Deck 5: Nervous Systems

Question 1

As a general rule, the nervous system coordinates ________ while the endocrine system regulates ________.

A) nervous activity, endometrial activity
B) rapid responses, long lasting activities
C) nail-biting, immune responses
D) feeding behavior, digestion

Answer 1

rapid responses, long lasting activities

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an advantage conferred by centralization of the nervous system?

A) The delay between sensory stimulus input and motor response allows an individual to weigh the merits of its options.
B) The output neuron can receive inputs from multiple sources, including "higher" centers like the brain.
C) The "higher" centers can suppress reflex responses.
D) The "higher" centers can alter sensitivity of the motor neuron to its other inputs.
E) The "higher" centers can activate motor neurons in an anticipatory fashion.

Answer 2

The delay between sensory stimulus input and motor response allows an individual to weigh the merits of its options.

Question 3

Nerve nets

A) are the simplest type of nervous system.
B) are simple.
C) are found in cnidarians.
D) are not primitive.
E) All of these.

Answer 3

All of these.

Question 4

Ganglia are

A) clusters of neuronal cell bodies.
B) precursors to evolution of a brain.
C) are an evolutionary step between nerve nets and true brains.
D) evolved as animal behaviors became more complex.
E) all of these.

Question 5

The evolution of a true brain (superganglion) occurred in

A) animals with radial symmetry.
B) animals with bilateral symmetry
C) cnidarians.
D) echinoderms.
E) all animals having symmetry.

Question 6

Among the invertebrates, ________ have the most complex brains.

A) insects
B) cephalopods
C) annelids
D) primates
E) echinoderms

Question 7

Which of the following statements about brain size is true?

A) Elephants have a larger number of neurons in their brain than humans do.
B) Octopods have a larger number of neurons in their brains than humans do.
C) The neurons in human brains are larger than the neurons in other primates' brains.
D) The brains of leaf-eating primates are larger than the brains of fruit-eating primates.
E) The ratio of brain size to body size is larger in baleen whales than in dolphins.

Question 8

The expensive tissue hypothesis includes the argument that

A) evolution occurs in the face of cost-benefits trade-offs.
B) maintaining the membrane potential consumes much energy.
C) there is a corresponding decrease in the size of the digestive tract that parallels the increase in brain size.
D) large brain sizes require high quality diets to support them, and high quality diets yield nutrients easily and adequately to smaller digestive tracts.
E) all of these.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a trend in brain development?

A) Many birds and mammals have a similar brain to body size as sharks.
B) Nonmigratory birds tend to have larger brains than migratory birds.
C) Within primates, dolphins have the second largest brain size.
D) none of these.
E) all of these

Question 10

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

A) generally exert opposite effects on visceral organs.
B) are sensory and motor, respectively.
C) are central and peripheral, respectively.
D) are autonomic and automatic, respectively.
E) are generally excitatory and inhibitory, respectively.

Question 11

The main advantage of antagonistic control of visceral organs by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems is it

A) saves energy.
B) economizes on volume requirements since organs can constrict when they're not being used.
C) allows precise regulation of the activity of the organs so innervated.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 12

Found on the cell bodies of neurons in both parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia, _______________ are examples of _______________.

A) nicotinic receptors; ligand-gated ion channels
B) nicotinic receptors; G-protein coupled receptors
C) muscarinic receptors; ligand-gated ion channels
D) muscarinic receptors; G-protein coupled receptors
E) adrenergic receptors; G-protein coupled receptors

Question 13

The blood-brain barrier

A) consists of both anatomical and physiological factors.
B) regulates to some extent the passage of substances from the blood to the interstitial fluid of the brain.
C) is anatomically related to the formation of tight junctions between adjacent capillary endothelial cells.
D) is induced by the astrocytes.
E) all of these.

Question 14

Changes in the interconnections among neurons that occur in response to experience are examples of

A) synaptic plasticity.
B) the amazing regenerating capacity of the brain.
C) mutation.
D) growth.
E) none of these.

Question 15

The term gray matter refers to

A) the part of the cerebral cortex which contains neuronal cell bodies and glia.
B) the nerve connection between the two hemispheres of the brain.
C) part of the brain affected by Alzheimer's disease and showing signs of senescence.
D) fiber tracts carrying information between the spinal cord and the brain.
E) none of these.

Question 16

Which of the following areas of the brain are involved in developing motor programs?

A) supplementary motor cortex
B) premotor cortex
C) posterior parietal cortex
D) cerebellum
E) All of these.

Question 17

Functions of the basal ganglia include

A) inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body.
B) selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity while suppressing useless or unwanted patterns of movement.
C) helping monitor and coordinate slow, sustained contractions.
D) all of these.
E) none of these.

Question 18

Which brain area and function are NOT correctly paired?

