Deck 21: Nuclear Reactions and Their Role in Chemistry

Question 1

The conversion of mass to energy is measurable only in

A)chemiluminescent transformations.
B)exothermic reactions.
C)explosive chemical reactions.
D)spontaneous processes.
E)nuclear reactions.

Answer 1

nuclear reactions.

Question 2

The conversion of energy to mass is only in

A)chemiluminescent transformations.
B)exothermic reactions.
C)explosive chemical reactions.
D)spontaneous processes.
E)nuclear reactions.

Answer 2

nuclear reactions.

Question 3

If you add energy to an electron, you can get it to move faster. This can be done using electromagnetic fields. If an electron is given energy in the amount of 220,000 eV (an electron volt unit of energy)it can reach speeds of 2.70 × 10⁸ m/s. At this speed what would the mass of an electron be? An electron has a rest mass of 9.109 × 10^-28 g.

A)2.10 × 10^-30 g
B)2.46 × 10^-19 g
C)3.37 × 10^-36 g
D)2.10 × 10^-27 g
E)9.109 × 10^-28 g

Answer 3

2.10 × 10^-27 g

Question 4

During a nuclear fusion reaction, it is possible to produces neutrons with 14.1 MeV (mega-electron volts). This results in neutrons with a speed approaching 52,000 km/s. At this speed what is the mass of a neutron. The rest mass of a neutron is 1.675 × 10^-24 g.

A)1.68 × 10^-24 g
B)1.70 × 10^-24 g
C)3.22 × 10^-32 g
D)8.71 × 10^-20 g
E)8.71 × 10^-17 g

Question 5

A certain chemical reaction results in the release of 4295 kJ of energy. The loss of mass from this type of reaction would be equal to

A)1.29 × 10¹² kg.
B)1.40 × 10^-5 kg.
C)4.78 × 10^-11 kg.
D)1.40 × 10^-2 kg.
E)4.78 × 10^-14 kg.

Question 6

A certain chemical reaction results in the release of 365 kJ of energy. The loss of mass from this type of reaction would be equal to

A)1.22 × 10^-6 kg.
B)4.06 × 10^-12 kg.
C)1.22 × 10^-3 kg.
D)1.09 × 10¹¹ kg.
E)4.06 × 10^-15 kg.

Question 7

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ⁴He nucleus weighs 4.002602 u. Calculate the mass defect of the nucleus in amu.

A)0.029281 u
B)1.98666 u
C)2.6316 u
D)0.001388 u
E)0.058562 u

Question 8

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ⁴He nucleus weighs 4.002602 u. Calculate the total binding energy of the nucleus.

A)1.66 × 10^-7 joule
B)2.27 × 10^-12 joule
C)3.86 × 10^-11 joule
D)4.38 × 10^-12 joule
E)4.38 × 10^-10 joule

Question 9

Which isotope has the maximum binding energy per nucleon, that is, it lies at the maximum in the binding energy per nucleon curve?

A)²⁵¹Cf
B)¹⁹⁷Au
C)⁵⁶Fe
D)¹H
E)⁴He

Question 10

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ¹⁹F nucleus weighs 18.9984032 u. Calculate the mass defect of the nucleus in amu.

A)16.9825 u
B)0.16623 u
C)0.13985 u
D)0.15373 u
E)0.15235 u

Question 11

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ¹⁹F nucleus weighs 18.9984032 u. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for this nucleus.

A)1.208 × 10^-12 joule/nucleon
B)2.368 × 10^-11 joule/nucleon
C)4.735 × 10^-11 joule/nucleon
D)6.230 × 10^-13 joule/nucleon
E)8.307 × 10^-13 joule/nucleon

Question 12

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ⁷⁵As nucleus weighs 74.92160 u. Calculate the mass defect of the nucleus in amu.

A)0.682450 u
B)0.078400 u
C)0.728269 u
D)0.624135 u
E)0.669954 u

Question 13

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ⁷⁵As nucleus weighs 74.92160 u. Calculate the total binding energy of the nucleus.

