Deck 3: Colonization and Conflict in the South 1600-1750

Question 1

This chapter tells the story of the Powhatan confederacy to make the point that

A) Indians initially tolerated the first English settlers as allies against rival tribes, but the cultivation of tobacco led to white land hunger that would destroy Indian power.
B) the initial English settlements at Virginia survived only because of the generous assistance provided by local Indian tribes.
C) Powhatan had no strategy to deal with the white "tribes" who invaded his domain, so he tried in vain to organize an alliance to resist the English.
D) since the English colony was so self-sufficient, they felt no need to cultivate friendly relations with the few scattered, unorganized tribal bands in the Chesapeake region.

Answer 1

Indians initially tolerated the first English settlers as allies against rival tribes, but the cultivation of tobacco led to white land hunger that would destroy Indian power.

Question 2

The primary objective of mercantilism was to

A) promote free trade policies.
B) develop industries in the Americas.
C) build national self-sufficiency through a favorable balance of trade.
D) encourage development of a textile industry in Europe.

Answer 2

build national self-sufficiency through a favorable balance of trade.

Question 3

Which of the following accounted for the desperate circumstances early in the Jamestown settlement?

A) failure of the first tobacco crop
B) Jamestown's lack fortifications
C) colonists' willingness to cooperate
D) agrarian skills of the colonists

Answer 3

agrarian skills of the colonists

Question 4

Which of the following most characterized the Virginia colony in its first two decades?

A) the profitability of the Virginia Company due to the tobacco boom
B) political stability due to the representative assembly
C) Indian wars
D) immigrant deaths

Question 5

Which of the following best describes a "headright"?

A) the right of a free settler or sponsor of immigrants to receive 50 acres per person or head
B) the recognized right of the gentry class to rule
C) the right, according to European diplomacy, of the first nation to colonize a river valley to claim all adjacent lands up to its headwaters
D) the absolute property right, according to English law, of a head of household over his wife, children, servants, and slaves

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of immigrants to Virginia during the tobacco boom of the 1620s?

A) They were mostly young, single males.
B) Most came as indentured servants.
C) Nearly all were recruited from peasant villages where they had lived all their lives.
D) They died relatively soon after coming.

Question 7

The king revoked the company's charter and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624 for what reason?

A) He wanted to keep all the colony's profits for the royal treasury.
B) Indian attacks on the settlers required revenue for security.
C) An investigation revealed the horrible death rate for the Spanish.
D) More than 3,000 immigrants had succumbed to the brutal conditions of Chesapeake life.

Question 8

In the 1630s and 1640s, as the tobacco boom broke, which of the following situations developed in Virginia?

A) Conditions improved somewhat for less powerful Virginians.
B) Planters raised more corn and cattle.
C) Single women stood a good chance of improving their status through marriage.
D) All these answers are correct.

Question 9

Of the following, which is the most likely reason that Maryland granted religious toleration?

A) Its Catholic founders wished to provide a haven for Catholics.
B) Its Puritan founders wished to break the power of the Anglican state church.
C) Its merchant founders needed a gimmick to lure settlers away from Virginia.
D) Its idealistic founders sought a virtuous and egalitarian utopia for the worthy poor of all faiths.

Question 10

What created the conditions of unrest that led to local rebellions in the Chesapeake?

A) religious persecution
B) a sharp rise in the death rate
C) political oppression
D) diminishing economic opportunity

Question 11

In an effort to ensure that his American colonies contributed to England's prosperity, King Charles II initiated a series of regulations known as the

A) mercantile regulations.
B) Navigation Acts.
C) tariff and tax laws.
D) Neutrality Acts.

Question 12

British authorities based their colonial trade policies, as embodied in the Navigation Acts, on the theory of

A) mercantilism: insuring self-sufficiency by monopolizing trade.
B) industrialism: promoting English industrial development.
C) imperialism: keeping the American colonies weak and dependent.
D) developmentalism: stimulating colonial economic diversification.

