Deck 14: Energy Balance, Physical Activity

Question 1

Body weight should be viewed as the end result of complex interactions between __________.

A) eating behavior and environmental influences
B) exercise levels and environmental influences
C) eating behavior and physical activity levels
D) genes and environmental influences

Answer 1

genes and environmental influences

Question 2

The genetically susceptible person gains weight in an obesity-producing environment coupled with a sedentary and __________ with easy access to calorie-dense foods.

A) nonstressful environment
B) high glucagon sensitivity
C) easy access to low-dense foods
D) stressful environment

Answer 2

stressful environment

Question 3

Acclaimed as the greatest physiologist of all time prior to 1900 for discovering fundamental properties related to liver function physiology and nutritional science.

A) Claude Bernard
B) Emil Adolf von Behring
C) Charles Richet
D) Étienne-Jean Georget

Answer 3

Claude Bernard

Question 4

The ob gene normally becomes activated in __________ to stimulate production of a body fat-signaling protein.

A) adipose tissue
B) skeletal muscle
C) smooth muscle tissue
D) liver tissue

Question 5

Activated in adipose tissue where it encodes and stimulates production of a body fat-signaling hormone-like protein, which then enters the bloodstream.

A) Ghrelin
B) Leptin (ob lipid)
C) Serotonin
D) Leptin (ob protein)

Question 6

Specialized collection of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus that controls appetite and metabolism and develops soon after birth.

A) Hypothalamus sensory neuron
B) Hypothalamus motor neuron
C) Arcuate nucleus
D) Hypothalamus interneuron

Question 7

Leptin travels to the __________, the area of the brain that controls appetite and metabolism.

A) medulla oblongata
B) hypothalamus
C) pons
D) pituitary

Question 8

Increases resistance to satiety chemicals.

A) Active receptor action
B) Increased leptin receptors
C) Defective receptor action
D) Enhanced receptor activity

Question 9

In young and middle-aged men, inversely relates physical activity level to __________.

A) body fat levels
B) leptin levels
C) sensory motor neurons
D) final calorie levels

Question 10

Combinations of increased physical activity and caloric restraint offer considerably more flexibility to achieve a negative caloric imbalance than __________.

A) aerobic physical activity alone
B) anaerobic physical activity alone
C) diet alone
D) physical activity alone or diet alone

Question 11

__________ metabolism decreases when food restriction progressively produces weight loss.

A) Resting
B) Exercise
C) Set point
D) Thermoregulatory

Question 12

Excessive body fat health risk.

A) Preservation of cartilage and bone and joints
B) Decreased uric acid nephrolithiasis
C) Increased arterial mechanical work
D) Increased insulin resistance in children and adults

Question 13

Low-carbohydrate diets.

A) Glycemic
B) Ketogenic
C) Antiaging
D) Gluconeogenic

Question 14

Increase in a muscle's metabolic activity stimulates relatively greater fat mobilization from the adipose tissue in proximity to the active muscle.

A) Spot reduction
B) Glycogen depletion
C) Protein accretion
D) Amino acid turnover

Question 15

The __________ thermic effect of dietary protein, as well as the relatively __________ coefficient of digestibility, ultimately reduces the net calories available from ingested protein.

A) decreased, low
B) elevated, high
C) elevated, low
D) decreased, high

Question 16

Human eating behavior intimately ties to external cues and __________ to power the body's vital processes and sustain life.

A) conditioned responses
B) physiologic cues
C) delayed cues
D) predominant cues

Question 17

Standard resistance training performed regularly increases ___________ (if FFM increases).

A) resting metabolic rate
B) exercise metabolic rate
C) obligatory thermogenesis
D) nonobligatory thermogenesis

Question 18

Daily energy expenditure:

A) includes thermogenic influences (particularly food's thermic effect) and resting metabolic rate
B) includes 95% thermogenic influences
C) includes 95% nonshivering thermogenesis
D) includes 95% energy generated during physical activity

Question 19

Percentage of the U.S. population classified as overweight or obese.

