Deck 18: Industries, Immigrants, and Cities 1870-1900

Question 1

America proudly displayed its newest technological wonders at the Centennial Exposition in:

A) New York.
B) Philadelphia.
C) Detroit.
D) St. Louis.

Answer 1

Philadelphia.

Question 2

The term gilded age refers specifically to a time when:

A) labor unions were successfully promoting their own candidates for president.
B) America reached a healthy balance of wealth among all social classes.
C) Americans were migrating from the North to the South in record numbers.
D) materialistic excess and sharp social divisions existed.

Answer 2

materialistic excess and sharp social divisions existed.

Question 3

As the size of the industrial work force grew in the late nineteenth century:

A) the number of firms in given industries shrank.
B) immigration to the Northeast decreased.
C) working conditions greatly improved.
D) ethnic urban regions experienced a golden age of prosperity.

Answer 3

the number of firms in given industries shrank.

Question 4

Between 1870 and 1910, the percentage of people working in __________ shrank.

A) agriculture
B) mining
C) manufacturing and construction
D) commerce

Question 5

After 1870:

A) American inventiveness and technological progress flourished.
B) America became more dependent on European technology.
C) labor unions ceased being a factor in labor-management relations.
D) American engineers only attended college in either Germany or England.

Question 6

Edison organized the building of the first electrical power plant in:

A) Philadelphia.
B) Menlo Park, New Jersey.
C) New York City.
D) Springfield, Missouri.

Question 7

The major significance of Elihu Thomson's career was his:

A) leadership of Kodak as the world's major photographic company.
B) successful and prosperous General Electric Company.
C) role in creating the first commercial telegraph.
D) use of vertical integration in dominating the oil industry.

Question 8

An effect of the rise of corporations in America was:

A) a decrease in the amount of long-term planning by leaders of companies.
B) that shareholders were held personally responsible for corporate debts.
C) a stimulation of capital investment and technological advances.
D) an increase in the number of owners who became middle-management leaders as well.

Question 9

Before the industrial boom of the late 1800s:

A) monopolies harmed economic growth in the urban areas of the North.
B) middle-class artisans were rare in the Northeast.
C) labor was entirely organized by middle-management employees.
D) labor was done by artisans who controlled the pace and output of their labor.

Question 10

An example of vertical integration was:

A) John Rockefeller's mergers with other oil companies.
B) Andrew Carnegie's belief in helping his working-class laborers.
C) Gustavas Swift's control of all aspects of meat-packing.
D) J. P. Morgan's belief in the "gospel of wealth."

Question 11

The aggressive tactics of John D. Rockefeller were supported by his:

A) strong support for the Knights of Labor.
B) financial alliance with investment banker J. P. Morgan.
C) belief in the "gospel of wealth."
D) refusal to adapt to new technological advances.

Question 12

An industrial owner who practiced horizontal integration:

A) aimed to appease labor.
B) invested in a wide variety of industries.
C) bought out competitors in the same industry.
D) believed that monopoly was destructive to economic needs.

Question 13

The pioneer of horizontal integration was:

A) James B. Duke.
B) Gustavas Swift.
C) John D. Rockefeller.
D) George Pullman.

Question 14

Automated cigarette manufacturing was pioneered by:

A) Gustavas Swift.
B) James B. Duke.
C) George Pullman.
D) John D. Rockefeller.

Question 15

One disadvantage for American workers of the rise of corporations was:

A) corporations now controlled the conditions and nature of work.
B) fewer jobs were provided because of automation.
C) the government's decision to cut off all immigration.
D) corporations refused to work in coalition with investment banks.

Question 16

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle focused on the problems of:

A) textile factories.
B) sweatshops.
C) child labor.
D) meatpacking plants.

Question 17

The workplace of the late 1800s included all of the following conditions EXCEPT:

A) large forces of unskilled laborers.
B) long hours.
C) increased mechanization.
D) a safe and healthy environment.

Question 18

One effect of workers being required to work long hours was:

A) an increase in hourly wages.
B) larger numbers of workers becoming artisans.
C) a decrease in deaths and injuries on the job.
D) a disruption of workers' family lives.

Question 19

The use of sweatshops was most common in:

A) coal mining.
B) new factories in the West.
C) Andrew Carnegie's steel plants.
D) the garment industry.

Question 20

By 1900, legislative acts that regulated the horrors of child labor were:

A) successful at ending the practice in the United States.
B) passed by state legislatures in 90% of the states.
C) supported by most industrialists in the East.
D) not effectively enforced by authorities.

Question 21

Which statement about women and children in the work force is NOT true?

A) The trend toward deskilling provided more jobs for women and children.
B) Between 1870 and 1920, the amount of women and children in the workplace increased dramatically.
C) Conditions were hard for women and children, but they received the same pay as men.
D) Most women and children worked due to poor economic conditions within their families.

Question 22

Regarding the increase of female workers, most Americans believed that:

A) a woman's proper role was still caring for home and family.
B) national legislation should ensure equal pay.
C) daycare centers should be established to help working women.
D) women deserved more jobs as professionals.

