Deck 6: Mendelian Genetics in Populations I: Selection and Mutation

Question 1

In biallelic populations,where allelic frequencies are indicated by p and q,the resultant genotype frequencies are indicated by what algebraic formula?

Answer 1

p² + 2pq + q²

Question 2

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle is often referred to as the ________,[two words] which indicates that if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,that population is not evolving.

Answer 2

null model

Question 3

An analysis showing the heterozygote superiority of the ΔF508 allele of CFTR demonstrates increased resistance to infections with the bacteria that cause ________.

A) pneumonia
B) typhoid fever
C) scarlet fever
D) bubonic plague
E) tuberculosis

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,which of the following statements is correct?

A) Each allele will be present at a 50% frequency.
B) Allele frequencies can vary from generation to generation, but the average frequency must remain constant.
C) The size of the population must remain constant from generation to generation.
D) Allele frequencies must remain the same from generation to generation.
E) The rate of change of allele frequencies must be greater than 1 percent from generation to generation.

Question 5

The null hypothesis,which demonstrates that evolution is not occurring from generation to generation,is known as the ________ model.

A) Bateman
B) Hardy-Weinberg
C) Fisher stability
D) Mendelian stability

Question 6

A group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring is known as a(n)________.

Question 7

A hypothetical population has two alleles for a gene: A and a.In a random sample of 100 individuals,20 are homozygous for a,20 are homozygous for A,and 60 are heterozygous.What is the frequency of A?

A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 60%
E) 80%

Question 8

In the mating of an Aa female and an Aa male,the genotypic outcome predicted by a Punnett square is ________.

A) three-quarters Aa and one-quarter AA
B) one-half AA and one-half aa
C) three-quarters Aa and one-quarter aa
D) one-quarter AA, one-quarter aa, and one-half Aa
E) All offspring will have the genotype Aa

Question 9

In large populations,the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle can be used to determine whether evolution is occurring.For instances where allelic frequencies are indicated by p and q,the resultant genotype frequencies are indicated by which of the following equations?

A) p² + q²
B) p² + pq + q²
C) p² + 2pq + q²
D) p2 + (pq)² + q²

Question 10

Chun-Hong Chen and colleagues (2007)designed a new gene that would carry a strong selective advantage and confer the resistance to malaria on free-living mosquitoes.The gene was termed Medea,and this acronym stands for which of the following?

A) Maternal-effect depleted embryonic activation
B) Maternal-effect dominant embryonic activation
C) Maternal-effect deleterious embryonic arrest
D) Maternal-effect dominant embryonic arrest

Question 11

If there were a high allele frequency for the CCR5-32 coreceptor,and the rate of infection with HIV was high as well,one would expect the frequency of the CCR5-32 coreceptor allele to ________.

A) remain the same due to the lethality of AIDS
B) remain the same due to the population maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
C) fall quickly due to heterozygote selection
D) rise quickly and confer resistance on a large part of the population

Question 12

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common genetic diseases among individuals of European ancestry,and affects one newborn in approximately how many?

A) 10
B) 100
C) 250
D) 2,500
E) 10,000

Question 13

In experiments with laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster,Mukai and Burdick (1959)observed that a lethal allele maintained a higher than expected frequency.The explanation for this observation is that,at equilibrium,the selective advantage of the lethal allele when it occurs in heterozygotes balances the disadvantage of the allele in homozygotes,and is termed ________.

A) equilibrium distribution
B) underdominance
C) allelic frequency dependence
D) overdominance
E) terminal dominance

Question 14

The statistical test used to determine whether the quantitative allele frequency results of an experiment fall within reasonable limits,or whether the null hypothesis is violated and the measured outcomes are significantly different than those expected is called the ________.[three words]

Question 15

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive loss-of-function mutation that encodes a protein called the ________.

A) cystic fibrosis transmembrane ion channel
B) chloride ion transmembrane conductance regulator
C) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
D) cystic fibrosis ion channel regulator

Question 16

The point at which the rate that a deleterious allele is being eliminated from a population by natural selection is in equilibrium with the rate at which the deleterious allele is being replaced by a new mutation is termed ________.

A) mutation-dependent selection
B) frequency-dependent selection
C) mutation-dependent equilibrium
D) mutation-selection balance

Question 17

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle is known as the null hypothesis.List the five assumptions that are required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Question 18

The probability that two mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by ________.

A) multiplying the probability of each individual event
B) adding the probability of each individual event
C) adding the probability of each individual event and subtracting 1
D) adding the probability of each individual event and multiplying by 2

Question 19

In the study of Gigord and colleagues using Elderflower orchids,the allele frequencies of yellow and purple flowers varied such that when the yellow allele started to become rare,the reproductive success of purple flowers decreased and the reproductive success of yellow-flowered individuals increased in a process known as ________.

A) overdominance
B) frequency-dependent selection
C) underdominance
D) Hardy-Weinberg stabilization
E) frequency depression

Question 20

Cavener and Clegg (1981)demonstrated natural selection by observing the cumulative change in allele frequencies in populations of Drosophila melanogaster that were subjected to high levels of ________.

A) mercury
B) carbon dioxide
C) alcohol
D) sugar
E) nitrous oxide

Question 21

Two processes that can maintain rare or deleterious alleles in populations are ________ [four words] and ________.[two words]

Question 22

Explain the significance of the experiments of Mukai and Burdick (1959)with laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster using the V (viable)and L (lethal)alleles.Be sure to explain their observation that a lethal allele was maintained at a higher than expected frequency,and the evolutionary significance of overdominance in these populations.

Question 23

Although selection tends to eliminate deleterious alleles from populations,these mutations often persist because they are frequently created again.The rate at which deleterious alleles are being eliminated by selection is exactly equal to the rate at which new copies are being created by creation is termed ________.[three words]

Question 24

Briefly describe the structure of compound chromosomes,and explain how their behavior during meiosis can be used to study underdominance.

Question 25

Cystic fibrosis in humans is caused by a recessive loss-of-function mutation in a locus on chromosome 7 that encodes for a protein called ________.[five words]

Question 26

List the five assumptions made by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle that are necessary to illustrate that evolution is NOT occurring from generation to generation,and provide a one- or two- sentence explanation of the importance of each assumption.

Question 27

Explain the consequence of overdominance in maintaining a deleterious allele in a population as it relates to genetic diversity.

Question 28

Chun-Hong Chen and colleagues (2007)designed a new gene that would carry a strong selective advantage and confer the resistance to malaria on free-living mosquitoes.What was the acronym given this gene,and what does the acronym stand for?

Question 29

Explain the composition of the Drosophila melanogaster compound chromosomes used in the experiments of Foster and colleagues (1972),the mechanism by which these chromosomes segregate during meiosis,and the evolutionary implications of the strong underdominance that was observed.

Question 30

Discuss the experiments Cavener and Clegg (1981)performed in order to demonstrate that natural selection occurred by observing the cumulative change in allele frequencies in populations of Drosophila melanogaster that were subjected to high levels of alcohol.Be sure to discuss the methodology employed,and the significance of the Adhˢ and Adhᶠ alleles in reproductive success.