Deck 7: Endocrine Systems

Question 1

A tropic hormone is one whose function is to

A) stimulate the central nervous system.
B) trigger cellular development.
C) stimulate endocrine tissue to secrete hormones.
D) stimulate growth and development.

Answer 1

stimulate endocrine tissue to secrete hormones.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is true?

A) Each endocrine gland secretes a single type of hormone.
B) Each endocrine hormone is secreted by a single endocrine tissue.
C) Each endocrine hormone acts on a single target tissue.
D) Each endocrine hormone activates a single type of receptor.
E) Many endocrine tissues have other non-endocrine functions.

Answer 2

Many endocrine tissues have other non-endocrine functions.

Question 3

Steroid hormones differ from peptide hormones in that

A) the site of synthesis of steroids is distinct from their site of release.
B) the former are not stored, but instead are released upon synthesis.
C) the former are synthesized ubiquitously.
D) they don't have a specific receptor protein with which they interact.
E) none of these.

Answer 3

the former are not stored, but instead are released upon synthesis.

Question 4

Endocrine disrupting compounds

A) may often mimic the effects of estrogen.
B) are human made substances
C) can be passed from one generation to the next.
D) only two of these.
E) all of these..

Question 5

Intracellular calcium levels have an effect on

A) cell motility.
B) cilia action.
C) secretion by exocytosis.
D) muscle contraction.
E) all of these.

Question 6

Down-regulation

A) refers to the expression of fewer receptors at the cell surface as part of a negative-feedback mechanism.
B) refers to the decrease in cortisol secretion that occurs as an animal's metabolism slows down to its basal level.
C) occurs in response to too little hormone reaching the target cells.
D) is an idiopathic response to endocrine disrupters.
E) occurs in response to the excretion of excess hormone by the kidneys.

Question 7

In the context of endocrine regulation, permissiveness refers to

A) one hormone enhancing the responsiveness of a target cell to another hormone.
B) the combined action of several hormones acting complementary to one another.
C) the expression of receptors by a cell allowing it to respond to a hormone.
D) the increase in receptor number that occurs on the surface of a target cell during hyposecretionof a hormone .
E) none of these.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT true?

A) Calcium can be stored in the body and sodium cannot.
B) Parathyroid hormone is the primary hormone responsible for maintaining calcium homeostasis.
C) Calcitonin is not essential for routine maintenance of calcium concentration in mammals.
D) Calcium is required for normal blood clotting.
E) All of these are true statements.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a normal function of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)?

A) camouflage
B) immune suppression
C) pelage of feathers
D) appetite control
E) All of these are normal functions.

Question 10

Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, is secreted from the posterior pituitary in response to input from hypothalamic osmoreceptors which were activated by

A) increased levels of osmium in the blood.
B) softening of the cervical os (the outlet of the uterus).
C) increased plasma osmolarity.
D) increased blood volume.
E) increased blood pressure.

Question 11

In lower vertebrates, arginine vasotocin (AVT) is involved in regulating several different processes. Which of the following AVT-stimulated events does NOT involve smooth muscle contraction?

A) vasoconstriction
B) ejection of milk from mammary glands.
C) oviposition
D) birth in viviparous snakes.
E) All of these involve smooth muscle contraction.

Question 12

Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress. In addition to its function in a stress response, it functions in negative feedback by

A) inhibiting the hypothalamus so that corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) secretion is reduced.
B) reduces the secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary.
C) suppressing its own secretion by its actions on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 13

Metabolic effects of growth hormone include

A) stimulating cell division.
B) elevating blood glucose levels.
C) elevating glycogen breakdown by muscles.
D) promoting glucose uptake by muscles.
E) all of these except promoting glucose uptake by muscles.

Question 14

Absorption of calcium and phosphate by the intestine is regulated by

A) parathyroid hormone.
B) thyroid hormone.
C) calcitonin.
D) phosphate concentration in the blood.
E) Vitamin C levels in the blood.

