maintains the body's fluid balance.
D) Regulates body temperature.
E) Prevents skin blemishes.

Question 13

Which is not a normal sign of the aging process?

A) Thick, yellow nails
B) Gray hair
C) Age spots
D) Bluish skin

Question 14

When caring for an elderly person, which action should be avoided?

A) Gripping the person's arm to help them to stand
B) Filing the fingernails with an emery board
C) Patting the skin dry after a bath
D) Applying lotion after a bath

Question 15

Which change to the integumentary system is to be expected with aging?

A) Decreased blood flow to the dermis
B) Increased number of sebaceous glands
C) Thin, fragile nails
D) Pallor

Question 16

Which describes long bones?

A) They are relatively thin and may be curved.
B) They have a shaft and two round ends.
C) They are round or oval shaped.
D) They are solid and inflexible.

Question 17

What is cartilage?

A) Bands of connective tissue that attach the skeletal muscles to the bones.
B) A capsule formed of connective tissue that encloses the ends of the bones, forming a joint cavity.
C) A tough, fibrous substance that fills in the space between the bones in slightly movable joints.
D) The strong bands of fibrous tissue that cross over the joint capsule, attaching one bone to another and stabilizing the joint.

Question 18

Which is a freely movable joint(s)? Select all that apply.

A) The hip
B) The finger
C) The skull
D) The vertebrae
E) The knee

Question 19

Which are important functions of the musculoskeletal system? Select all that apply.

A) Support
B) Protection
C) Movement
D) Heat production
E) Normal growth

Question 20

The loss of bone tissue that occurs as a normal result of aging is the result of a:

A) lack of exercise.
B) diet low in calcium.
C) decrease in the number of bone cells.
D) decrease in the body's ability to absorb calcium.

Question 21

What is muscle atrophy?

A) The loss of muscle size and strength.
B) The type of muscle tissue found in the musculoskeletal system.
C) A disorder that causes the skeletal muscles to become weaker over time.
D) Increased muscle size and strength as a result of weight-bearing exercise.

Question 22

An elderly person may feel chilly in a room that a younger person would consider warm or even hot primarily because:

A) the elderly person has thin, fragile skin.
B) elderly people tend to be thin and frail.
C) age-related muscle loss affects the body's ability to produce heat.
D) the thermoregulatory center does not work as well in elderly people.

Question 23

What lines the airway?

A) Mucous membrane
B) Cartilage
C) Alveoli
D) Pleura

Question 24

Which part of the upper airway is referred to as the voice box?

A) The bronchioles
B) The diaphragm
C) The pharynx
D) The larynx

Question 25

Which characteristic is an indication of healthy lung tissue?

A) It is elastic.
B) It is dense.
C) It is very red.
D) It is pale pink.

Question 26

What is the diaphragm?

A) A group of special cells located in the medulla that adjusts the rate and depth of breathing as necessary
B) A strong, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays an important role in ventilation
C) A "C"-shaped ring of cartilage that helps to support the trachea and keep it open
D) A membrane that prevents foreign substances from entering the delicate lungs

Question 27

What role do chemoreceptors play in the respiratory system?

A) They monitor the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and adjust the rate and depth of breathing as necessary.
B) They move the diaphragm upward, pushing the air in the alveoli out of the lungs.
C) They secrete a thin fluid that allows the lungs to slide easily against the chest cavity walls during the process of breathing.
D) They are blood vessels that surround the alveoli, giving healthy lung tissue its brilliant pink color.

Question 28

Which factor reduces the respiratory system's ability to function properly? Select all that apply.

A) Gender
B) Immobility
C) Chronic illness
D) Being African American
E) Exposure to toxic chemicals

Question 29

Why are older adults at increased risk for respiratory infections?

A) The diaphragm and intercostal muscles become weaker with age.
B) Many older adults spend a lot of time with their grandchildren, who are often sick with respiratory infections.
C) With age, the elastic lung tissue of the lungs stretches, increasing the amount of air that is taken in and let out with each breath.
D) Older adults are more likely to be smokers.

Question 30

Phagocytosis is the:

A) process in the center of the red blood cell where the hemoglobin sits.
B) process of releasing chemicals that causes a permanent clot to develop.
C) development of white blood cells that destroy pathogens by "eating" them.
D) development of transporting oxygen molecules attached to the hemoglobin in tissue.

Question 31

The walls of the arteries contain more smooth muscle than those of the veins because arteries:

A) are smaller than the veins.
B) have thinner walls than the veins.
C) need to contract and dilate more than veins do.
D) rely on the effects of gravity to move blood.

