Deck 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

From age 3 to 5 compared to 1 to 3 years, the rate of growth in height:

A) declines sharply
B) increases sharply
C) proceeds at a steady pace
D) declines gradually

Answer 1

declines sharply

Question 2

Which statement characterizes the appearance of most children?

A) Before age 2 children are slim and wiry and gain weight after age 2
B) From ages 2 to 6 children are generally slimmer than prior to age 2
C) Children maintain a chubby, top-heavy appearance until after age 6
D) Children are generally slim from birth through around the age of 6

Answer 2

From ages 2 to 6 children are generally slimmer than prior to age 2

Question 3

Compared to his younger sister, Marcus is better able to run and has more coordination between his upper and lower body. He loves to climb on the jungle gym in the playground. How old would you estimate Marcus to be?

A) 18 months
B) 2 years
C) 36 months
D) 4 years

Answer 3

4 years

Question 4

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, parents of children 2 to 6 years should limit the hours of _________ to no more than two hours per day.

A) eating
B) napping
C) playing
D) passive activity

Question 5

____________ motor skills are the capabilities involving large body parts and ___________ motor skills involve small body parts.

A) Gross; petite
B) Grand; petite
C) Gross; fine
D) Grand; fine

Question 6

Margaret wants to go to the park on her own to practice riding her bike. Lately, she has been climbing trees and is very interested in watching base jumping and other extreme sports. Her parents seem to continuously remind Margaret to be careful, wear her bike helmet, and avoid dangerous activities. Margaret is most likely:

A) 2 years old
B) 4 years old
C) 6 years old
D) 10 years old

Question 7

Which motor skill develops more slowly?

A) gross
B) grand
C) balance
D) fine

Question 8

Children who find sensory experiences painful or uncomfortable would benefit from a professional assessment for ___________ by an occupational therapist.

A) sensory integration difficulties
B) psychological growth difficulties
C) emotional adjustment problems
D) sensory development problems

Question 9

It is recommended that a vision exam by an optometrist be performed on a child by ____________ of age.

A) 5 to 6 years
B) 3 to 4 years
C) 1 to 2 years
D) 6 to 8 months

Question 10

If left untreated, this common illness of early childhood, which causes fluid buildup in the inner ear and infection, can lead to hearing loss. What is it?

A) mumps
B) measles
C) otitis media
D) influenza virus

Question 11

Barbara is a very finicky eater. A possible cause of this could be:

A) oversensitivity to olfactory or gustatory stimuli
B) insufficient development of her fine motor skills
C) an undiagnosed hearing or visual impairment
D) insufficient development of her gross motor skills

Question 12

The brain of a typical 5-year-old will weigh ___________ of its adult weight while her body will be only about ____________ of its adult weight.

A) 90 percent; one-third
B) 50 percent; one-half
C) 30 percent; three-fourths
D) 25 percent; nine-tenths

Question 13

A milder form of autism is called:

A) Heisenberg syndrome
B) ADHD
C) Asperger's syndrome
D) Down syndrome

Question 14

Margaret was born with a birth defect that will cause her physical development and the maturation of her senses to be compromised. What can be done to help Margaret before she reaches school age?

A) creating an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)
B) nothing is available to help children born at risk prior to school age
C) cognitive-behavioral therapy combined with certain medications
D) psychoanalysis

Question 15

The use of psychotropic drugs on children during early childhood:

A) has been proven without doubt to be safe
B) has no empirical support
C) has decreased sharply compared to adult usage
D) does not require further testing

Question 16

Cody has trouble sitting in his seat during class lessons and finds it difficult to focus on work assigned to him in class or for homework. He bickers with his classmates and with his brother. His pediatrician has suggested that Cody might benefit from Concerta (methylphenidate). Cody has most probably been diagnosed with:

A) ADHD
B) autism
C) otitis media
D) Asperger's syndrome

Question 17

Five-year-old Cody has ADHD and displays emotional outbursts, trouble sleeping, decreased appetite, lower growth rate, and repetitive behaviors. It is likely that he:

A) is experiencing side effects of a psychotropic drug
B) needs more medication
C) is behaving like all children with ADHD
D) is displaying normal behavior for a 5 year-old

Question 18

Exposure of young children to chemical toxicants can result in:

A) compromised physical functioning
B) compromised brain functioning
C) compromised health
D) all of these

Question 19

In general, a child can eat most of the foods in family meals at what age?

A) 6 months
B) 1 year
C) 2 years
D) 3 ½ years

Question 20

According to recent research, of the following what is the most common chronic disease of early childhood?

A) cancer
B) diabetes
C) cavities
D) multiple sclerosis

Question 21

Which of the following foods are common allergens?

A) eggs
B) soy
C) peanuts
D) all of these

Question 22

A life-threatening multi-organ reaction to foods such as nuts is called:

A) anaphylaxis
B) otitis media
C) aneurism
D) asphyxia

Question 23

A child who is lactose intolerant can benefit from drinking _________ to obtain calcium.

A) milk
B) soft drinks
C) soy milk
D) fruit juices

Question 24

The term applied to having access at all times to enough nutritious and safe food to support a healthy active life without resorting to food pantries is:

A) food security
B) nutritional satisfaction
C) alimentary security
D) food sufficiency

Question 25

In Westernized cultures, toilet training is usually mastered by:

A) age 1 ½
B) age 2
C) age 3
D) age 4

Question 26

By what age do most children no longer require a daytime nap?

