Deck 57: Species Interactions

Question 1

Which of these is a +/+ interaction?

A) competition
B) mutualism
C) commensalism
D) parasitism
E) competition and parasitism

Answer 1

mutualism

Question 2

Herbivory has a ______ effect on one species, and ______ effect on the other.

A) positive, a positive
B) negative, a negative
C) positive, a negative
D) positive, no
E) negative, no

Answer 2

positive, a negative

Question 3

Which of these is best characterized as interference competition?

A) A barnacle living on the tail of a humpback whale.
B) Viruses that infect a rabbit.
C) Rabbits and deer grazing on the same grasses.
D) Rabbits and insects that use rabbit warrens for shelter.
E) A tiger excludes other tigers from its territory.

Answer 3

A tiger excludes other tigers from its territory.

Question 4

Competition among individuals of different species is called

A) interspecific competition.
B) intraspecific competition.
C) derived competition.
D) basal competition.
E) commensalism.

Question 5

Allelopathy is

A) interference competition.
B) the secretion of toxins into the environment by plant roots.
C) intraspecific competition.
D) the transmission of viruses from deer to rabbits.
E) the movement of genes from one species to another.

Question 6

Caterpillars of the same species on a large leaf each chew as much leaf as they can. This is an example of

A) amensalism.
B) interference competition.
C) exploitation competition.
D) commensalism.
E) interspecific competition.

Question 7

Random variation in the outcomes of competition experiments is called

A) allelopathy.
B) stochasticity.
C) commensalism.
D) competition frequency.
E) resource partitioning.

Question 8

In Connell's experiments with the barnacles Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides, the potential distribution of each species is known as the

A) competition zone.
B) mortality rate.
C) fundamental niche.
D) defined mutualism.
E) tidal boundary.

Question 9

Chthamalus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides do not coexist in the same tidal zones because

A) S. balanoides outcompetes C. stellatus.
B) C. stellatus outcompetes S. balanoides.
C) S. balanoides preys on C) Stellatus.
D) the two species require different resources.
E) the two species require different resources and C. stellatus outcompetes S. balanoides.

Question 10

The realized niche of Semibalanus is

A) bigger than its fundamental niche.
B) the same as its fundamental niche.
C) the same as that of Chthalamus.
D) unrealized.
E) smaller than its fundamental niche and unrealized.

Question 11

Park's experiments on Tribolium indicated that the results of competition could vary depending on which of the following?

A) parasites.
B) parasites, temperature, and moisture.
C) temperature.
D) moisture.
E) time of day.

Question 12

T. confusum is most likely to lose in competition with T. castaneum when

A) conditions are dry.
B) conditions are wet.
C) conditions are cold and dry.
D) conditions are cold and wet.
E) conditions are cold.

Question 13

Similar species can coexist in a community because of

A) resource partitioning.
B) competitive exclusion.
C) allopatric competition.
D) sympatric competition.
E) allopatric competition and sympatric competition.

Question 14

A group of related bird species has been studied, and has been observed to segregate by size so that larger species generally eat larger food items. This can be explained as an example of

A) competitive exclusion
B) amensalism.
C) interference competition.
D) resource partitioning.
E) competitive exclusion and interference competition.

Question 15

Sympatric species are

A) more likely than allopatric species to display character displacement.
B) always show character displacement.
C) less likely than allopatric species to display character displacement.
D) unlikely to be competing.
E) more likely than allopatric species to display character displacement, less likely than allopatric species to display character displacement, and unlikely to be competing.

Question 16

What is one reason that invasive species such as the brown tree snake in Guam are often so successful in their new habitat?

A) They are better adapted to winter conditions.
B) They are unable to full partition existing resources.
C) Potential prey animals have evolved defenses against it.
D) The species has no natural predators to control it.
E) Such a species is typically a Batesian mimic.

Question 17

The bright coloration of the various species of poison arrow frogs from the Amazon is

A) receptivity.
B) aposematic.
C) intimidation.
D) Mullerian mimicry.
E) Batesian mimicry.