Question 32

The purpose of the valves in the heart is to:

A) help blood flow back to the heart.
B) ensure that blood flows through the heart in only one direction.
C) filter and clean the blood as it passes through the entire heart.
D) separate the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles.

Question 33

How does the heart receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function?

A) Oxygen and nutrients are absorbed from the blood as it passes through the heart.
B) The pulmonary artery delivers oxygen-rich blood to the heart from the lungs.
C) The conduction system through its ability to make the heart contract.
D) The coronary circulation through its system of arteries and veins.

Question 34

What does the word respiratory refer to?

A) The heart
B) The blood
C) The platelets
D) The lungs

Question 35

Which are the functions of the cardiovascular system? Select all that apply.

A) Protection from infection and blood loss
B) Transportation of oxygen and nutrients
C) Production of urine
D) Moving waste products
E) Creating hormones

Question 36

When the chambers of the heart fill with blood, this is referred to as:

A) asystole
B) diastole
C) systole
D) death

Question 37

Which event affects the ability of the heart to contract forcefully?

A) A decreased number of red blood cells
B) A decreased number of white blood cells
C) A loss of muscle tone
D) A loss of proteins

Question 38

Which age-related condition decreases the body's ability to control blood pressure and flow?

A) Decreased elasticity of the arteries and veins
B) Less efficient contraction of the heart
C) Orthostatic hypotension
D) Varicose veins

Question 39

A neuron is a:

A) long extension from the cell body that sends information.
B) cell that can send and receive information.
C) nerve impulse.
D) sensory receptor.

Question 40

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the:

A) myelin and the synapse.
B) synapse and the axon.
C) central and peripheral.
D) dendrite and the neuron.

Question 41

The dura mater is a:

A) clear fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord.
B) web-like layer of connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord.
C) thick, tough outer layer of connective tissue that is attached to the inside of the skull and the vertebrae.
D) thin delicate layer of connective tissue rich in blood vessels that is attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

Question 42

Cerebrospinal fluid is located between the:

A) pia mater and the dura mater.
B) arachnoid mater and the dura mater.
C) pia mater and the arachnoid mater.
D) arachnoid mater and the corpus callosum.

Question 43

The component of the brain that helps to coordinate the brain's commands so that the muscles move smoothly and in an orderly fashion is the:

A) brain stem.
B) cerebellum.
C) diencephalon.
D) cerebrum.

Question 44

Body temperature, fluid balance, and some of the emotions are controlled by the:

A) thalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) cerebrum.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 45

How many pairs of nerves are connected to the spinal cord?

A) Thirty-one pairs
B) Twenty-three pairs
C) Forty pairs
D) Thirty pairs

Question 46

The function of the cerebrum is to:

A) play a role in balance.
B) control the voluntary movement of muscles.
C) regulate the internal environment of the body.
D) sort out the impulses that arrive via the spinal cord.

Question 47

The main function of the nervous system is to:

A) allow us to move.
B) respond to information.
C) help us cope with stress.
D) protect the body from diseases.

Question 48

Which special senses provide the brain with information about the outside world? Select all that apply.

A) Smell
B) Touch
C) Taste
D) Hearing
E) Respect

Question 49

Older people often take longer to react to things because with age the:

A) number of neurons decreases.
B) synapses become wider.
C) amount of myelin decreases.
D) amount of chemical transmitter increases.

Question 50

Dementia is a:

A) degenerative brain disease leading to a severe memory loss.
B) normal age-related change in one's ability to remember well.
C) memory loss that eventually affects everyone over a certain age.
D) temporary state of confusion often caused by medication taken by older adults.

Question 51

It is true that sensory receptor cells are: (Select all that apply.)

A) stimulated when something comes in contact with the skin.
B) specialized cells associated with a sensory nerve.
C) special cells that detect chemicals in the food we eat.
D) found only in the ear that help sense sounds.
E) groups of cells that interpret sensory stimuli.

Question 52

What term is used to identify our ability to touch, to position ourselves, and to feel pain?

A) General sense
B) Special sense
C) Tactile receptors
D) Chemoreceptors

Question 53

It is true that pain tells us that we: (Select all that apply.)

A) are ill.
B) have been injured.
C) have need for surgery.
D) have overworked a muscle group.
E) are experiencing an organ problem.

