Deck 13: Prosocial Behavior: Why We Help and Why We Don’t

Question 1

Engaging in actions that restore,in one's own mind,the proper moral order is known as:

A) altruistic cleansing
B) morally cleansing
C) ethnic cleansing
D) honor cleansing

Answer 1

morally cleansing

Question 2

Which model posits that the reason people help others is to improve their own negative mood?

A) The negative state relief model
B) The cost-benefit analysis model
C) The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behavior
D) The egoistic relief model

Answer 2

The negative state relief model

Question 3

Which of the following is a possible explanation for why blood donations increased dramatically following the September 11th attacks?

A) People helped out genuine empathy.
B) People helped to reaffirm their commitment to their values.
C) People helped because it soothed the trauma they were experiencing.
D) All of the answers mentioned are possible explanations for why the blood donations increased.

Answer 3

All of the answers mentioned are possible explanations for why the blood donations increased.

Question 4

Selfishness is to ________ as selflessness is to ________.

A) philanthropic; egoistic
B) altruistic; egoistic
C) egoistic; altruistic
D) implicit; explicit

Question 5

Two social norms that can affect when people decide to help are:

A) reciprocity and social engagement.
B) reciprocity and social responsibility.
C) social responsibility and social conscientiousness.
D) social responsibility and descriptive.

Question 6

Jennifer offers to give Charlie a ride to the airport because she knows he is tight on cash and can't afford to take a taxi.Jennifer's motivation for helping can best be described as:

A) altruistic.
B) reliable.
C) egoistic.
D) consistent.

Question 7

________ is behavior intended to benefit others.

A) Prosocial behavior
B) Self-centered behavior
C) Prejudiced behavior
D) Chauvinistic behavior

Question 8

The ________ norm refers to the expectation that if we help others,they will in turn help us.

A) social empathy
B) social responsibility
C) reciprocity
D) social relationship

Question 9

Research has shown that people will help under which of the following circumstances?

A) If helping will increase recognition from others.
B) If helping will bring them rewards like money.
C) If helping will improve their mood.
D) Research has shown that people will help for increased recognition, rewards, and improved mood.

Question 10

If Andrea is in a good mood,you would predict what about her helping behavior?

A) Andrea will help others in an effort to maintain her good mood.
B) Andrea will help others less because she wants to maintain her good mood.
C) Andrea will help others when she is in a good only if she receives a tangible reward.
D) Andrea's mood would be unrelated to her helping behavior

Question 11

Which of the following is considered a model which postulates that selfish motivations drive helping behavior?

A) The negative state relief model
B) The cost-benefit analysis model
C) The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behavior
D) Both the negative state relief model and cost-benefit analysis model

Question 12

Researchers investigating volunteers' motives for helping people with AIDS,tracking how long they continued to work,found that:

A) people with selfless motives continued to volunteer the longest.
B) people with selfless motives were only slightly more likely to volunteer for a longer length of time compared to people with selfish motives.
C) people with more selfish motives volunteered the longest.
D) there were no differences in the volunteer length between people with selfless and selfish motives.

Question 13

The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behavior emphasizes that:

A) people only help when they receive rewards.
B) people can help for selfless and altruistic reasons.
C) people will help to improve their mood
D) people only help for selfish reasons

Question 14

The opposite of altruistic is:

A) egoistic.
B) impassive.
C) apathetic.
D) extrinsic.

Question 15

Who would be most likely to agree to an unforeseen request for a donation to a charity organization?

A) Phil, who is annoyed because he is late to an important meeting.
B) Mara, who just received a job promotion.
C) Michelle, who is in a hurry to meet her friends for dinner.
D) Jarrod, who is shopping for his girlfriend's birthday.

Question 16

Jane has a crush on Ben's roommate.She volunteers to help Ben set up for a party so that she can spend more time around his roommate.Jane's motivation for helping can best be described as:

A) altruistic.
B) philanthropic.
C) egoistic.
D) deceptive.

Question 17

When Serena's friend loses her job Serena feels concern for her and can understand from her friend's perspective the hardships she's experiencing.Serena is demonstrating which of the following?

A) empathy
B) sympathy
C) respect
D) kindness

Question 18

Tara decides to watch her neighbor's child with the expectation that in the future she may need her neighbor to return the favor and watch her son.Tara is helping based on the:

A) reciprocity norm.
B) social responsibility norm.
C) social empathy norm.
D) social relations norm.

Question 19

The saying "you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours" most aptly characterizes the:

A) social consciousness norm.
B) social responsibility norm.
C) reciprocity norm.
D) social relationship norm.