A)1.464 × 10^-7 joule
B)1.019 × 10^-9 joule
C)2.090 × 10^-9 joule
D)6.235 × 10^-12 joule
E)1.255 × 10^-7 joule

Question 14

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ¹⁰³Rh nucleus weighs 102.90550 u. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for this nucleus.

A)2.442 × 10^-12 joule/nucleon
B)1.340 × 10^-12 joule /nucleon
C)2.0239 × 10^-9 joule/nucleon
D)2.442 × 10^-9 joule/nucleon
E)2.0239 × 10^-11 joule/nucleon

Question 15

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ³¹P nucleus weighs 30.973761 u. Calculate the total binding energy of the nucleus.

A)2.662 × 10^-11 joule
B)2.801 × 10^-12 joule
C)1.0978 × 10^-10 joule
D)4.090 × 10^-11 joule
E)4.212 × 10^-8 joule

Question 16

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ¹⁹⁷Au nucleus weighs 196.96655 u. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon (nuclear particle)for this nucleus.

A)2.498 × 10^-10 joule/nucleon
B)1.236 × 10^-12 joule/nucleon
C)3.567 × 10^-11 joule/nucleon
D)2.117 × 10^-12 joule/nucleon
E)3.162 × 10^-12 joule/nucleon

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the source of energy from nuclear reactions?

A)The energy comes from the breaking of chemical bonds to form different molecules.
B)The energy comes from movements of electrons between orbitals.
C)The energy comes from the fact that nuclides are more stable in a nucleus than as individual atomic particles, thus resulting in lower energy and mass than individual particles.
D)The energy comes from the absorption of gamma radiation produced by neutrinos.
E)There is no energy change in nuclear reactions.

Question 18

The nuclear particle that is described by the symbol, H, is a(n)

A)alpha particle.
B)electron.
C)neutron.
D)positron.
E)proton.

Question 19

The nuclear particle that is described by the symbol, e, is a(n)

A)alpha particle.
B)electron.
C)neutron.
D)positron.
E)proton.

Question 20

The nuclear particle that is described by the symbol, He, is a(n)

A)alpha particle.
B)electron.
C)neutron.
D)positron.
E)proton.

Question 21

The nuclear particle that is described by the symbol, n, is a(n)

A)alpha particle.
B)electron.
C)neutron.
D)positron.
E)proton.

Question 22

The nuclear radiation having particles with the greatest charge is

A)alpha radiation.
B)beta radiation.
C)gamma radiation.
D)neutrons.
E)X-rays.

Question 23

The nuclear radiation with the least penetrating ability is

A)alpha radiation.
B)beta radiation.
C)gamma radiation.
D)neutrons.
E)X-rays.

Question 24

The nuclear radiation having particles with the greatest mass is

A)alpha radiation.
B)beta radiation.
C)gamma radiation.
D)neutrons.
E)X-rays.

Question 25

Identify the isotope that is the product in the nuclear equation

A) Ru
B) Ru
C) Tc
D) Tc
E) Tc

Question 26

Identify the isotope that is the missing product in the nuclear equation

A) Fe
B) Mn
C) Co
D) Fe
E) Fe

Question 27

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) Tl
B) Pb
C) Pb
D) Pb
E) Pb

Question 28

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) Os
B) Ir
C) Ir
D) Os
E) Os

Question 29

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) Tl
B) Bi
C) Pb
D) Pb
E) Bi

Question 30

When the nucleus of an isotope captures a beta particle, the atomic number of the nucleus produced

A)is the same as that of the original nuclide.
B)increases by one unit.
C)decreases by one unit.
D)increases by two units.
E)decreases by two units.

Question 31

When the nucleus of an isotope emits a beta particle, the atomic number of the nucleus produced

A)is the same as that of the original nuclide.
B)increases by one unit.
C)decreases by one unit.
D)increases by two units.
E)decreases by two units.