Question 54

When a person's senses of taste and smell are decreased, he or she is at an increased risk for:

A) over-seasoning food with salt and having hypertension.
B) burning the roof of the mouth on food that is too hot.
C) eating spoiled food and getting food poisoning.
D) gaining weight as a result of overeating.

Question 55

The sclera is the:

A) colored part of the eye.
B) muscular structure that attaches to the lens of the eye.
C) tough outer layer of the eye made of connective tissue.
D) innermost layer of the eye that contains receptors called rods and cones.

Question 56

Which is a part(s) of the inner ear? Select all that apply.

A) The semicircular canals
B) The vestibule
C) The cochlea
D) The retina
E) The iris

Question 57

What causes presbycusis?

A) Dementia
B) The normal aging process
C) A buildup of fluid in the middle ear
D) A buildup of cerumen in the external auditory canal

Question 58

Which are endocrine glands? Select all that apply.

A) Sweat
B) Pituitary
C) Thymus
D) Pineal
E) Salivary

Question 59

Where are the endocrine glands located?

A) In the brain
B) Throughout the body
C) On the skin
D) In the digestive tract

Question 60

Which is not an effect of hormones?

A) Samuel gets taller.
B) Julia menstruates.
C) Tim grows a moustache.
D) Sarah likes sugar in her tea.

Question 61

Which endocrine gland helps to regulate the body's metabolism?

A) The pancreas
B) The thyroid
C) The parathyroid
D) The thymus

Question 62

Epinephrine is secreted by the:

A) pancreas.
B) gallbladder.
C) adrenal gland.
D) thymus gland.

Question 63

Which hormone causes the kidneys to save body fluid by decreasing the amount of urine produced?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
D) Prolactin

Question 64

Which hormone is involved in successful breast-feeding?

A) Adrenocorticotropic
B) Prolactin
C) Thyroxine
D) Estrogen

Question 65

Which hormone helps to regulate the body's sleep-wake cycle?

A) Thyroxine
B) Melatonin
C) Calcitonin
D) Thymosin

Question 66

Which is a normal age-related change affecting the endocrine system?

A) Menopause
B) Pregnancy
C) Type II diabetes mellitus
D) Decreased sexual drive

Question 67

Which layer of the digestive tract helps to trap disease-causing microbes and protect the delicate tissues of the digestive tract from stomach acid?

A) The submucosa
B) The muscle layer
C) The mucosa
D) The serosa

Question 68

Which sphincter keeps food from going back up the esophagus after it has entered the stomach?

A) The esophageal
B) The pyloric
C) The fundal
D) The exit

Question 69

Which are the regions of the small intestine? Select all that apply.

A) The ascending colon
B) The duodenum
C) The jejunum
D) The rectum
E) The ileum

Question 70

The function of the cecum is to:

A) help absorb nutrients.
B) digest the food that we eat.
C) prevent food from backing up into the stomach.
D) act as a "waiting room" for food entering the large intestine.

Question 71

Where is the appendix located?

A) Attached to the cecum
B) Behind the stomach
C) At the back of the mouth
D) Attached to the liver

Question 72

Which organ secretes hormones that regulate blood glucose levels?

A) The salivary glands
B) The gallbladder
C) The pancreas
D) The liver

Question 73

Which assists in the digestion of food?

A) Chyme
B) Enzymes
C) Protein
D) Insulin

Question 74

What increases the small intestine's ability to absorb nutrients?

A) The submucosa
B) The jejunum
C) The villi
D) The rugae

Question 75

In an older person, the movement of food through the digestive tract may be slower. This can put the older person at risk for:

A) cancer.
B) diabetes.
C) heart attack.
D) constipation.

Question 76

Which increases an older person's risk of choking? Select all that apply.

A) Food cut into small bites
B) Poorly fitting denture
C) Sores on the tongue
D) Missing teeth
E) A toothache

Question 77

Which increases an older person's risk of constipation?

A) Immobility
B) Presence of pain
C) Increased peristalsis
D) High fiber in the diet

Question 78

A relaxed, social environment for eating is important because it: (Select all that apply.)

A) can reduce the risk of choking.
B) may stimulate a person's appetite.
C) increases the nutritional value of the food.
D) is an important part of providing holistic care.
E) helps prevent overeating and so minimizes the risk of obesity.

Question 79

Urine from each nephron is emptied into a collecting area called the:

A) renal pelvis.
B) glomerulus.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) afferent arteriole.

Question 80

The urine that flows into the bladder is prevented from backing up into the ureters by the:

A) internal sphincter.
B) afferent arteriole.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) trigone.