Question 23

The purpose of the settlement house movement was to:

A) moderate poverty through neighborhood reconstruction.
B) promote labor candidates for national political offices.
C) involve congressmen in community service.
D) support the cooperative ideals of the Knights of Labor.

Question 24

Andrew Carnegie stated a differing view of the Gospel of Wealth by expressing that:

A) socialists and capitalists should cooperate in labor negotiations.
B) settlement houses were ineffective at addressing the needs of the poor.
C) the affluent class should return some of their wealth to working class communities.
D) the government was entirely responsible for poor living conditions.

Question 25

Which statement would most likely have been said by a believer in Social Darwinism?

A) "Charity and the goodness of the affluent heart will lead this era of progress."
B) "The government must regulate business if we are to help the working poor."
C) "The laws of nature dictate the conditions of life for both rich and poor."
D) "Nature's mighty laws tell us that the rich must donate endowments for the poor."

Question 26

Horatio Alger stories:

A) reinforced Gospel of Wealth ideas.
B) first appeared in the early nineteenth century.
C) were critical of capitalism.
D) were aimed at an African American audience.

Question 27

The Great Uprising of 1877 was a general strike against the nation's:

A) steel manufacturers.
B) railway companies.
C) coal-mining operations.
D) garment industry.

Question 28

A major difference between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor was:

A) the American Federation of Labor disapproved of strikes.
B) membership in the Knights of Labor was open to all workers.
C) the American Federation of Labor had close ties with the Socialist Party.
D) support for the Knights of Labor was restricted to craft workers only.

Question 29

Seven policemen and four workers were killed by a bomb at Haymarket Square in:

A) Chicago.
B) Homestead, Pennsylvania.
C) New York.
D) Fort Collins, Colorado.

Question 30

American workers were drawn to the American Federation of Labor's:

A) refusal to create conflict through strikes.
B) promotion of socialist ideals.
C) open recruitment policies.
D) emphasis on collective bargaining.

Question 31

A turning point in the Pullman strike occurred when:

A) President Cleveland ordered federal troops to enforce a court order against the strike.
B) commitment to the strike did not spread outside of the company town.
C) Pullman offered a large increase in pay.
D) Eugene Debs withdrew his support for the strike.

Question 32

According to your text, how many strikes were called in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries?

A) 7,000
B) 14,000
C) 22,000
D) 50,000

Question 33

A huge group of Jewish immigrants escaped from the pogroms in:

A) Italy.
B) England.
C) Germany.
D) Russia.

Question 34

Of the following regions, the smallest number of migrants came from _________ between 1820 and 1914.

A) South America
B) Asia
C) eastern Europe
D) western Europe

Question 35

The number of immigrants from northern and western Europe was highest around:

A) 1880-1890.
B) 1890-1900.
C) 1900-1910.
D) 1910-1920.

Question 36

The number of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe was highest around:

A) 1870-1880.
B) 1880-1890.
C) 1890-1900.
D) 1900-1910.

Question 37

Francesco Barone's success in America led to:

A) a restriction on immigration from Sicily.
B) the creation of the Bank of Italy.
C) nativist mobs attacking his home and business.
D) the chain migration of many Sicilians to his new town.

Question 38

In the urban, working-class neighborhoods of the early twentieth century:

A) middle-class people often lived alongside ethnic laborers.
B) immigrants tended to live among people from the same homeland.
C) immigrants' cultural traditions were replaced by Americanism.
D) sanitary and living conditions were clean and luxurious.

Question 39

Jacob A. Riis's How the Other Half Lives focused on:

A) the new opportunities for the growing middle class.
B) the sordid life of the urban poor.
C) how white males had oppressed the women of America.
D) the plight of African Americans.

Question 40

Which statement would most likely have been said by a nativist?

A) "The nation's purity is being ruined by Catholics and undesirable foreigners."
B) "Labor must organize across ethnic lines to achieve justice and equality."
C) "The needs of the working class outweigh the desires of industrialists."
D) "The workers' movement must be global and cannot be restricted to local concerns."

Question 41

Scientific racism espoused all of the following beliefs EXCEPT:

A) intermarriage between the races was immoral.
B) southern and eastern Europeans were born inferior to western Europeans.
C) "new immigrants" were inferior, thus they must be helped by native Americans.
D) restrictions must be placed on immigration from Asia and eastern Europe.

Question 42

The American Protective Association specifically focused on:

A) promoting the colonization of blacks in Africa.
B) defeating the goals of the Knights of Labor.
C) attracting immigrant voters to the Republican Party.
D) limiting the civil rights of Catholic Americans.

Question 43

Of the following groups that migrated to the United States in the late nineteenth century, which were motivated most by fear of violence?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) Italians
D) Russian Jews

Question 44

Which of the following conditions in Italy was least important for Italians deciding to migrate in the late nineteenth century?

A) too little land
B) too many people
C) too high mortality rate
D) too few opportunities

Question 45

In the latter part of the nineteenth century, countries that attracted migrants usually:

A) had growing industrial economies.
B) had non-democratic governments.
C) were located in eastern or southern Europe.
D) had extensive networks of social services set up for migrants.