Question 20

Joe is trying to decide if he wants to put in a good word to help an acquaintance get a job at his company.He considers how it might affect his reputation if his acquaintance does a poor job.At the same time,he also considers how helping someone get a job would make him feel good and that he would likely be perceived in the eyes of others as a 'good' guy.Joe's internal dialogue is most consistent with which of the following models of helping?

A) The negative state relief model
B) The cost-benefit analysis model
C) The empathy-altruism model of prosocial behavior
D) The egoistic relief model

Question 21

Based on information presented in your textbook,which of the following people would most likely to receive help from others?

A) Rosemarie, a woman in her 30s who was diagnosed with breast cancer.
B) Dawn, a teen mother of two young children.
C) Paul, a heavy smoker who contracted lung cancer.
D) Everyone would be equally likely to receive help from others.

Question 22

_______ and _______ developed a major theory called the Decision Model of Bystander Intervention.

A) Bibb Latane; Dan Batson
B) Robert Cialdini; Bibb Latane
C) Robert Cialdini; John Darley
D) Bibb Latane; John Darley

Question 23

In support of the notion of kin selection,researchers have found that:

A) Individuals are less likely to help relatives over strangers.
B) Individuals are more likely to help people who are genetically related to them.
C) Individuals are likely to help relatives if blame cannot be assigned to the person in need.
D) Individuals are more likely to help people who are genetically related to them if they live nearby.

Question 24

There is a fire in your apartment building and smoke begins to fill the hallways.According to the Decision Model of Bystander Intervention,what is the first thing that will need to occur for you to assist others during this emergency?

A) You must decide how you will assist in the situation.
B) You must interpret the situation as requiring your help.
C) You must notice the smoke.
D) You will have to feel a personal responsibility to help.

Question 25

Researchers have found that people from ________are more likely than people from ________ to offer their bone marrow to strangers.

A) The United States; Canada
B) The United States; China
C) China; India
D) India; The United States

Question 26

The notion that we help others to promote the survival our species is a ________ explanation for helping behavior.

A) cultural
B) social
C) evolutionary
D) bio-chemical

Question 27

What difference in helping behavior has been identified between conservatives and liberals?

A) Conservatives are more likely to help others with hardships perceived to have controllable causes than liberals.
B) Conservatives are much more likely to help others than liberals.
C) Conservatives are only slightly more likely to help others than liberals.
D) Liberals are more likely to help others with hardships perceived to have controllable causes than conservatives.

Question 28

Joan often donates food and clothing to a local homeless shelter because she feels it's her duty to help others in need.Joan is helping based on the ________ norm.

A) reciprocity norm
B) social responsibility norm
C) social empathy norm
D) social relationship norm

Question 29

_______ describes the five steps that must be met before a bystander will intervene to help in an emergency.

A) The Decision Model of Bystander Intervention
B) The Empathy-altruism Model of Prosocial Behavior
C) The Cost-benefit Analysis Model
D) The Egoistic Relief model

Question 30

The ________norm states that an individual will feel more compelled to help others if she feels a sense of responsibility towards her society and its members.

A) reciprocity norm
B) social responsibility norm
C) social empathy norm
D) social relationship norm

Question 31

Laura is affiliated with the Republican Party and identifies herself as Catholic.Based on this information,who would Laura be most likely to help?

A) John, a Catholic man who contracted AIDS from unsafe sex.
B) Dawn, a Catholic mother who is homeless.
C) Paul, a Jewish man and heavy smoker who contracted lung cancer.
D) Laura would be equally likely to help everyone.

Question 32

As the number of people present in a situation ________ responsibility to help ________.

A) is constant; decreases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; decreases
D) increases; increases

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a specific step described in Latane and Darley's Decision Model of Bystander Intervention?

A) Notice the emergency.
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency.
C) Weigh the pros and cons of helping.
D) Feel personal responsibility to help.

Question 34

Erin provides her niece with money and a place to live until she can find a job.Evolutionary psychologists might argue that Erin is helping her niece based on the concept of:

A) kin selection
B) altruism
C) social responsibility
D) empathy

Question 35

Helping behavior is more likely to take place in ________than in ________ settings.

A) urban; rural
B) inner-cities; rural
C) rural; urban
D) cities; metropolitan

Question 36

Based on the notion of kin selection,you could most easily explain which of the following helping scenarios?

A) Sarah, vacationing in another state, rescues a child from a burning building.
B) Paul dives into the freezing ocean to save a stranger.
C) Marc pays for an expensive medical treatment for his son.
D) Doug assists his neighbor in building a new shed.