Question 32

When Co decays an isotope of iron is formed. What other products are formed?

A)a positron and neutrino
B)a positron only
C)beta rays and gamma rays
D)alpha particles and gamma rays
E)gamma rays only

Question 33

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) Pu
B) Pu
C) Cf
D) Cf
E) U

Question 34

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) Rn
B) Th
C) Th
D) Rn
E) Ra

Question 35

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) Pu
B) Pu
C) Pu
D) U
E) U

Question 36

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) F
B) Na
C) F
D) Ne
E) Ne

Question 37

Identify the missing species in the nuclear equation

A) n
B) e
C) n
D) e
E) p

Question 38

Which nuclear process does not cause a change in the atomic number of the isotope undergoing the process?

A)emission of $\alpha$ -particle
B)emission of $\beta$ -particle
C)emission of a $\gamma$ -ray
D)emission of a positron
E)capture of an electron

Question 39

The nuclear reaction depicted below is an example of

A)emission of $\alpha$ -particle.
B)emission of $\beta$ -particle.
C)emission of a $\gamma$ -ray.
D)emission of a positron.
E)capture of an electron.

Question 40

The nuclear reaction depicted below is an example of

A)emission of $\alpha$ -particle.
B)emission of $\beta$ -particle.
C)emission of a $\gamma$ -ray.
D)emission of a positron.
E)capture of an electron.

Question 41

Carbon-14 is generated in the atmosphere by the nuclear reaction

A)an $\alpha$ -particle.
B)a $\beta$ -particle.
C)a $\gamma$ -ray.
D)a positron.
E)a proton.

Question 42

The two steps in the reaction that takes place in breeder reactors are

A)²³⁹Np and ²³⁹Am
B)²³⁹Np and ²⁴¹Pu
C)²³⁹Np and ²³⁹Pu
D)²³⁹U and ²³⁹Np
E)²³⁷Np and ²³⁷Pu

Question 43

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)positron emission from the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)tritium emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 44

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)electron capture by the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 45

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)positron emission from the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 46

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)electron capture by the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 47

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)positron emission from the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 48

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)electron capture by the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 49

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)positron emission from the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 50

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)positron emission from the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 51

The nuclear process, could be caused by

A)electron capture by the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 52

The nuclear process in which aluminum-27 is transmutated into magnesium-24 could be caused by

A)electron capture by the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)tritium emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 53

The nuclear process in which polonium-214 is transmutated into lead-210 could be caused by

A)electron capture by the reactant nucleus.
B)beta-emission from the reactant nucleus.
C)alpha-emission from the reactant nucleus.
D)proton emission from the reactant nucleus.
E)neutron emission from the reactant nucleus.

Question 54

When radium-226 is transmutated by a nuclear decay to radon-222, the process involved is

A)emission of $\alpha$ -particle.
B)emission of $\beta$ -particle.
C)emission of a $\gamma$ -ray.
D)emission of a positron.
E)capture of an electron.

Question 55

One becquerel equals

A)one disintegration per second.
B)3.7 × 10¹⁰ disintegrations per second.
C)a mole of disintegrations per second.
D)100 rads.
E)one rem.

Question 56

The intensity of X-rays, gamma rays, or any other radiation is

A)directly proportional to the distance from the source.
B)directly proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
C)inversely proportional to the distance from the source.
D)inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
E)inversely proportional to the cube of the distance from the source.

Question 57

If the halflife of a radioactive element is 30.0 years, how long will it take for a sample to decay to the point where its activity is 70.0% of the original value?

A)5.0 years
B)12.2 years
C)15.4 years
D)30.8 years
E)86.1 years

Question 58

Which unit measures the rate of radioactive decay?

A)the curie
B)the rad
C)the gray
D)the sievert
E)the rem

Question 59

Which unit of radiation dose considers the biological effects of the particular kind of radiation absorbed?