Question 46

The term "Great Migration" refers to the:

A) thousands of Mexicans who entered the United States across the Rio Grande River.
B) mass movement of American blacks from the rural South to the urban North.
C) recruitment of Jewish workers by agents of American industrialists.
D) westward expansion of ethnic workers from eastern and southern Europe.

Question 47

Stereotypes of blacks were reinforced:

A) because few blacks lived in northern cities.
B) by portrayals of blacks in vaudeville and film.
C) when the Knights of Labor refused to accept blacks as members.
D) by immigrant newspapers such as the Chicago Defender.

Question 48

Immigration and migration patterns from 1880-1910 resulted in:

A) high unemployment by the turn of the century.
B) the impressive growth of many cities.
C) the rise in popularity of the Knights of Labor.
D) an increase in the percentage of Americans living in the South.

Question 49

In 1900, the largest city in the United States was:

A) Chicago.
B) Philadelphia.
C) Boston.
D) New York.

Question 50

Residential suburbs were first populated by:

A) new immigrants.
B) industrial magnates.
C) members of the middle class.
D) unskilled laborers.

Question 51

"Downtown" districts tended to include:

A) mass-production factories.
B) ethnic neighborhoods for new immigrants.
C) retail shops and financial institutions.
D) middle-class dwellings.

Question 52

The book American Woman's Home emphasized all of the following points EXCEPT:

A) the kitchen should be designed for expedience and cleanliness.
B) the creation of fewer but larger rooms to promote family togetherness.
C) fathers taking a less active role in the raising of their children.
D) ending the construction of rooms that segregated the sexes.

Question 53

Of the following, the last to enter the "middle class" in America was the:

A) physician.
B) lawyer.
C) factory supervisor.
D) merchant.

Question 54

All of the following are true about the new middle class EXCEPT:

A) their taste for tradition caused them to reject time-saving devices.
B) advertisers geared their messages toward members of the professional class.
C) they represented a move toward an economy based on consumer buying.
D) national social trends were often pioneered by members of the middle class.

Question 55

Joseph Pulitzer and Randolph Hearst capitalized on the middle class's taste for:

A) fast foods such as soup and instant coffee.
B) getting news in an easy-to-read format.
C) spending money at dance clubs and music halls.
D) riding on trolleys and faster, improved trains.

Question 56

Coney Island in New York served as an optimal example of Americans' love for:

A) going to seaside resorts on vacation.
B) shopping in a central district of department stores.
C) amusement parks and technological wonders.
D) building monuments to contemporary leaders.

Question 57

Which spectator sport was largely favored by the middle class at the turn of the century?

A) college football
B) professional baseball
C) professional boxing
D) professional football

Question 58

Which event did NOT happen in the 1890s?

A) President Cleveland interceded in the Pullman strike.
B) Guerrilla warfare raged in the hills during the Homestead Strike.
C) General Electric opened its research facility plant.
D) The Knights of Labor experienced their largest membership.

Question 59

Which event happened last?

A) Policemen and workers were killed when a bomb exploded at Haymarket Square.
B) The Erdman Act established mediation in railroad labor disputes.
C) Clay Frick hired scabs to break the Homestead Steel strike.
D) Eugene Debs led worker protests in the Pullman strike.

Question 60

Which labor dispute happened first?

A) the Homestead Steel Strike
B) the eight-hour day movement in Chicago
C) the Great Uprising in the railway industry
D) the Pullman strike

Question 61

The International Workers of the World formed in:

A) 1886.
B) 1894.
C) 1897.
D) 1905.

Question 62

In which decade did John D. Rockefeller form Standard Oil?

A) 1870-1879
B) 1880-1889
C) 1890-1899
D) 1900-1909

Question 63

Which event happened first?

A) Edison invents the light bulb
B) formation of the American Protective Association
C) foundation of the Knights of Labor
D) Hull House opens

Question 64

Which event did NOT happen in the 1870s?

A) Standard Oil Company founded
B) formation of the American Federation of Labor
C) Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia
D) Great Uprising railroad strike

Question 65

Describe examples of both vertical and horizontal integration.

Question 66

In what ways did labor conditions change for the working class in the 50 years after the Civil War?

Question 67

What conditions were similar and different for new immigrants and blacks in urban areas?

Question 68

How did nativist groups attempt to halt the mixture of culture that came to the United States in the period 1880-1910?

Question 69

What circumstances led to the sudden rise and fall of the Knights of Labor?

Question 70

Compare and contrast the philosophies and tactics of the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the International Workers of the World. Why, in the long run, did one group succeed while the other two failed?

Question 71

What social developments reveal the emergence of a predominant middle-class culture in the United States?

Question 72

Address the following statement: "Despite the great wealth produced by the industrial boom, class divisions in America were sharply divisive in the period of 1880-1910."

Question 73

What philosophies expressed by socialists were appealing to working-class Americans? Why did the Socialist Party fail, in the end, to attract large-scale support in the United States?

Question 74

Support one of the following positions:
"New immigrants were assimilated into mainstream American culture."
"New immigrants adjusted to mainstream American culture."
"New immigrants adjusted to American culture and contributed to its diversity."