Deck 5: Social Perception: How Do We Perceive Others?

Question 1

You see a man bump into and knock over an elderly woman crossing the street and he doesn't stop to help her up.According to the phenomenon of spontaneous trait inference,you would likely assume the man:

A) didn't realize he knocked the elderly women over.
B) had an emergency and needed to hurry.
C) was unkind.
D) was feeling sick.

Answer 1

was unkind.

Question 2

Jones and Harris (1967)found that subjects still attributed pro-Castro attitudes to essay authors even when subjects knew that the authors had no choice but to write the essays.This is evidence for:

A) the correspondence bias
B) false consensus effect
C) belief perseverance
D) the self-serving bias

Answer 2

the correspondence bias

Question 3

If a person always responds in the same way to a stimulus across all contexts,then what type of attribution will likely be made?

A) A dispositional attribution.
B) An external attribution.
C) An extrinsic attribution.
D) There is no way to know what type of attribution will be made.

Answer 3

A dispositional attribution.

Question 4

Paul is having trouble getting his ipod to work.If you ask him whether he typically has trouble using his ipod,you are seeking information about:

A) consensus.
B) conformity.
C) consistency.
D) both consensus and conformity.

Question 5

According to the covariation theory,we use what three types of information to make attributions for other people's behavior?

A) compliance, consensus, and distinctiveness
B) compliance, consistency, and temperament
C) conformity, consistency, and distinctiveness
D) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency

Question 6

Inferring that a person's traits caused his or her behavior is known as a(n)__________.

A) situational attribution
B) dispositional attribution
C) extrinsic attribution
D) external attribution

Question 7

The assumption that the environment or situation caused an individual's behavior is a(n)example of a_________ attribution.

A) situational
B) dispositional
C) intrinsic
D) internal

Question 8

Brenda has not turned in her homework for over a week and her teacher assumes that she is lazy and unmotivated.It never occurs to Brenda's teacher that she is under a lot of stress and dealing with difficult life circumstances.The teacher's explanation for Brenda's behavior can be considered an example of:

A) the correspondence bias.
B) the planning fallacy.
C) the attributional error effect.
D) the false consensus effect.

Question 9

Suppose someone robbed a bank.How would Lee,who is from a collectivist culture,be most likely to explain this behavior?

A) The robber is immoral.
B) The robber is dishonest.
C) The robber is stealing to take care of his family.
D) The robber is both immoral and dishonest.

Question 10

According to your textbook,what is one reason you would tend to make situational attributions for your own behavior?

A) Because the situation you are in is most salient to you.
B) Because you see yourself from another person's perspective.
C) Because when observing another person the situation is most salient to you.
D) Because you prefer to make situational attributions for everything.

Question 11

An internal attribution is to _____________ as an external attribution is to _____________.

A) extrinsic; intrinsic
B) extrinsic; situational
C) intrinsic; extrinsic
D) situational; extrinsic

Question 12

Which of the following is a theory designed to explain the attributions people make?

A) Covariation theory
B) Social comparison theory
C) Correspondent inference theory
D) Both Covariation theory and Correspondent inference theory

Question 13

___________ is defined as the process of automatically inferring traits from another person's behavior.

A) Actor-observer effect
B) Three stage model of attribution
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Spontaneous trait inference

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding the tendency to make trait-based inferences about others?

A) We tend to infer traits only when we have a motivation for doing so.
B) We tend to infer traits intentionally.
C) We tend to infer traits automatically.
D) We tend to infer traits only when we are asked to form impressions of others.

Question 15

What do both the correspondent inference theory and the covariation theory assume about how we attribute causes to behaviors?

A) That we are not very intelligent when we attribute causes to behaviors.
B) That we are biased thinkers when we attribute causes to behaviors.
C) That we are rational and logical when we attribute causes to behaviors.
D) These theories do not make assumptions about how we attribute causes to behaviors.

Question 16

___________ are credited with first revealing the fundamental attribution error in their work.

A) Duff and Newman
B) Jones and Harris
C) Gilbert and Malone
D) Kahneman & Tversky

Question 17

Jane's teacher assigns her to write a paper favoring abortion.Based on the correspondent inference theory,what could you conclude about Jane's attitude towards abortion?

A) Jane is in favor of abortion
B) Jane is against of abortion
C) Jane is unsure if she is for or against
D) We cannot conclude whether Jane is for or against abortion based on this information.