Question 37

You think you hear cries for help in a nearby by office in your building.You think that you should go and see if anyone is in need of help but your coworkers do not appear to be concerned.You decide it must be nothing and do not end up investigating the cause of the noise.This best illustrates an example of:

A) pluralistic ignorance
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) bystander intervention
D) kin selection

Question 38

People are less likely to notice an emergency under which of the following circumstances?

A) When they are close to the event
B) When they are late for something important
C) When the event is vivid
D) Both when they are close to the event and when it is vivid

Question 39

Which of the following factors has been identified as impacting the likelihood that people will become aware of and notice an emergency situation?

A) The time people have available
B) The vividness of an event
C) The proximity to the event
D) The time, vividness, and proximity to the event will all impact the tendency to notice an emergency situation

Question 40

If a person is in need of help,we will be more likely to help if attribute the cause of their troubles to:

A) his or her own actions.
B) laziness.
C) low motivation.
D) circumstances not within their control.

Question 41

The _________ refers to the phenomenon in which the greater number of people that are present,the less likely an individual is to help in an emergency.

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) bystander effect
C) pluralistic ignorance
D) kin selection

Question 42

In 1968,Darley and Latane conducted a study where they exposed participants to a clear emergency in which they heard the sounds of another student having an epileptic seizure.They found that participants who were alone were faster to report the emergency than those who believed others were present.The failure to help in this situation can be attributed to:

A) the ambiguity of the situation.
B) the fact that people were in a hurry.
C) reduced feelings of personal responsibility.
D) the distance of the participant to the 'victim.'

Question 43

Which of the following is considered the fourth step in Latane and Darley's Decision Model of Bystander Intervention?

A) Notice the emergency.
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency.
C) Decide how to help.
D) Feel personal responsibility to help.

Question 44

Research suggests that men and women differ in helping behavior in which of the following ways?

A) Men are more likely to perform 'heroic' acts of helping.
B) Women are more likely to perform 'heroic' acts of helping.
C) Men are more likely to help in more nurturing ways.
D) Men and women are equally likely to help in nurturing ways but men are more likely to perform 'heroic' acts of helping.

Question 45

Which of the following is considered the third step in Latane and Darley's Decision Model of Bystander Intervention?

A) Notice the emergency.
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency.
C) Decide how to help.
D) Feel personal responsibility to help.

Question 46

If you have fallen and hurt your ankle,which of the following tactics would lead someone to help you in this situation?

A) Yelling that you fallen and making it clear that you need help.
B) Trying not to panic anyone and calmly attempting to get someone's attention.
C) Publicly identify a person, specifically requesting his or her help.
D) Either yelling that you fallen and making it clear that you need help or publicly identify a person, specifically requesting his or her help.

Question 47

Which of the following factors has NOT been found to increase helping behavior?

A) perceived similarity.
B) increased self-awareness.
C) a negative mood.
D) increased attractiveness.

Question 48

You have just experienced the death of a loved one and are in need of encouragement,empathy,and support.You might be more likely to receive help from:

A) your dad.
B) your mom.
C) your brother.
D) your neighbor Jim.

Question 49

When an individual feels less personal responsibility to help this is known as________.

A) diffusion of responsibility
B) reciprocity
C) pluralistic ignorance
D) kin selection

Question 50

People who are self-aware are _______ to help others.

A) more likely
B) less likely
C) unlikely
D) not able

Question 51

Researchers have found that mimicry leads to:

A) decreased helping.
B) more charitable donations.
C) a negative mood.
D) less prosocial behavior.

Question 52

You are more likely to help someone who:

A) shares your birthday.
B) likes different activities than you do.
C) does not share your birthday.
D) who lives in a different state.

Question 53

If you were being attacked by someone trying to steal your purse or wallet,a passerby will be most likely to help you when:

A) two other people are nearby.
B) three other people are nearby.
C) no one else is nearby.
D) six other people are nearby.

Question 54

Which of the following is considered the second step in Latane and Darley's Decision Model of Bystander Intervention?

A) Notice the emergency.
B) Interpret the situation as an emergency.
C) Decide how to help.
D) Feel personal responsibility to help.

Question 55

In an emergency situation,what would be a good strategy to reduce the problem of diffusion of responsibility?

A) Try not to alarm anyone and calmly try to indicate that you need help.
B) Publicly identify a person, specifically requesting his or her help.
C) Screaming out loud.
D) It would be equally effective to scream out loud or to publicly identify a person, specifically requesting his or her help.