A)the curie
B)the becquerel
C)the rem
D)the rad
E)the gray

Question 60

Rhenium186 is a $\beta$ -emitter with a half-life of 90.0 hours. How long would it take for the activity in a sample of this isotope to decay to exactly one-third of its original value?

A)121 hours
B)143 hours
C)158 hours
D)180 hours
E)189 hours

Question 61

Ytterbium-175 is a $\beta$ -emitter with a half-life of 101 hours. How long would it take for the activity in a sample of this isotope to decay to exactly one-fifth of its original value?

A)215 hours
B)225 hours
C)235 hours
D)250 hours
E)275 hours

Question 62

The specific activity of a carbon sample from the bones of a mummy in a secret tomb recently discovered in Egypt is found to be 60.0% of that of living plants. Calculate the age of the artifact.

A)3440 years
B)2870 years
C)4220 years
D)2110 years
E)8440 years

Question 63

Which one of the following is not a device for determining radiation?

A)Geiger counter
B)ionometer
C)scintillation counter
D)film dosimeter

Question 64

The carbon-14 dating method can be used to determine the age of

A)carbonate rocks.
B)silicate rocks.
C)ancient bones.
D)bronze beakers.
E)Roman coins.

Question 65

The carbon-14 dating method cannot be used to determine the age of

A)wooden remains of an historic house.
B)the cork in a very old bottle of wine.
C)ancient bones.
D)a canvas used in a historic painting.
E)Roman coins.

Question 66

The following are all applications of radioactivity except one. Which one?

A)tracer analysis
B)neutron activation
C)carbon-14 dating
D)potassium-14 dating
E)electron impact activation

Question 67

How many nucleons (protons and neutrons)are in the most common isotope of uranium?

A)234
B)235
C)236
D)238
E)239

Question 68

How many total nucleons are there in the natural fissile isotope of uranium?

A)234
B)235
C)236
D)238
E)239

Question 69

Fission reactors are restrained from going supercritical through

A)use of liquid metal coolants.
B)use of organic coolant.
C)use of control rods that absorb neutrons.
D)use of liquid nitrogen to maintain correct reaction rate.
E)proper reactor design.

Question 70

Many nuclear reactions emit more neutrons than what is used to initiate the reaction leading to what is called a

A)fissile isotope.
B)transmutation reaction.
C)critical mass.
D)nuclear chain reaction.
E)tracer element.

Question 71

Reactor "meltdowns"like the one at Chernobyl in the Ukraine were caused by

A)supercritical masses of fissile nuclides accumulating near the bottom of the reactor.
B)failure of the cooling system that distributes the heat generated in the reactor core.
C)decomposition of heavy water coolant D₂O into H₂O and neutrons that have very large thermal energies.
D)slow accumulation of critical masses of impurities at particular sites in the fuel rods, caused by improper design.
E)inhomogeneities in the containment magnetic fields caused by small temperature fluctuations in the field winding coils.

Question 72

A certain chemical reaction results in the release of 9287 kJ of energy. The loss of mass from this type of reaction would be ________ kg.

Question 73

The average energy holding the nucleons in the nucleus together is called the ________.

Question 74

The formation of multiple nuclei of smaller mass from a high mass nuclei is best classified as a ________ reaction.

Question 75

The isotope S has ________ neutrons and protons. (nucleons)

Question 76

The isotope Br has ________ neutrons and protons. (nucleons)

Question 77

The energy that an electron receives when accelerated through a potential difference of one volt is one ________.

Question 78

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ¹²⁷I nucleus weighs 126.904477 u. Calculate the mass defect of the nucleus in amu.

Question 79

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ¹²⁷I nucleus weighs 126.904477 u. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for this nucleus.

Question 80

The rest mass of a proton is 1.0072764666 u and that of a neutron is 1.0086649158 u. The ³⁷Cl nucleus weighs 36.965903 u. The mass defect of the nucleus is ________ u.