Question 18

You believe that people who steal are self-interested and dishonest.What type of attribution are you making to explain their behavior?

A) a situational attribution
B) a dispositional attribution
C) an extrinsic attribution
D) an external attribution

Question 19

The fundamental attribution error is a more commonly known name for__________.

A) covariation
B) the correspondence bias
C) correspondent inference theory
D) covariation theory

Question 20

You believe that people who steal may be forced into this behavior because they live in poverty and don't have enough resources.What type of attribution are you making to explain their behavior?

A) a dispositional attribution
B) a situational attribution
C) an intrinsic attribution
D) an internal attribution

Question 21

You wanted to make a good impression in your job interview.Based on your knowledge of the primacy effect,what would be the most effective strategy?

A) Talk about why you disliked your last job.
B) Present your future employer with information about your weaknesses before your strengths.
C) Present your future employer with information about your strengths before your weaknesses.
D) Don't provide any information about your strengths or weaknesses.

Question 22

Which phenomenon states that we have a tendency to make dispositional attributions for others' behavior but situational attributions for our own behavior?

A) Spontaneous trait inference
B) Belief in a just world
C) Actor-observer effect
D) Halo effect

Question 23

If an individual is part of your outgroup,you are more likely to make what type of attribution?

A) An extrinsic attribution
B) A dispositional attribution
C) A spontaneous external attribution
D) A external attribution

Question 24

Who would be most likely to automatically infer a situational cause for vandalizing public property?

A) A person from a individualistic culture
B) A person from Canada
C) A person from the US
D) A person from China

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the three-stage model of attribution?

A) Automatically characterize a behavior.
B) Automatically make a situational attribution.
C) Automatically make a dispositional inference.
D) Use conscious effort to correct for situational constraints.

Question 26

Your friend is setting you up on a blind date.She tells you that your date is arrogant,intelligent,motivated,and kind.Based on Asch's work on impression formation,which of those characteristics will likely impact your judgment the most?

A) arrogant
B) motivated
C) kind
D) intelligent

Question 27

Which of the following statements about impression formation is supported by research?

A) Impression formation always requires controlled processing.
B) Impression formation always takes conscious effort.
C) Impression formation often happens almost instantaneously.
D) Impression formation always requires both controlled processing and conscious effort.

Question 28

Daniel enjoys spending time thinking about important issues and loves to solve problems for his friends.Daniel is likely high in which of the following characteristics?

A) Need for cognition
B) Need for self-esteem
C) Ingratiation
D) Self-awareness

Question 29

Who would be most likely to exhibit 'belief in a just world?'

A) Sarah who is a liberal
B) Jill who is a democrat
C) John who is a republican.
D) Both Sarah who is a liberal and Jill who is a democrat.

Question 30

Compared with an individual high in need for cognition,research suggests that an individual low in need for cognition is more likely to engage in what phenomenon?

A) The three-stage model of attribution.
B) The self-serving bias.
C) Belief in a just world.
D) The correspondence bias.

Question 31

People from collectivist cultures are more likely to make __________ attributions for behavior while people from individualistic cultures are more likely to make __________ attributions for behavior.

A) external; situational
B) situational; dispositional
C) internal; dispositional
D) internal; external

Question 32

According to your textbook,cultural differences in how behavior is explained seem to increase with _______.

A) income
B) age
C) self-awareness
D) education

Question 33

Which of the following describes the phenomenon whereby the first pieces of information to which we are exposed have the most impact on our judgment?

A) The halo effect
B) The first impression effect
C) The primacy effect
D) The primal effect

Question 34

Solomon Asch conducted a study on impression formation by asking participants to rate the description of a person.He provided both groups of participants with the same information but varied the order of the adjectives he provided so that some participants learned about positive qualities first while others learned about negative qualities first.What was Asch's major finding?

A) Both groups rated the target as highly likeable.
B) Both groups rated the target as highly unlikeable.
C) The group that learned of the negative qualities first rated the target more highly.
D) The group that learned of the positive qualities first rated the target more highly.

Question 35

If an individual is part of your ingroup,you are more likely to make what type of attribution?

A) An intrinsic attribution
B) An internal attribution
C) A spontaneous internal attribution
D) A situational attribution

Question 36

According to the three-stage model of attribution,what do people need to have available to be able to correct situational constraints on behavior?

A) time
B) energy
C) motivation
D) time, energy, and motivation

Question 37

Individuals high in___________ like to think,solve problems,and understand their world accurately.