Question 56

The philosophy behind the Good Samaritan law in Europe is to:

A) protect people from being prosecuted if they hurt someone who they are trying to help.
B) persuade people to help only if they feel it is necessary.
C) punish people for not helping when they are capable of doing so.
D) In Europe there are no Good Samaritan laws.

Question 57

In a study by Benson and colleagues (1976),a completed graduate school application was left in a phone booth.Researchers varied the race,level of attraction,and gender of the candidate and examined the influence of these factors on the likelihood of mailing the application.They found that:

A) males were more likely to mail female applications.
B) females were more likely to mail male applications.
C) people were more likely to mail applications of attractive candidates.
D) males were more likely to mail female applications and people were more likely to mail applications of attractive candidates.

Question 58

The relationship between self-awareness and the likelihood that an individual will help can be characterized as:

A) unrelated.
B) negative.
C) positive.
D) curvilinear.

Question 59

In the fourth step of Latane and Darley's Decision Model of Bystander Intervention,people must decide how to help.What will make it easier for people to choose to help at this stage of the model?

A) If there is a solution that is readily apparent to the bystander.
B) If there are a lot of other people around to consult with.
C) If the situation is ambiguous.
D) If they are pressed for time.

Question 60

Based on information presented in your textbook,if you were trapped in a burning building,who might be most likely to come to your aid?

A) A man
B) An elderly person
C) A woman
D) A low self-monitor

Question 61

If Chris was in a good mood and came across an elderly women who needed assistance, you would predict that he would be less likely to help so that he could maintain his good mood.

Question 62

Noticing a need for help is the first step in Darley and Latane's decision model of bystander intervention.

Question 63

If a neighbor's child misses the school bus and you offer to drive him to school because you feel a sense of duty to make sure he reaches school safely,then you are likely helping based on
norm of reciprocity.

Question 64

Behavior that is driven by selfish motives is known as egoistic.

Question 65

If Peter decides to lend his friend Todd money so that in the future Todd will be more likely to return the favor,then Peter is relying on the social responsibility norm.

Question 66

Research suggests that learning about the bystander effect will have what effect on people's willingness to help?

A) People's helping behavior is not impacted by learning about the bystander effect.
B) People show decreased helping in group situations.
C) People show psychological reactance and therefore, decreased helping in group situations.
D) People show increased helping in group situations.

Question 67

In an emergency situation,you would want less people to be present because you would be more likely to receive help from any one individual.

Question 68

The saying "there is no safety in numbers" reflects the concept of the bystander effect.

Question 69

If you want to teach your children to engage in helping behavior throughout their lives,you could do which of the following?

A) Provide them with a reward every time they help someone else.
B) Model helping behavior.
C) Punish them every time they do not help someone.
D) Punish them for not helping others or reward them for helping others.

Question 70

When Ilene weighs the personal costs of donating time at a charity event (e.g.,giving up her weekend)to personal benefits (e.g.,feeling good about herself), she is engaging in decision-making process known as cost-benefit analysis.

Question 71

Research suggests that we are more likely to offer assistance to people when we view their circumstances as something out of their control as opposed to something they might have 'caused' themselves.In other words,helping behavior is related to:

A) The reciprocity norm.
B) The attributions we make for behavior.
C) The social responsibility norm.
D) The empathy we feel.

Question 72

Learning about the bystander effect is one way to increase helping behavior in group situations.

Question 73

According to information presented in your text,which of the following would be considered a more effective way to increase helping behavior?

A) Remind people of how good they will feel if they help others.
B) Require people to help.
C) Provide monetary rewards for helping.
D) Provide models of prosocial behavior.

Question 74

You are finalizing plans for your friend's big birthday bash.Another friend offers to help pay for the party because as she tells you,she is 'much more financially sound and has access to fun party venues that you cannot possibly afford.'In this circumstance you would likely:

A) welcome the help because you know that money is needed to throw a good birthday bash.
B) view your friend's help as humiliating and patronizing.
C) let your friend plan the party instead.
D) feel happy that your friend is helping.

Question 75

The negative state relief model argues that true altruism is a product of empathy and empathy then creates nurturing feelings towards a target.

Question 76

Men are more likely than women to help in nurturing ways such as providing emotional support.

Question 77

A good way for Sarah to increase her son's prosocial behavior is to engage in lots of volunteer opportunities to act as a model for how one should behave towards others.

Question 78

Based on the concept of kin selection,you would be more likely to help your sister than a close friend.

Question 79

Research suggests that you will be more likely to receive help if you are considered attractive.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT one of the traits associated with an altruistic personality?

A) empathy.
B) internal locus of control.
C) low egocentrism.
D) high self-esteem.