A) 15%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 65%

Question 20

Documented health risk of obesity.

A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Hypotension
C) Hyperthyroidism
D) Lymphatic cancer

Question 21

Most effective strategy to reduce excess body fat.

A) Diet only
B) Increased physical activity only
C) Diet plus increased physical activity
D) Physical activity plus behavior therapy

Question 22

Percentage of American men and women currently struggling to reduce body weight and fat.

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%

Question 23

Standard dietary approach to help obese patients to lose weight that decreases caloric intake below the requirement for current weight maintenance.

A) Generally about 2.0 kg·wk^-1
B) Generally about 1.5 kg·wk^-1
C) Generally about 1.0 kg·wk^-1
D) Generally about 0.5 kg·wk^-1

Question 24

Inadvisable for weight loss because it precipitates significant lean tissue loss.

A) No more than 2350 calories daily with minimal protein and no "extra" physical activity
B) Semistarvation
C) No more than 2200 calories daily with minimal carbohydrate and no "extra" physical activity
D) Glycogen loading with creatine

Question 25

Reducing 100 kilocalories in daily metabolism.

A) Translates to nearly 1 pound (0.45 kg) of body fat gained every month
B) Translates to nearly 1 pound (0.45 kg) of body weight gained every 2 weeks
C) Translates to nearly 1 pound (0.45 kg) of lean body mass gained every month
D) Translates to nearly 1 pound (0.45 kg) of fat-free body weight gained every 2 weeks

Question 26

A __________ diet emphasizes carbohydrate restriction while generally ignoring the diet's total caloric content and the diet's cholesterol and saturated fat content.

A) very-low-calorie
B) set point
C) ketogenic
D) protein-sparing modified fast

Question 27

Atkins "diet revolution" diet represents a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, or high-protein food plan generates excess __________, by-products of incomplete __________ from inadequate carbohydrate catabolism.

A) plasma neutrafil bodies; gluconeogenic breakdown
B) plasma ketone bodies; lipid breakdown
C) plasma ketone bodies; protein breakdown
D) plasma ketone bodies; glycogen breakdown

Question 28

Does not have a dramatic effect in reducing excess body weight.

A) Endurance running
B) Soccer
C) Pole vaulting and shot-put
D) Swimming

Question 29

Body fat losses of up to 2 pounds (0.9 kg) each week fall within acceptable limits, but this steady weekly weight loss weekly is more desirable.

A) 0.5 to 1.0 pound
B) 1 to 3 kilograms
C) Maximum 4 pounds
D) Maximum 6 pounds

Question 30

Proponents of __________ maintain that all persons, fat or thin, have a well-regulated internal control mechanism similar to a thermostat located deep within the brain's __________.

A) weight balance theory; posterior hypothalamus
B) set point theory; lateral hypothalamus
C) set point theory; frontal hypothalamus
D) energy balance theory

Question 31

Resistance training.

A) Decreases fat-free body mass to fat mass ratio
B) Decreases resting metabolism
C) Initiates metabolic changes to facilitate fat breakdown
D) Increases coronary heart disease risk

Question 32

A reasonable goal progressively increases moderate physical activity to between __________ or a level that burns __________ kilocalories weekly.

A) 60 and 90 minutes weekly; 2100 to 2800
B) 60 and 90 minutes daily; 2100 to 2800
C) 30 and 60 minutes daily; 1800 to 2200
D) 90 minutes daily; 1500 to 1800

Question 33

Negative consequence of a ketogenic diet.

A) Raises serum uric acid levels
B) Negative alkalosis
C) Increases glycogen reserves
D) Increases calcium balance

Question 34

Water loss helps to reduce body fat.

