Deck 12: Reducing Your Risk of Cancer

Question 1

________ follows cardiovascular disease as the second leading cause of death in the United States.

A) Cancer
B) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
C) Diabetes
D) Coronary artery disease

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

Which of the following lifestyle choices reduces cancer risk?

A) Limiting exposure to ultraviolet radiation
B) Increasing calcium consumption
C) Smoking
D) Working in a petroleum refinery

Answer 2

Limiting exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Question 3

The most common classification of cancerous tumors is

A) sarcomas.
B) lymphomas.
C) carcinomas.
D) leukemia.

Answer 3

carcinomas.

Question 4

A change in the genetic instructions that can override a cell's normal cycle of growing and dividing is called a

A) metastasis.
B) mutation.
C) tumor.
D) malignancy.

Question 5

To grow, a malignant tumor needs ________ and ________.

A) oxygen; nutrients
B) tissue; cells
C) capillaries; skin
D) carcinogens; oxygen

Question 6

Carcinomas include which of the following cancers?

A) Breast
B) Hodgkin's lymphoma
C) Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
D) Bone

Question 7

Which of the following statements about sarcomas is TRUE?

A) Sarcomas grow slower than carcinomas.
B) Sarcomas grow faster than carcinomas.
C) Sarcomas grow at the same rate as lymphomas.
D) Sarcomas are the slowest growing form of cancer.

Question 8

The two main types of lymphomas are ________ and ________.

A) lymph nodes; lymph vessels
B) carcinomas; sarcomas
C) Hodgkin; non-Hodgkin
D) benign; malignant

Question 9

Leukemia occurs in the

A) muscle tissue.
B) brain.
C) bone marrow.
D) connective tissue.

Question 10

Leukemia is characterized by an increase in

A) malignant cells.
B) red blood cells.
C) white blood cells.
D) platelets.

Question 11

The group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells is known as what?

A) Autoimmune disease
B) Cancer
C) Diabetes
D) Chronic disease

Question 12

The breaking off and migration of malignant cancer cells from one area of the body to another is known as what?

A) Metastasis
B) Mutation
C) Tumor
D) Malignancy

Question 13

A mass of cells that serves no physiological function and that may grow and spread into other areas is known as what?

A) Infection
B) Mutation
C) Tumor
D) Malignancy

Question 14

A surgical retrieval of cells for microscopic or biochemical examination of their characteristics is known as what?

A) Colonoscopy
B) Mammography
C) Angiogenesis
D) Biopsy

Question 15

In a process called ________, malignant cells give off growth factors that make new blood capillaries grow toward the tumor.

A) metastasis
B) mutation
C) angiogenesis
D) malignancy

Question 16

Genes that researchers suspect play a role in uncontrolled cell growth are known as what?

A) Mutagens
B) Oncogenes
C) Carcinogens
D) Pathogens

Question 17

Which of the following is an internal factor that causes cancer?

A) Ultraviolet radiation
B) Immunological conditions
C) Tar in cigarette smoke
D) Viruses

Question 18

Cancer is localized and often treatable when it is in

A) Stage 2.
B) Stage 3.
C) Stage 1.
D) Stage 4.

Question 19

Smoking causes ________ of all lung cancer deaths.

A) 50%
B) 87%
C) 62%
D) 47%

Question 20

A doctor who specializes in cancer treatment is known as a(n)

A) oncologist.
B) cardiologist.
C) orthopedist.
D) immunologist.

Question 21

Most skin cancer deaths are caused by

A) basal cell carcinomas.
B) malignant melanomas.
C) squamous cell carcinomas.
D) sarcomas.

Question 22

Which of the following statements regarding melanoma is TRUE?

A) Melanoma is more common than basal cell carcinoma skin cancer.
B) Melanoma is less invasive than other types of skin cancer.
C) Melanoma is the most frequent cancer in Caucasian women ages 50 to 65.
D) Melanoma is difficult to treat once it spreads.

Question 23

The "A" in the ABCDs of skin cancer awareness stands for

A) atrophy.
B) age.
C) asymmetry.
D) aggressive.

Question 24

The "C" in the ABCD of skin cancer awareness stands for

A) carcinoma.
B) cancer.
C) chest.
D) color.

Question 25

A person with which eye color has the lowest risk of skin cancer?

A) Brown
B) Blue
C) Green
D) Gray

Question 26

Which factor decreases a person's risk for skin cancer?

A) Having fair skin
B) Having blue or green eyes
C) Having a family history of skin cancer
D) Using sunscreen with an SFP of 30

Question 27

Basal and squamous cell cancers are most likely to appear as which of the following?

A) Small-diameter freckle
B) A lump in the breast
C) A warty bump on the face
D) Asymmetrical mole

Question 28

A non-cancerous mole is

A) asymmetrical.
B) symmetrical.
C) larger than 6 mm.
D) varying in color.

Question 29

Having two or more alcoholic drinks a day can increase a woman's risk of ________ cancer.

A) uterine
B) ovarian
C) cervical
D) breast

Question 30

An x-ray of the breast is termed a

A) biopsy.
B) colonoscopy.
C) mammogram.
D) chestograph.

Question 31

Which of the following factors has most significantly decreased lung cancer rates in men in recent years?

A) Less asbestos used in industry
B) Better control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
C) Decreased rates of smoking
D) Elimination of chloromethyl in the production of plastics

Question 32

The Pap test is the most effective way to detect early stage ________ cancer.

A) colon
B) breast
C) ovarian
D) cervical

Question 33

Women ages 30-65 are urged to have a screening test for HPV every

A) 12 months.
B) 3 years.
C) 5 years.
D) 7 years.

Question 34

Uterine cancer usually occurs in the

A) cervix.
B) fallopian tubes.
C) endometrium.
D) ovaries.