A) cerebellum: skilled voluntary activity
B) brain stem: sense of fear
C) thalamic region: crude awareness of sensation
D) cerebral cortex: personality traits
E) amygdala: emotional memories

Question 19

The limbic system of the brain is involved in

A) the control of movements involving the extremities, such as arm gestures.
B) the control of innate behaviors.
C) the response to hunger.
D) the response to fatigue.
E) none of these.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter that has been primarily associated with emotional and behavioral pathways?

A) norepinephrine
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin
E) none of these.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a part of the cerebellum?

A) cerebrocerebellum
B) spinocerebellum
C) vestibulocerebellum
D) thalamocerebellum
E) none of these.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT a function of the brain stem?

A) reflex control of the heart
B) control of cortical alertness
C) modulating one's sense of pain
D) regulating postural reflexes.
E) none of these.

Question 23

Which statement about nervous systems is NOT true?

A) The arthropod nervous system has ganglia that lie within the central nervous system.
B) Arthropods have a solid and dorsal nerve cord
C) The nerve cord of vertebrates has a segmental branching pattern.
D) In vertebrates, interneurons are only found in the central nervous systems..
E) In vertebrates only two neurotransmitters control the effector organ responses regulated by efferent neuronal terminals.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) The ventral corticospinal tract of the spinal cord carries ascending information to the brain from the stretch receptors in muscles.
B) A bundle of peripheral axons, a nerve, may contain both afferent and efferent axons.
C) A spinal nerve is a collection of peripheral axons collected within a connective tissue sheath and continuous with either the dorsal or ventral root of a spinal segment.
D) The ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter houses cell bodies of efferent motor neurons supplying the skeletal muscles.

Question 25

The spinal withdrawal reflex

A) is associated with responding to a painful stimulus.
B) involves sensory and motor neurons on the same side of the spinal cord.
C) connects with interneurons traveling to the brain.
D) involves blocking a response by the antagonistic muscle group.
E) all of these.

Question 26

The stretch reflex differs from the withdrawal reflex in that

A) activation of the afferent results only in excitatory reflex responses in the former case, but in both excitatory and inhibitory responses in the latter case.
B) the former is monosynaptic and the latter is polysynaptic.
C) the motor neurons associated with the former directly stimulate muscle stretching while those associated with the latter cause muscle contraction.
D) two of these.
E) all of these.

Question 27

Which statement about fixed action patterns is NOT true?

A) They occur in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
B) They are not considered to be reflexes.
C) They use command fibers located in the central nervous system.
D) They are generated in response to a specific stimulus.
E) A species of animals will carry out the behavior in the same manner.

Question 28

The ability to type questions without looking at the keyboard is a manifestation of ____________ memory.

A) procedural
B) explicit
C) short term
D) imprinting-type
E) random access

Question 29

Individuals who have had a night of heavy drinking often have trouble remembering exactly what happened. This lapse in memory is the primary result of ethanol

A) initiating inhibitory cAMP pathways involved in memory storage.
B) slowing the transfer of short term memory events into long term memory storage.
C) slowing the release of calcium in presynaptic neurons.
D) blocking binding to NMDA receptors.
E) blocking LTP pathways.

Question 30

A centralized brain can be detrimental to some kinds of neural regulation.

Question 31

A division of the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, innervates the
kidneys and intestinal tract.

Question 32

The adrenal medulla is one example of where sympathetic and parasympathetic
innvervation of an endocrine gland affects hormone release.

Question 33

All adrenergic receptors are coupled to G proteins.

Question 34

Glial cells make up over 80% of the human brain in both number of total cells and
volume occupied by the nervous system.

Question 35

Neurogenesis is an example of plasticity in the human central nervous system.

Question 36

Episodic memories are memories related to facts.

Question 37

Outside of vertebrates, the octopus has the largest brain to body ratio.

Question 38

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Short-term memory

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 39

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Habituation

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 40

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Long-term potentiation

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 41

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Astrocytes

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 42

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Adrenal medulla

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 43

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Nitrous oxide

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 44

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Sympathetic nervous system

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 45

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Complex memories

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 46

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Cnidarians' nervous system

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 47

Match each sentence with the most appropriate choice:

-Parasympathetic nervous system

A) Sensitization
B) Calcium channel inactivation
C) Days
D) Synaptic formation
E) Modified ganglion
F) Retrograde signal
G) Fight-or-flight
H) Neuronal networks
I) Nerve nets
J) Rest-and-digest

Question 48

Sympathetic stimulation of the muscular walls of arterioles and veins causes vasoconstriction. Considering that the circulatory system in vertebrates is a closed system (i.e. normally all blood is contained in blood vessels), explain why animals can get by with having arterioles and veins innervated by the sympathetic nervous system without antagonistic innervation by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 49

Compare and contrast brain size and body size in three different pairs of animals. Include an explanation as to why you think each pair evolved different brain to body ratios.

Question 50

Based on your apprehension of what they do, would you expect physiologists to be more right-brained or left-brained, or would you expect them to be ambihemispheric? Justify your answer.

Question 51

Assume it is possible to selectively knock out the vertebrate limbic system. Describe two differences you would notice in the pre-knockout and post-knockout conditions of the animal.