A) need for education
B) need for understanding
C) need for cognition
D) need for intelligence

Question 38

The notion that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people is known as:

A) self-serving bias
B) spontaneous trait inference
C) need for cognition
D) belief in a just world

Question 39

Pamela believes that women who are on welfare are responsible for their situation and she doesn't believe they deserve help from the government.Pamela is illustrating:

A) self-serving bias.
B) belief in a just world.
C) need for cognition.
D) the halo effect.

Question 40

Suppose someone robbed a bank.How would Megan,who is from an individualistic culture,be most likely to explain this behavior?

A) The robber is immoral.
B) The robber is stealing to take care of his family.
C) The robber had a poor upbringing and didn't know right from wrong.
D) The robber was negatively influenced by his peers.

Question 41

Which of the following describes the phenomenon whereby the last pieces of information to which we are exposed have heightened impact on our judgments,relative to information received in the middle?

A) The halo effect
B) The what is beautiful is good effect
C) The recency effect
D) The finale effect

Question 42

Facial expressions,eye movements,and bodily gestures are considered examples of:

A) verbal cues.
B) inferences.
C) oral cues.
D) nonverbal cues.

Question 43

When one positive thing is known or believed about a target person,we tend to infer that the individual is positive overall and thus has other positive features.This is termed:

A) the halo effect.
B) what is beautiful is good effect.
C) spontaneous trait inference.
D) the actor-observer effect.

Question 44

In a 1978 study conducted by Synder and Swan,participants were told they would interview either an introvert or an extrovert in order to get to know them better.They were asked to select questions from an existing list.Synder and Swan found that participants tended to select questions that supported their preconceived notion of the target's personality.This strategy of asking questions that supported their beliefs is known as _________.

A) negative hypothesis testing
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) confirmatory hypothesis testing
D) affirmative hypothesis testing

Question 45

Compared with information offered last,information offered first will:

A) have a shorter-term effect on your impressions.
B) have no effect on your impressions.
C) be processed less thoroughly.
D) have a longer-term effect on your impressions.

Question 46

Why is it important for others form an overall favorable first impression of you?

A) Because you want to impress other people.
B) Because you want other people to do you favors.
C) Because once an impression is formed it will color the interpretation of your subsequent actions.
D) It is not important for others to form an initial favorable impression of you because first impressions can easily be changed.

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT identified as a facial feature that leads to the tendency to perceive someone as more kindhearted?

A) Thin lips
B) A round face
C) Curly hair
D) Large eyes

Question 48

Research suggests that we expect attractive people to:

A) attain more prestigious jobs
B) be happier
C) be more successful
D) attain more prestigious jobs, be happier and be more successful

Question 49

John is angry at his friend Peter and does not want to talk to him.He sits with arms crossed and faces away from Peter.John is communicating his anger in what way?

A) With his thoughts.
B) With an oral cue.
C) With a nonverbal cue.
D) With a verbal cue

Question 50

Judy is going on a date but does not expect to have a good time.She acts in a way that communicates to her date that she is bored and disinterested.As a result,he behaves bored and disinterested.This exemplifies what phenomenon?

A) Belief perseverance
B) Confirmatory hypothesis testing
C) Self-fulfilling prophecy
D) Attribution bias

Question 51

Joshua has what many people refer to as a 'baby-face'.Based on research presented in your textbook,how will people tend to perceive him?

A) as mean-spirited.
B) as tough
C) as naive
D) as both tough and mean-spirited

Question 52

Maintaining our beliefs even in the face of contradictory information is known as _________.

A) belief perseverance.
B) confirmation bias.
C) correspondence bias.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 53

What effect did exposing participants to attractive and unattractive faces have on their ability to categorize positive words as 'positive'?

A) They took longer to categorize the positive words as 'positive' when exposed to attractive faces compared with unattractive faces.
B) They took about the same amount of time to categorize the positive words as 'positive' when exposed to attractive and unattractive faces.
C) Exposing participants to attractive and unattractive faces had no effect on their ability to categorize positive words as 'positive'.
D) They were quicker to categorize the positive words as 'positive' when exposed to attractive faces compared with unattractive faces.

Question 54

Jarrod is a handsome college athlete and,as a result,many people also view him as friendly,outgoing,warm,and very likeable.This illustrates what phenomenon?

