Deck 18: The Industrial Society, 1850-1901

Question 1

The most important advances in industrialization________ .

A) occurred during the last third of the nineteenth century
B) were developed during the Civil War
C) had developed in western Europe by 1800
D) had little effect on the American economy
E) began in the first years of the twentieth century

Answer 1

occurred during the last third of the nineteenth century

Question 2

American industrial growth was concentrated in the________ .

A) Southwest
B) Northeast
C) Pacific
D) Southeast
E) Midwest

Answer 2

Northeast

Question 3

The most significant technical innovation of the nineteenth century was________ .

A) Kodak cameras
B) oil
C) automobiles
D) railroads
E) steamships

Answer 3

railroads

Question 4

The development of a national railway system________ .

A) provided needed jobs for an overabundant labor supply
B) had little effect on economic changes in the late nineteenth century
C) led to an integrated national economic system
D) had little help from the political system
E) was not completed until the early twentieth century

Question 5

Rapid rail construction after the Civil War was possible because________ .

A) there was little competition between the builders
B) the rail companies managed their money and land wisely
C) the federal government provided important incentives
D) the western half of the nation was uninhabited
E) the South was eager to participate

Question 6

A major change in the railroad industry after the Civil War was the development of________ .

A) major railroad trunk lines
B) competition between owners for local markets
C) regional marketplaces
D) international rail systems
E) a greater number of small rail companies

Question 7

The two transcontinental railroad lines met at________ .

A) Sacramento, California
B) Reno, Nevada
C) Promontory, Utah
D) Santa Fe, New Mexico
E) Salt Lake City, Utah

Question 8

By 1894, American railroads________ .

A) had difficulty finding the capital to expand
B) suffered from competition and overexpansion
C) had consolidated into four major lines
D) had eliminated competition
E) were at the peak of their bargaining power

Question 9

The most important figure in American finance was________ .

A) J. P. Morgan
B) Andrew Carnegie
C) Andrew Mellon
D) Albert Fink
E) E. F. Hutton

Question 10

After 1870, the measure of a nation's industrial progress was determined by________ .

A) the production of steel
B) the production of iron
C) the number of railroad lines
D) agricultural output
E) per capita exports

Question 11

________ became the first billion-dollar company.

A) Thomson Steel Works
B) Standard Oil
C) Westinghouse
D) U.S. Steel
E) American Telephone and Telegraph

Question 12

The first modern trust was________ .

A) U.S. Steel
B) the Northern Securities Company
C) Standard Oil
D) Carnegie Steel
E) the Pennsylvania Railroad

Question 13

The most important development in the communications system in late-nineteenth-century America was the________ .

A) telephone
B) post office
C) telegraph
D) radio
E) transatlantic cable

Question 14

What were two of the most important developments of the late nineteenth century?

A) typewriter and calculating machine
B) telephone and electricity
C) factories and sewing machines
D) telegraph and processed meat
E) automobiles and the assembly line

Question 15

The greatest inventor in America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was

A) Cyrus Field
B) Thomas Edison
C) Henry Bessemer
D) J. P. Morgan
E) George Westinghouse

Question 16

________ started the mail-order trend in 1872 with just a one-sheet price list.

A) R. H. Macy
B) Aaron Montgomery Ward
C) Marshall Field
D) Richard W. Sears
E) Alvah C. Roebuck

Question 17

The development of brand names, chain stores, and mail-order houses________ .

A) drove the prices of goods upward
B) confused consumers
C) had little effect on the buying public
D) created a gulf between consumer and producer
E) provided convenience and standardization

Question 18

Most working women________ .

A) were young and single
B) were married with children
C) were African American
D) had many professional opportunities
E) were widows or single mothers

Question 19

In comparison to male workers, female workers________ .

A) received equal pay for equal work
B) were relegated to traditionally "feminine" jobs
C) reaped the rewards of the industrial system
D) were respected as important income earners
E) generally had female managers

Question 20

Which of the following groups received the greatest rewards from industrialization?

A) white, native-born females
B) foreign-born males
C) African American males
D) white, native-born males
E) skilled workers in all categories

Question 21

Why did the Knights of Labor fail?

A) It could not provide effective national leadership.
B) It was unable to organize the workers.
C) It had no successful strikes.
D) It was unable to develop a set of objectives.
E) Terence Powderly was imprisoned.

Question 22

Unlike the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor________ .

A) believed workers would rise in stature
B) organized skilled and unskilled workers
C) emphasized economic goals for workers
D) organized a majority of the workers
E) hoped all workers could eventually become self-employed

Question 23

As for women workers, the American Federation of Labor________ .