Question 15

Unlike steroid hormones, thyroid hormones (T₃ and T₄) can be stored after synthesis. This is due to the fact that

A) thyroid hormones are not membrane-permeant molecules.
B) thyroid hormones are protein hormones, and are stored in vesicles until an elevation in intracellular calcium stimulates their release.
C) thyroid hormones are sequestered in colloid, surrounded by a wall of follicular cells, and that presents too much of a barrier for the hormones to pass through.
D) thyroid hormones remain attached to a larger protein molecule until the thyroid is stimulated to secrete them, at which point they are cleaved from the protein and diffuse from the cell into the circulation.
E) None of the above is correct.

Question 16

Which of the following has NO relationship?

A) peptide hormones and secretory granules
B) steroids and lipid droplets
C) Catecholamines and adrenal cortex
D) peptide hormones and rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) thyroid hormones and lipophilic molecules

Question 17

Which of the following are effects of thyroid hormone?

A) increased basal metabolic rate
B) increased conversion of glycogen to glucose
C) increased conversion of glucose to glycogen
D) increased expression of catecholamine target-cell receptors
E) all of these.

Question 18

Regulation of thyroid hormone synthesis is primarily under the control of

A) thyroid hormone.
B) thyroid stimulating hormone.
C) thyroid releasing hormone.
D) thyrotropin stimulating hormone.
E) thyrotropin releasing hormone.

Question 19

Hypothyroidism can result from

A) a deficiency in thyrotropin releasing hormone.
B) a deficiency in thyroid stimulating hormone.
C) insufficient amounts of iodine in the diet.
D) all of these.

Question 20

Symptoms of hyperthryoidism include

A) inability to tolerate heat.
B) excessive perspiration.
C) anxiety.
D) weakness.
E) all of these.

Question 21

Endocrine rhythm, the rise and fall in hormone level,

A) is a response to external clues.
B) occurs in diurnal animals.
C) is influence by endogenous oscillators.
D) two of these.
E) all of these.

Question 22

The main role of glucocorticoids is to

A) enhance sodium reuptake from the urine.
B) elevate glucose levels in the blood.
C) enhance the elimination of sugars in the urine.
D) enhance the reuptake of sugar from tubular fluids in the kidney.
E) none of these.

Question 23

Prolonged elevation of glucocorticoids due to stress is associated with ________, which illustrates the folly of cramming for exams, especially during all-nighters!

A) increased growth of facial hair
B) increased water retention.
C) memory loss
D) fatigue
E) none of these.

Question 24

In female mammals, the androgen produced by the adrenal cortex that is of physiological significance in females is

A) testosterone (TST).
B) dihydroxytestosterone (DHT).
C) estrogen (EST).
D) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
E) thalidomide.

Question 25

The adrenal medulla consists of modified, post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons called chromaffin cells which store norepinephrine and epinephrine in chromaffin granules. In this situation, when these chemical transmitters are released they act as

A) neurohormones.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) stress inducers.
D) glucocorticoids.
E) mineralocorticoids.

Question 26

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A) have a generalized vasoconstrictor effect.
B) promote vasodilation of blood vessels supply muscles.
C) promote mobilization of stored carbohydrates.
D) dilate respiratory airways.
E) none of these.

Question 27

In many respects, cortisol and epinephrine duplicate each other's effects in the stress response. However, cortisol and NOT epinephrine

A) causes an elevation in glucose in the blood.
B) causes an increase in fatty acids in the blood.
C) causes an increase in amino acids in the blood.
D) causes a decrease in glucose in the blood.
E) causes a mobilization of carbohydrates.

Question 28

Y-organs in the head of decapods

A) produce crustecydsone
B) produce chromatophorotropins for changing cuticle color.
C) hyperglycemic hormone to regulate glucose levels.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 29

_____ are one of a few cell types that store glucose in the form of glycogen.

A) Glial cells
B) Liver cells
C) Muscle cells
D) All of these.
E) None of these.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver as regards glucose homeostasis?

A) secreting ketone bodies in response to excess plasma glucose levels
B) storing glycogen when excess glucose is available
C) releasing glucose when plasma glucose levels drop
D) converting organic chemicals like amino acids into glucose via gluconeogenesis
E) All of these are functions of the liver relating to glucose homeostasis.