Question 18

Oak trees and many other plant species have years in which they have synchronous production of many progeny by all individuals in a population. This is known as

A) sympatry.
B) crypsis.
C) armorment.
D) masting.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 19

What is host plant resistance?

A) Producing more seeds in some years.
B) The ability to prevent herbivory through various defenses.
C) A form of crypsis practiced by tropical rain forest plants.
D) The defense of plants through monophagous processes.
E) The ability of plants to grow taller than their enemies.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a defense against herbivory?

A) chlorophyll
B) nicotine
C) terpenoids
D) tannin
E) spines

Question 21

What might be the predominant lifestyle on Earth?

A) omnivory.
B) masting.
C) herbivory.
D) commensalism
E) parasitism.

Question 22

Polyphagous parasites feed on

A) any plant.
B) one host.
C) many different hosts.
D) ectoparasites.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 23

Which of the following lack chlorophyll and are totally dependent on the host plant for water and nutrients?

A) hemiparasites
B) holoparasites
C) all plant parasites
D) root parasites
E) hemiparasites and root parasites

Question 24

The reduction in the density of chestnut trees in North America was due to

A) a fungal pathogen.
B) chestnut blight.
C) a fungal pathogen and chestnut blight.
D) an insect.
E) a bacteria.

Question 25

Many species of ants "farm" aphids, protecting these insects and collecting concentrated sugars known as honeydew from them. The relationship between such an ant and its aphids is known as

A) mutualism.
B) defensive mutualism.
C) parasitism.
D) predation.
E) amensalism.

Question 26

A mutualism in each species can live without the other is termed a

A) facultative mutualism.
B) obligate mutualism.
C) definite partnership.
D) dispersive mutualism.
E) defensive mutualism.

Question 27

What is often true of the fruits eaten by birds and mammals?

A) defensive mutualism.
B) monophagy.
C) high number of parasites.
D) attractive colors.
E) amensalism.

Question 28

The seeds of many plant species are dispersed by a harmless temporary attachment to an animal's fur or feathers. This form of dispersal is known as

A) ectoparasitism.
B) amensalism.
C) mutualism.
D) phoresy.
E) trophic mutualism.

Question 29

Some scientists have suggested that recent outbreaks of sudden oak disease could be fought through the creation of transgenic plants with genetic resistance to sudden oak disease. What would be the source of this genetic resistance?

A) species of aphids with resistance to sudden oak disease.
B) newly synthesized genes inserted into plants' genomes.
C) species with unusually high levels of host plant resistance.
D) domesticated apple trees adapted to North America.
E) original host species in the source region of the disease.

Question 30

Top-down factors that can control the population sizes of plants or animals include

A) seed-dispersing birds.
B) parasites and predators.
C) widespread phoresy.
D) resource partitioning.
E) Batesian mimicry.

Question 31

Which of the following exert bottom-up control?

A) parasites.
B) predators.
C) roots.
D) parasites, predators, and roots.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 32

The nitrogen-limitation hypothesis states that organisms select food in terms of the nitrogen content of the tissue. Why might this be true?

A) Animal tissue contains about 10 times as much nitrogen as plant tissue.
B) Animals are able to "fix" nitrogen much more effectively than plants.
C) Herbivores prefer plants with lower nitrogen content.
D) High nitrogen levels are a key part of plant chemical defenses.
E) Plant tissue contains about 10 times as much nitrogen as animal tissue.

Question 33

Parasitic relationships tend to be highly intimate.

Question 34

Resource partitioning occurs between allopatric species.

Question 35

Species may NOT coexist if they occupy identical realized niches.

Question 36

Fleas are endoparasites.

Question 37

Phoretic species are commensals.

Question 38

Humans exert top-down pressures on white-tail deer.

Question 39

Using insects from the original homeland to control invasive weeds is a form of biological control.

Question 40

Resource partitioning enables similar species to coexist in a community.

Question 41

Secondary metabolites can become essential feeding stimulants for some herbivores.