A) enthusiastically supported their needs
B) either ignored or opposed them as members
C) brought important changes in the workplace
D) allowed them into leadership positions
E) encouraged all producing women to join

Question 24

The principle of the "iron law of wages" stated that________ .

A) the welfare of the workers dictated wages
B) supply and demand regulated wages
C) all workers should be treated the same
D) the quality of work should be determined by managers
E) wages should remain unchanged as long as possible

Question 25

The great strike of 1877, in which more than 100 people died, involved________ .

A) steel workers
B) cowboys
C) railroad workers
D) oil workers
E) textile workers

Question 26

The American government affected industrial growth by________ .

A) following a policy of laissez-faire
B) closely regulating the pace of growth
C) providing incentives for growth
D) balancing agrarian and industrial demands
E) increasing taxes on industry

Question 27

Which of the following was a factor in American industrial development?

A) the availability of overseas natural resources
B) government regulation of industry
C) low tariffs on foreign goods
D) industrialization of the South after the Civil War
E) an abundance of labor

Question 28

How were American railroads different from European railroads?

A) American railroads connected only major cities, whereas older European railroads connected small towns as well.
B) European railroads employed workers from the upper class, whereas American railroad workers were from the lowest class in society.
C) European railroads brought goods to places that could not be reached any other way, whereas American railroads could reach only metropolitan areas.
D) Trains on American railroads were not able to travel as far or as fast as European trains because the land on which they traveled was undeveloped.
E) European railroads were built between already existing towns, but American railroads often created the towns that they served.

Question 29

Why didn't early American railroads actually link different regions to each other?

A) They did not have enough steel to make the tracks very long.
B) They were only built to bring goods from one city to another.
C) They had different schedules and incompatible gauges.
D) They were only affordable to the richest passengers.
E) They were built with inferior equipment and were constantly breaking down.

Question 30

The adoption of a standard gauge system for all railroads________ .

A) allowed all rails to be built of steel instead of inferior quality metal
B) allowed trains to travel on all tracks, thus integrating the entire system
C) kept all trains running on the same time schedule
D) allowed tracks to be built on both government and private lands
E) kept the trains from derailing so often and so disastrously

Question 31

Which of the following lists industrial developments in proper chronological order?

A) the completion of the first transcontinental railroad, formation of the first trust, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation
B) the formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, formation of the first trust, completion of the first transcontinental railroad
C) the formation of the first trust, completion of the first transcontinental railroad, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation
D) the formation of the first trust, formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, completion of the first transcontinental railroad
E) the formation of U.S. Steel Corporation, completion of the first transcontinental railroad, the formation of the first trust

Question 32

Why did it take until the 1860s to build a transcontinental railroad?

A) The needed land was designated as Indian territory.
B) There was a shortage of workers.
C) The federal government refused to provide land grants for railroad companies.
D) Bankers were not willing to back such a risky investment.
E) Sectional quarrels developed over the route to be taken.

Question 33

The reason for Andrew Carnegie's success was that he________ .

A) inherited a large family fortune
B) understood how to organize steel industry management
C) shared profits with his workers
D) had no competition from other producers
E) had worked in the steel industry since childhood

Question 34

What was the result of Andrew Carnegie's sale of Carnegie Steel?

A) J. P. Morgan combined it with other steel companies into the U.S. Steel Corporation.
B) It led to the formation of the first American trust.
C) It inspired John D. Rockefeller to sell his Standard Oil Company.
D) It led to the building of the Brooklyn Bridge, the largest steel structure in the world.
E) Charles Schwab bought it and combined it with National Steel to form the largest steel company in the United States.

Question 35

Why did John D. Rockefeller reject competition among oil companies?

A) He believed that consolidation, not competition, created stronger companies.
B) He did not want to be forced to lower his prices to consumers.
C) He felt that other oil companies were inferior to his company.
D) He believed that competition would only weaken his own company.
E) He felt that his company needed to develop before it could compete with others.

Question 36

What was the consequence of the formation of the Standard Oil Trust?

A) The federal government passed legislation to stop further trusts from forming.
B) Other industries followed its lead, and trusts became common in America.
C) John D. Rockefeller lost control of his company.
D) Other oil companies began to compete with Standard Oil over prices.
E) It became famous as the only trust ever formed in the United States.

Question 37

What was one result of the proliferation of patents in the late nineteenth century?

A) The country got most of its technology from Europe.
B) The marketplace was oversaturated with goods.
C) Americans no longer imported most of their technology.
D) Few Americans participated in the economic changes.
E) Americans began to fear technology.

Question 38

What was the significance of American Telephone and Telegraph?

A) It was the first telephone company in the United States.
B) It was formed in order to boost competition between local phone companies.
C) For many years, AT&T was the only phone company in the United States.
D) It regulated the telephone industry to ensure no one company dominated the market.
E) It was the consolidation of many local phone systems into one large corporation.