Question 35

Prostate cancer is most common for males in which age group?

A) Under 18
B) Over 50
C) 35-50
D) 18-34

Question 36

________ cancer is most common for males between the ages of 20 and 34.

A) Testicular
B) Prostate
C) Rectal
D) Lung

Question 37

A fecal occult blood test is a screening test for which condition?

A) Prostate cancer
B) Colorectal cancer
C) Uterine cancer
D) Leukemia

Question 38

A factor that lowers the risk for colon cancer and rectal cancer is

A) a diet high in fiber.
B) a family history of polyps.
C) colitis.
D) age over 50 years.

Question 39

A polyp is a

A) cancerous growth in the colon or rectum.
B) benign growth in the colon or rectum.
C) blood test to screen for colon cancer.
D) component of a healthy colon.

Question 40

A factor that lowers one's risk for pancreatic cancer is

A) being over 45.
B) smoking.
C) being female.
D) a diet high in fat.

Question 41

Obesity increases the risk of

A) colon cancer.
B) lung cancer.
C) leukemia.
D) melanoma.

Question 42

Relative risk is a measure of a person's probability of developing cancer

A) after engaging in a known risk behavior over a lifetime.
B) at some point during a person's lifetime.
C) while engaging in a known risk behavior.
D) regardless of lifestyle habits.

Question 43

A potential warning sign of cancer includes

A) increased hunger or thirst.
B) change in bladder or bowel habits.
C) pain in the center of the chest.
D) numbness on one side of the body.

Question 44

Hepatitis, which can be transmitted through use of contaminated intravenous needles, can increase the risk of ________ cancer.

A) lung
B) skin
C) liver
D) lymphatic

Question 45

Which of the following food additives is most associated with an increased risk for cancer?

A) Calcium
B) Sodium nitrate
C) Potassium
D) Sodium chloride

Question 46

Stress can increase the risk of cancer primarily by

A) causing people to smoke.
B) increasing levels of estrogen.
C) weakening immunity.
D) decreasing LDL cholesterol.

Question 47

A woman's risk for breast cancer is decreased by

A) early onset of menses.
B) use of post-menopausal hormone replacement therapy.
C) early menopause (before age 45).
D) maternal family history of breast cancer.

Question 48

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation is a well-known risk for developing ________ cancer.

A) breast
B) anal
C) prostate
D) skin

Question 49

Cervical cancer is predominantly caused by

A) human papillomavirus (HPV).
B) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
C) hepatitis C.
D) estrogen exposure.

Question 50

Radiation exposure that causes cancer can come from

A) sunlight.
B) non-iodizing radiation.
C) fluorescent lights.
D) natural gas furnace.

Question 51

Which factor is most likely to increase the risk for lung cancer?

A) Using a tanning booth
B) Working in a uranium mine
C) Increased exposure to estrogen
D) Excessive alcohol use

Question 52

Use of anabolic steroids has been linked to development of ________ cancer.

A) liver
B) lung
C) colon
D) prostate

Question 53

A primary disadvantage of treating cancer with radiation is that it

A) causes nausea or vomiting.
B) causes hair loss.
C) stops cell growth.
D) also destroys some healthy cells.

Question 54

New approaches to treating cancer focus on

A) using chemicals to stop tumor growth.
B) treating symptoms associated with cancer.
C) treating cancer as a genetic disease caused by a mutation.
D) changing the way a cell responds to radiation.

Question 55

Which form of cancer treatment uses targeted beams of ionizing energy to destroy malignant cells?

A) Radiation
B) Chemotherapy
C) Immunotherapy
D) Gene therapy

Question 56

Which treatment for cancer is most likely to cause nausea as a result of damage to rapidly dividing digestive-tract cells?

A) Surgery
B) Immunotherapy
C) Gene therapy
D) Chemotherapy

Question 57

Which cancer treatment might be used to allow a patient's bone marrow to withstand stronger doses of chemotherapeutic drugs?

A) Surgery
B) Immunotherapy
C) Gene therapy
D) Chemotherapy

Question 58

The use of drugs to kill cancerous cells is known as what?

A) Gene therapy
B) Chemotherapy
C) Radiation therapy
D) Immunotherapy

Question 59

Therapies that stimulate the body's own immune system to combat cancer cells are known as what?

A) Surgical therapies
B) Gene therapies
C) Immunotherapies
D) Chemotherapies

Question 60

Risk factors for cancer include lifestyle choices, biological factors, and environmental factors.

Question 61

A carcinogen is an internal mutation that causes cancer.

Question 62

A sarcoma occurs in the middle layers of tissue.

Question 63

Leukemias are the most common class of cancers.

Question 64

When metastasis occurs, the cancer is in Stage 1.

Question 65

Most skin cancers are lymphomas.

Question 66

The "D" in the ABCD of skin cancer awareness stands for dermatologic.

Question 67

Breast cancer strikes only women.

Question 68

Lung cancer is the leading cancer killer for males and females.

Question 69

Smoking causes most lung cancer deaths.

Question 70

Undergoing a full-term pregnancy reduces a woman's risk for ovarian and breast cancers.

Question 71

Physical inactivity increases risk for colon and breast cancers.

Question 72

Ovarian cancer symptoms include bleeding and abnormal vaginal discharge.

Question 73

Most uterine cancers develop in the cervix.

Question 74

Testicular cancer can occur commonly in college-age males.

Question 75

Testicular cancer is more common than prostate cancer.

Question 76

A Pap smear is effective for detecting early-stage ovarian cancer.

Question 77

Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing is an early warning sign of cancer.

Question 78

Plant-based compounds in some fruits can "turn on" human genes that slow cancer growth.

Question 79

Contrast and compare the four classes of cancerous tumors.

Question 80

List and describe in detail five common types of cancer.