Question 13

Women in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake

A) usually outnumbered men.
B) usually outlived men.
C) had a good chance of improving their status through marriage.
D) had a good chance of ending up as unmarried landless vagabonds.

Question 14

The Navigation Acts were

A) procedures instituted by the king when he chartered the Virginia Company.
B) reforms prescribed by the Virginia Company to encourage diversification of the economy.
C) regulations decreed by Massachusetts to regulate shipping safety.
D) laws passed to give English merchants a monopoly on the colonial trade.

Question 15

The English Civil War of the mid-1600s resulted in the execution of ________ and then the dictatorship of ________.

A) Charles I; Charles II
B) Charles I; Oliver Cromwell
C) Parliament; Oliver Cromwell
D) Parliament; Charles II

Question 16

Which of the following did NOT trigger the revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon?

A) clashes between Indians and whites
B) diminishing economic opportunities for freed servants and small planters
C) popular opposition to the restoration of the monarchy
D) a contest for power between older and newer elites

Question 17

While the rising demand for slaves in the Chesapeake played some role in the large growth of the Atlantic slave trade between the mid-1500s and the late 1800s, it was the spread of plantation economies in other places that spurred and sustained the traffic in human beings. Which were these other places?

A) the Caribbean and South America
B) South Africa and India
C) the Middle East and North Africa
D) British North America

Question 18

The leaders of Chesapeake society by the end of the 1600s were able to foster greater unity and stability because

A) they relied more on serfs than servitude.
B) economic prospects for slaves improved.
C) new land on the frontier became available.
D) they gave more white males a vote in elections.

Question 19

The English mainland colonies of North America received most of their slaves directly from

A) Africa.
B) Brazil.
C) the West Indies.
D) Portugal.

Question 20

After 1680, Chesapeake planters began to rely more heavily on black slave labor than on indentured white servants because

A) declining death rates made indentured servants more profitable than slaves.
B) the flow of white servant immigrants was increasing.
C) the pool of available black labor was widening.
D) whites were developing a more egalitarian society.

Question 21

The Chesapeake gentry, above all, sought

A) wealth in order to return to England.
B) respect.
C) titles of nobility.
D) social relations rooted in morality and equality.

Question 22

As with the Chesapeake colonies, so too the Carolinas followed a process from ________ to ________.

A) violence and high mortality; relative stability
B) diverse economic endeavors; a single-crop economy
C) reliance on African slaves; reliance on indentured servants
D) the West Indies; the mainland

Question 23

English settlements in the West Indies had the greatest influence upon the development of the mainland colonies of

A) the Chesapeake.
B) the Carolinas.
C) New England.
D) New York and New Jersey.

Question 24

What was the most lucrative New World product by the later 1600s?

A) silver
B) sugar
C) tobacco
D) rice

Question 25

Initially it was the ________ of sugar that conferred status, but later it was the ________ of sugar that conveyed power.

A) cultivation; marketing
B) sources; control
C) consumption; production
D) abundance; monopoly

Question 26

Until the fourteenth century Europe imported sugar from

A) North Africa, Persia, and India-and it was scarce and exotic.
B) the inhabitants of Madeira and the Canary Islands-and it was inferior in quality.
C) the natives of the Caribbean-and it was used at first in religious ceremonies.
D) the trade with West African countries-and it was unappreciated.

Question 27

Europe and America affected each other in many ways as the result of colonization. Among the most fundamental conditions of life altered by colonization was

A) diet.
B) time.
C) sexual relations.
D) religion.

Question 28

One of the differences between South Carolina and the Chesapeake was that

A) the Chesapeake had a black majority.
B) Virginia and Maryland were Catholic; South Carolina was Protestant.
C) wealthy South Carolina planters grew rice; the Chesapeake gentry were primarily tobacco growers and brokers.
D) South Carolinians enjoyed peaceful relations with Indians.

Question 29

The early instability of South Carolina society was due to

A) ethnic and religious divisions among the white settlers.
B) the trafficking of Indian slaves.
C) the influx of black labor and the resulting disruption of families.
D) the volatile rice boom.