A) The primacy effect
B) The actor-observer effect
C) The what is beautiful is good effect
D) The recency effect

Question 55

Kathie drinks three cups of coffee a day and believes coffee is good for her health.Recently she comes across an article providing information about both the positive and negative effects of coffee on health.When later explaining the article to a friend she only recalls the reasons it might be beneficial while leaving out the information concerning why it might be harmful.This represents an example of:

A) fundamental attribution error.
B) confirmation bias.
C) correspondence bias.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 56

According to your textbook,we can conclude which of the following regarding the effect of teacher's expectations on school children's performance?

A) Teacher's expectations alone can cause a student to perform poorly.
B) Teacher's expectations are usually inaccurate.
C) Teacher's expectations alone can cause a student to perform well.
D) Teacher's expectations can be fulfilling but not necessarily inevitable.

Question 57

Research supports the idea that we are generally more accurate in perceiving people under what circumstance?

A) When we are feeling happy.
B) When we are familiar with a person.
C) When we utilize heuristics.
D) When we are judging members of our outgroup.

Question 58

___________ are defined as behaviors,gestures,and expressions that convey thought or emotion without words.

A) Verbal cues
B) Nonverbal cues
C) Oral cues
D) Inferences

Question 59

The___________ is a phenomenon wherein beautiful things are seen as good and thus activate positive things in our mind.

A) Attractive effect
B) What is beautiful is good effect
C) What is ugly is bad effect
D) Actor-observer effect

Question 60

Which of the following statements regarding impression formation is supported by research?

A) First impressions are so powerful that we don't even need to be present for them to have an impact.
B) First impressions involve a great deal of controlled processing.
C) First impressions can be easily changed.
D) First impressions are developed over a long period of time.

Question 61

The primacy effect is a phenomenon whereby the first pieces of information to which we are exposed have the least impact on our judgments

Question 62

Self-verification refers to the notion that we want others to see us the way we see ourselves.

Question 63

An initial impression that someone forms about you is likely to impact her subsequent interpretation of your behavior.

Question 64

Liars in an Internet setting have been found to:

A) use more first person pronouns
B) use less words
C) use less third person pronouns
D) use fewer first person pronouns

Question 65

The self-fulfilling prophecy suggests that if we expect that something will happen,we may elicit the very behavior we expected.

Question 66

Explaining Maureen's bad test grade by suggesting she is not intelligent is an example of an external attribution.

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic emotions that are conveyed with the same expression across different cultures?

A) Shame
B) Fear
C) Sadness
D) Anger

Question 68

Andrea is using a nonverbal cue when she rolls her eyes at her parents.

Question 69

The tendency of people across cultures to use the same expressions to reflect basic emotions suggests that:

A) People learn how to convey emotion from their social environment.
B) People learn how to convey emotion over time.
C) Basic emotions are not innate.
D) No matter what language is spoken, certain facial expressions appear to be universal.

Question 70

The ideas that 'bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people' is known as 'belief in a just world'.

Question 71

According to the 'what is beautiful is good effect',we would be less likely to think a beautiful model is also nice.

Question 72

Motivation to be accurate does not appear to be important for the formation of accurate impressions.

Question 73

According to research by Asch,if you wanted to make a long-lasting,good impression on your new roommates,you should present positive information about yourself before negative information.

Question 74

By continuing to believe that smoking is not harmful to his health despite evidence of its link to lung cancer,John is illustrating a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 75

According to information presented in your textbook,which of the following people would you predict would be more likely to lie in an online setting?

A) Susan who tends to use a lot of first person pronouns.
B) Natalie who tends to use a lot of words.
C) Christopher who tends to use less third person pronouns.
D) Jack who tends very few words.

Question 76

It takes a very long time for people to form impressions of another person.

Question 77

Two identical gestures can be interpreted in entirely different ways.According to your textbook,why does this occur?

A) Because people are not intelligent.
B) Because people are often tired.
C) Because the interpretation of a gesture often depends on the context.
D) It is not clear why gestures can interpreted in different ways.

Question 78

If Wendy wants to communicate to her boss that she has confidence in herself and is genuine in her intentions,what form of nonverbal communication would help her achieve this outcome?

A) Speaking confidently.
B) Making an appropriate level of eye contact.
C) Flattering her boss
D) Making an appropriate level of eye contact and speaking confidently.

Question 79

In general,research suggests that we are __________ at detecting lies.

A) excellent
B) 100% accurate
C) very bad
D) slightly better than chance

Question 80

Rachel can be considered high in the need for cognition since she likes having the responsibility of dealing with situations that require a great deal of thought.