Question 31

Glucose sparing refers to a phenomenon occurring during the

A) absorptive phase of metabolism in which recently ingested glucose is saved in the form of glycogen for future use.
B) postabsorptive phase of metabolism in which glucose ingested earlier is saved in the form of glycogen for use during prolonged fasting.
C) postabsorptive phase of metabolism in which numerous body tissues release glucose for immediate use by the brain.
D) postabsorptive phase of metabolism in which numerous body tissues switch to metabolizing alternative, non-glucose energy sources, so that glucose remains available for the brain.

Question 32

Somatostatin functions in glucose homeostasis by

A) promoting reduced growth of the body, decreasing the need of individual cells for glucose, and thereby promoting glucose sparing.
B) inhibiting digestion and absorption of nutrients, preventing hyperglycemia.
C) inhibiting secretion of prolactin, reducing production of lactose for milk, and preventing hypoglycemia.
D) doing all of these.
E) doing none of these.

Question 33

In most cells, insulin stimulates uptake of glucose by

A) penetrating the cellular membranes itself, and thereby providing a pathway for glucose to enter the cells.
B) activating insulin receptors, which are themselves glucose transporters.
C) stimulating the recruitment of glucose transporters to the membrane, which in turn facilitate the import of glucose.
D) activating the transcription and translation of glucose transporter-genes, increasing their expression.
E) altering the ratio of intracellular sodium concentrations to extracellular sodium concentrations in a way that favors co-transport of glucose and sodium.

Question 34

Glucagon secretion occurs in response to

A) parasympathetic stimulation.
B) sympathetic stimulation.
C) low levels of plasma glucose.
D) low levels of plasma amino acids.
E) all of these.

Question 35

Calcitonin is produced by the C cells of the parathyroid gland.

Question 36

If the demand for calcium needed to produce egg shells regularly exceeds the
level of calcium intake, egg-laying birds may replace all of their medullary bone to meet that demand.

Question 37

Steroids are neutral lipids.

Question 38

Annetocin is an annelid hormone that is similar to vertebrate oxytocin.

Question 39

The pineal gland connects to the hyothalamus via a portal system.

Question 40

All eukaryotes have clock genes which interact in a cyclic fashion that lasts about
24 hours.

Question 41

Melanopsin is a gene involved in skin pigmentation.

Question 42

Lactotrophs secrete prolactin.

Question 43

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Pineal gland

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 44

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Hypothalamus

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 45

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Anterior pituitary

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 46

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Posterior pituitary

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 47

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Parathyroid

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 48

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Thyroid

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 49

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Adrenal cortex

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 50

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Adrenal medulla

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 51

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Pancreatic ?-cells

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 52

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Pancreatic ?-cells

A) Melatonin
B) Multifaceted stress response
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D) Oxytocin
E) Vitamin D activation
F) Calcitonin
G) Cortisol
H) Catecholamines
I) Glucagon
J) Insulin

Question 53

A healthy person has about two month's worth of energy stored in fat. Oxidation of fats yields about 9 kcal/gram. Assuming a healthy adult requires 1500 kcal/day to function, how many grams of fat does a typical, healthy adult have? How much glycogen would a person have to store to have a comparable energy supply, assuming a caloric yield of 4 kcal/gram?

Question 54

In systems geared toward maintaining homeostasis, there is generally some parameter that is monitored by a sensor which responds to deviations from a set point by stimulating a response from an effector system that in turn causes an adjustment to the parameter. Give an example from the endocrine system of homeostatic control. Be sure to identify the sensor(s), parameter(s) and effector(s) and how they interact to maintain homeostasis. If negative feedback is involved, describe that aspect as well.
* The answer to this question could be drawn from multiple points in the chapter.

Question 55

Distinguish between diabetes mellitus type I and type II. Which is more pharmacologically tractable? Why?

Question 56

Compare and contrast the interactions between parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in controlling plasma calcium levels. Be sure to include the directional change in calcium levels, the organs involved, and where the hormone and vitamin D are having their effects.

Question 57

Discuss the homeostatic control of plasma phosphate levels in situations where phosphate levels are too high and where they are too low. Be sure to include such things as the hormones involved, organs involved, and the direction of change in phosphate levels