Question 30

________ was founded both as a military buffer and a philanthropic enterprise.

A) The colony of Maryland
B) The colony of Georgia
C) The plantation system in Barbados
D) The plantation system in South Carolina

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT an accurate generalization about the southern English colonies by about 1700?

A) Each had been founded as a private (i.e. proprietary) colony, but each would eventually become royal.
B) The economy of each was based on slave-grown plantation staple crops.
C) Each had matured into a hierarchical society in which the leading planters controlled the government.
D) To the south of England's mainland colonies were mainland colonies of Spain.

Question 32

The principal institution used by the Spanish to incorporate natives into colonial society was the

A) presidio.
B) hacienda.
C) vaquero.
D) mission.

Question 33

________ was the king of England who chartered the company that founded the first permanent English colony in North America.

Question 34

In 1617 John Rolfe established a pattern for southern colonies when he introduced the cultivation of ________.

Question 35

In 1619 the Virginia Colony began the tradition of self-government in America by authorizing a(n) ________, or the House of Burgesses

Question 36

The king who was restored to the throne after the English Civil War was ________.

Question 37

The collective name for parliamentary legislation designed according to mercantilist theory for the purpose of controlling colonial trade was the ________.

Question 38

The phase of the enslavement process after slaves had been procured along the African coast and before they were sold in the Americas involved a long sea voyage across the Atlantic known as the ________.

Question 39

The ________ basically the leading plantation owners-were the political and economic elite of the Chesapeake colonies by the late 1600s.

Question 40

Many of the original settlers of South Carolina came from the West Indian island of ________.

Question 41

Unlike the English, the Spanish projected a place in their colonies for ________.

Question 42

The medieval religious order that would become key to the settlement of Spanish North America was the ________.

Question 43

Describe Powhatan's reactions to the arrival of the English in the Chesapeake. Why did Powhatan allow the settlement at Jamestown to survive?

Question 44

What was mercantilism? Why did the logic of mercantilist ideas encourage King James to grant a charter to the Virginia Company?

Question 45

Discuss the causes of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. Compare and contrast the causes and character of that rebellion with the causes and character of Coode's Rebellion in Maryland.

Question 46

Describe how the Virginia colony was transformed from a colony in which most unfree laborers were white servants to one in which black slavery was firmly established.

Question 47

Discuss the ways in which the character and composition of the black population and the institution of slavery in the Chesapeake changed between the middle of the seventeenth century and the early decades of the eighteenth century.

Question 48

What explains the greater stability of white society in South Carolina after about 1730?

Question 49

Why did Georgia's idealistic founders fail in their plan to create a small farmer's utopia?

Question 50

Compare and contrast the Spanish treatment of native peoples in the Southwest with relations between Indians and English settlers in the colonial American Southeast.

Question 51

Does the text's account of Powhatan's confederacy reinforce or contradict the notion of the Chesapeake Indians as "noble savages"who lived a simpler life than did the Europeans who reached their shores? Explain why.

Question 52

Imagine that you were one of the leaders of the English settlement at Jamestown. What could you have done to lessen the hardships or to prevent the tragedies that took place during the first fifteen years of settlement?

Question 53

Without tobacco, the Virginia Colony would never have survived. Make a case for that thesis, using what you know of the colony's history.

Question 54

Explain how sugar and tobacco played similar roles in Virginia and in the Caribbean colonies.

Question 55

Discuss and assess the following statement from the textbook: "All that saved white society in the Chesapeake from renewed crisis and conflict [after Bacon's and Coode's rebellions] was the growth of black slavery."

Question 56

One of Virginia's biggest planters, William Byrd, boasted that, "I am dependent upon no one but Providence."In what ways were Byrd and other planters like him powerful and independent? In what ways were they more dependent than Byrd realized?

Question 57

Was it inevitable that black slavery emerged as the dominant labor system in the Chesapeake? In South Carolina? Could planters in either colony have adopted alternatives-free white workers? White indentured servants? Indian slaves or servants?

Question 58

Discuss the relationship that existed between the Spanish in the Southwest and the Pueblo Indians.