A) Nonsense
B) Possibly, but ends in lethargy and possible malnutrition
C) Possibly, but may negatively impact resting metabolism
D) Lean tissue loss also occurs

Question 35

One of three factors that unbalances the energy balance equation to produce weight loss.

A) Increase energy intake
B) Increase energy output
C) Decrease energy expenditure
D) Increase carbohydrate intake

Question 36

Best strategy to minimize sarcopenia with aging.

A) Combine regular aerobic physical activity for fat loss and engage in resistance workouts to curb insulin resistance
B) Decrease daily caloric intake and increase daily energy expenditure through anaerobic, short burst activities
C) Consume vitamins daily combined with iron and potassium supplements
D) Consume flaxseed and fish oil supplements with enriched grains

Question 37

The ideal first step in eating behavior modification.

A) Getting involved in a physical activity program.
B) Carrying out a detailed, accurate 3-day food recall
C) Writing down foods that were typically consumed over the past year
D) Describing the person's various eating behaviors, not immediately changing the diet

Question 38

Leptin.

A) Body fat-signaling, hormone-like satiety protein
B) Requires TSH during leptin's enzymatic catabolism
C) Requires erythropoietin for proper enzyme action
D) Secretes erythropoietin during leptin synthesis

Question 39

According to developmental programming theory, environmental experiences in the womb and immediately after birth can impact and subsequently alter __________.

A) DNA
B) RNA
C) cellular mitochondria
D) Krebs Cycle activity in neonatal cells

Question 40

Three main techniques maximize success when including physical activity for weight loss.

A) Progress slowly, include variety, become goal oriented
B) Progress slowly, decrease proteins and fat, include variety
C) Include variety, decrease carbohydrates, be systematic
D) Set short-term goals, set long-term goals, decrease calories

Question 41

When using physical activity to reduce body weight, consider the FITT acronym.

A) Focus, Intent, Training, Type
B) Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type
C) Focus, Intensity, Targets, Training
D) Focus, Intensity, Target, Time

Question 42

Most favorable physical activity strategy to alter body composition in overfat boys and girls.

A) High intensity, short duration
B) Low-intensity, long-duration physical activity combined with high-repetition resistance training and a behavior modification component
C) Anaerobic physical activity combined with high-repetition resistance training
D) Many enhanced physical activity programs that exclude behavior modification

Question 43

Average energy expenditure in low resistance, high-repetition circuit resistance training.

A) 6 kilocalories a minute
B) 9 kilocalories a minute
C) 12 kilocalories a minute
D) 18 kilocalories a minute

Question 44

Behavioral strategies for interrupting poor eating behaviors include __________.

A) avoiding
B) believing
C) calorie counting
D) denial

Question 45

The two factors that largely determine one's daily energy expenditure include __________.

A) resting energy requirement and energy expended in daily physical activities
B) energy expended in daily physical activities and thermic effect of food
C) thermic effect of food and resting energy requirement
D) basal metabolism and resting energy requirement

Question 46

Typical resistance training performed regularly positively impacts three factors.

A) Coronary heart disease risk, glycemic control, lipoprotein profile
B) Dietary-induced thermogenesis, glycemic control, uric acid buildup
C) Energy expenditure, glycemic control, ketosis
D) Lipoprotein profile, glyconeogenesis, glycogen repletion

Question 47

"South Beach" diet.

A) Liquid protein, low fat
B) Semi-starvation
C) Low-carbohydrate, high fat
D) Low-fat, high carbohydrate

Question 48

A 25-year epidemiological Swedish study concluded that over time reducing dietary animal fat decreased blood cholesterol levels. In contrast, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet __________.

A) increased these levels
B) decreased these levels
C) had yo-yo effect; first increased then decreased these levels
D) did not change these levels

Question 49

Approximately __________ of weight lost over the first week of energy deficit consists of water loss. Thereafter, water loss progressively changes, representing only about __________ of weight loss in the second and third weeks.