Question 39

What was the significance of Thomas Edison's laboratory at Menlo Park?

A) It was where Edison first invented the telegraph.
B) It was the first modern research laboratory ever built.
C) It was where the telephone was finally perfected.
D) It was the site of the first power station in New York.
E) It was where Edison first sent a message over telephone wires.

Question 40

Which was a consequence of the advent of advertising and large-scale retailing?

A) Europeans bought more American goods.
B) The demand for goods decreased.
C) Rural areas saw an expansion of their economy.
D) Most consumers felt threatened by new industrial goods.
E) Americans became aware of needs they did not realize they had.

Question 41

What does it mean to say that some professions became "feminized" in the late 1800s?

A) Women were much better at certain jobs, such as nursing, and began to dominate those fields.
B) Men were no longer capable of doing certain jobs, since they were needed in industrial jobs, so women took their places.
C) Only married women were allowed to work at certain jobs, since unmarried women would be leaving their jobs eventually to get married.
D) As more women took jobs in certain fields, men left them, and this lowered the status of these professions.
E) Many women began to get work as lawyers, doctors, and ministers; and Americans began to accept women in these kinds of work.

Question 42

According to social historian Stephan Thernstrom, what was the extent of American social mobility in the early industrial era?

A) almost none
B) some, but not much
C) substantial, but limited
D) a great deal
E) almost 100 percent

Question 43

The early American Federation of Labor can be best described as an alliance of________ .

A) industrial unions that tried to change the economic system
B) industrial unions that tried to improve wages and working conditions
C) craft unions that tried to change the economic system
D) craft unions that tried to improve wages and working conditions
E) craft unions that gave its workers a political voice

Question 44

Which of the following best describes the Knights of Labor?

A) a union of producers aimed at uplifting, utopian reform
B) a union of producers aimed only at improving wages and working conditions
C) a federation of industrial unions aimed at making each man his own employer
D) a federation of craft unions aimed only at improving wages and working conditions
E) a union of producers determined to make each man his own employer

Question 45

Samuel Gompers opposed women in the American Federation of Labor because he________ .

A) felt that women workers needed to be organized separately
B) believed that women should not work out of the home
C) feared that women would attempt to take leadership roles in the union
D) knew that women could not afford the high initiation fees
E) believed that women workers would lower the pay scales for men

Question 46

What was a result of the Haymarket Square riot?

A) It brought public sympathy to the plight of the workers.
B) It strengthened the national labor movement.
C) It weakened the national labor movement.
D) It forced government regulation of unions.
E) It ended labor strife in Chicago.

Question 47

What was the result of the Homestead Strike?

A) It forced management to meet the workers' demands.
B) It was resolved through negotiation and bargaining.
C) It had little interference from the government.
D) It emphasized the cost of industrialization.
E) It was peaceful compared to Haymarket.

Question 48

What does it mean to say that Americans spoke a "common language of consumption" by the late nineteenth century?

A) People found that the only way they could become truly American was to buy goods made in America.
B) Americans found a commonality in a consumer culture, in which they all could buy the same kinds of goods.
C) Americans no longer wanted to produce goods for other countries or themselves and wanted only to buy imports.
D) Because of the new types of work in the United States, most Americans were becoming very wealthy and could afford consumer goods.
E) Only native-born Americans bought the new consumer goods, which broadened the gap between immigrants and nonimmigrants in the United States.

Question 49

Which of the following best states the meaning behind Herbert Gutman's claim that industrialization transformed the "culture of work"?

A) Industrialization dramatically increased leisure time.
B) Workers eagerly adopted new technology because it made their work easier.
C) The new technology often required difficult and demeaning adaptations of work patterns.
D) Low pay led to frequent worker resistance, especially "sit-down" strikes.
E) Many workers were able to rise from the bottom to the top of the social classes.

Question 50

What was one negative effect of industrialization in the United States in the nineteenth century?

A) People did not want to live in cities any longer.
B) Most immigrants were not allowed to work at the new industrial jobs.
C) Labor disputes led to the formation of labor unions.
D) There was a greater need for consumer goods than ever before.
E) There was now a growing disparity in income between the rich and poor.

Question 51

What was the role of government in fostering economic growth in the late nineteenth century? What growth-related problems did businesses encounter? How did businesses cope with these problems?

Question 52

What was the role of technology in economic growth in the late nineteenth century?

Question 53

What was the cultural impact of advances in marketing during the later part of the nineteenth century?

Question 54

How did industrialization in the late nineteenth century affect the working class? How did workers attempt to improve their lot? To what extent did they succeed?