A) 70%; 20%
B) 20%; 70%
C) 30%; 60%
D) 60%; 30%

Question 50

Daily weight loss over 4 weeks of dieting reveals that protein's contribution to weight loss increases from __________ initially to about __________ following the fourth week.

A) 5%; 15%
B) 15%; 5%
C) 5%; 20%
D) 15%; 25%

Question 51

Maximizing fat loss and minimizing lean-tissue mass loss follow a general guideline known as the "Quarter Fat-Free Mass Rule," which states that the expected lean tissue loss as fat-free mass follows a pattern of about __________ comes from fat-free mass, with the remainder mostly fat mass and some fluid.

A) one fourth of each pound of lost weight
B) one half of each pound of lost weight
C) 1 pound of lost weight
D) 2 pounds of lost weight

Question 52

Weight-loss diets should contain the recommended micronutrients and protein, with reduced cholesterol, saturated fat, and essentially no __________.

A) alpha or beta ketone bodies
B) nonessential amino acids
C) trans fatty acids
D) lipolytic, protein-generated enzymes

Question 53

The storage of excess calories as fat occurs only when caloric intake from food exceed daily energy needs.

Question 54

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adult Americans has decreased by 25% in the last 20 years.

Question 55

Excessive body fat represents the most common chronic disorder among poor and minority children.

Question 56

Increased leptin receptor sensitivity signals the brain that the body lacks fat reserves.

Question 57

By age 50, a physically active man can expect to weigh about 10 pounds more (with a 2-in. larger waist) than he weighed at age 20, despite maintaining a constant level of physical activity.

Question 58

Comorbidities caused by obesity represent the second leading cause of preventable death in America.

Question 59

Increases in obesity worldwide have contributed to the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Question 60

A child or adolescent with a high BMI percentile ranking shows a significant risk of being overweight or obese at age 35.

Question 61

Overweight children and adolescents do not have the same health risks associated with obesity in adulthood.

Question 62

The overweight condition may or may not accompany an increase in body fat.

Question 63

Overfatness refers to a condition where body fat exceeds an age- and/or gender-appropriate average by a predetermined amount.

Question 64

Increasing physical activity exerts a considerable influence in reducing risk for cardiovascular disease and a more moderate effect on diabetes risk in those who are obese.

Question 65

Modest weight reduction decreases insulin sensitivity and increases low-density lipoprotein levels.

Question 66

Research indicates no genetic link for susceptibility to obesity.

Question 67

A child younger than age 10 (regardless of current weight) who has one or two obese parents has more than 10 times the normal risk of becoming an obese adult.

Question 68

An effective calorie-burning strategy replaces daily periods of inactivity with additional physical activity requiring greater energy expenditure.

Question 69

Regular physical activity, with or without dietary restriction, protects against weight gain and favorably changes body mass and body composition.

Question 70

Neuropeptide Y is a powerful appetite-stimulating hormone (and slows energy output) produced in the stomach and small intestine.

Question 71

The UCP2 gene activates a protein that stimulates the burning of excess calories as heat without coupling to other energy-consuming process.

Question 72

Vigorous physical activity increases the risk of premature mortality for women and men.

Question 73

Below normal leptin levels signal the brain to increase appetite so that body fat levels increase.

Question 74

All individuals have the same physiologic "set point" to regulate body weight.

Question 75

Repeated bouts of weight loss-weight regain increase the likelihood of death from a heart attack.

Question 76

Efforts to selectively reduce fat at specific body areas by localized "spot exercise" produces no greater local fat loss than more general physical activity.

Question 77

Total daily energy expenditure largely depends on level of resting metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food ingestion.

Question 78

From a public health perspective, the risks from overfatness and obesity far exceed those for weight cycling.

Question 79

Overweight and obesity usually trigger yo-yo dieting as a legitimate way to reduce excess body fat.

Question 80

Heavy muscular overload through resistance training, supported by adequate energy and protein intake, greatly increases muscle mass and strength.