A) age 1 ½
B) age 2
C) age 3
D) age 4

Question 27

Bed wetting is called:

A) apoxia
B) entrainment
C) enuresis
D) encoding

Question 28

Between 2004 and 2009, what serious preventable disease nearly tripled in incidents in the U.S.?

A) Pertussis
B) Mumps
C) Polio
D) Rubella

Question 29

__________ is a serious, chronic pediatric disease that is the most common reason for child admission to the hospital and is a major cause of school absences.

A) Measles
B) Mumps
C) Asthma
D) Diabetes

Question 30

The total number of children under 18 has increased ___________ percent since 1950.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 60

Question 31

The leading cause of death for children ages 1 to 4 years is:

A) drownings
B) burns
C) motor vehicle accidents
D) physical abuse

Question 32

The global capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and cope resourcefully with the challenges of life is:

A) resourcefulness
B) globalization
C) intelligence
D) rationality

Question 33

Charles Spearman developed a view of intelligence that was explained by:

A) two-factor theory
B) multiple intelligences
C) cultural factors
D) birth order theory

Question 34

Humans have at least nine distinctive intelligences that interact. This statement best reflects the theory of intelligence proposed by:

A) Alfred Binet
B) Louis Terman
C) Howard Gardner
D) Charles Spearman

Question 35

Bonnie loves the outdoors and is able to identify several bird and plant species. She seems to have a particular sensitivity for pets and farm animals. According to Gardner's theory, Bonnie could be said to have ___________ intelligence.

A) existentialist
B) environmental
C) naturalist
D) intrapersonal

Question 36

According to your textbook, researchers have recently investigated the link between ____________ and neural connections in the brain.

A) physical activities
B) musical activities
C) artistic activities
D) dramatic activities

Question 37

The perspective that views intelligence as a(n) ____________ is more interested in how we know rather than what we know.

A) process
B) inherited trait
C) gift
D) innate ability

Question 38

Lawrence, a graduate student in psychology, is developing a study whereby he will be better able to understand the mental processes that people use to solve problems in everyday, real-life situations and in testing situations. Lawrence subscribes to which view of intelligence?

A) data input processing
B) intelligence as a process
C) innate ability
D) multiple intelligences

Question 39

The numeric measure of intelligence called the "IQ" refers to:

A) intelligence questions
B) intellectual quest
C) intelligence quotient
D) intellectual qualities

Question 40

Research which found that identical twins raised apart had IQ scores more alike than fraternal twins raised together would tend to support which view of intelligence?

A) environmental
B) ecological
C) holistic
D) hereditarian

Question 41

Alisa writes a term paper in which she argues that a person does not inherit a good or bad IQ score. Furthermore, she states that any child who is given an abundance of books, stimulating learning materials, and opportunities to learn can attain high scores on IQ tests. Alisa is advocating which school of thought regarding intelligence?

A) hereditarian
B) global
C) environmental
D) ecological

Question 42

Lisette has just learned the alphabet. She is now able to identify individual letters on flash cards chosen at random and is able to give a word that starts with any given letter. Lisette is now able to:

A) use symbols
B) imitate sounds she hears
C) memorize
D) recall earlier knowledge

Question 43

Miriam is testing a concept that she learned in her child development class. She takes ten pennies to the preschool where she is doing her internship. She shows the children the pennies and asks them to count them. Then she makes two parallel rows of five pennies in each row that are both evenly spaced so that the rows are in alignment. Then, as the children watch, she spreads the bottom row out by increasing the distance between the pennies. She asks the children which row contains more pennies. They all respond that the bottom row has more. This illustrates that the children are unable to solve ___________ problems.

A) spatial
B) abstract
C) conservation
D) hypothetical

Question 44

Miriam tests a concept with preschoolers. She pours liquid from a long thin glass into a short wide glass. The water that filled the thin glass to the top now only reaches halfway up in the wide glass. When she asks which glass has more water, the children respond that the first glass has more water. The children are only focusing on the level of water in the glass, not the volume of water being poured into two different containers. This is an example of a process called:

A) centration
B) cognitive distortion
C) transformation
D) decentering

Question 45

Four-year-old Hedley is unhappy that he was only given one cookie. "Not enough!" he says. His father takes the cookie and breaks it into three pieces, which he lines up side by side. "That's better," says Hedley. This example shows that Hedley is paying attention to states rather than _____________.

A) transformations
B) exchanges
C) operations
D) results

Question 46

Riding in the car at night, 3-year-old Angelique looks up to see the full moon. "It's following me and it's so bright so I can see. It's doing it just for me and it's my moon," she says. Angelique is expressing:

A) naivete
B) egocentrism
C) centration
D) transformations

Question 47

Three-year-old Bobbi sees her playmate crying because she doesn't have cookies for snack time. Bobbi gives her playmate some of her cookies and tells her not to cry. Which word describes this behavior?

A) sympathetic
B) socialistic
C) optimistic
D) prosocial

Question 48

The theory that probes children's developing conceptions of major components of mental activity is called:

A) the theory of mind
B) mental constructs
C) cognitive conception
D) concept development

Question 49

Sehmon watches as his dad punches in the code for the garage door opener. "What do you think will happen when I push the Enter button?" his dad asks. "The door will open," Sehmon responds. This shows that Sehmon understands:

A) physics
B) electronics
C) causality
D) centration

Question 50

The study of sounds in a language is called:

A) grammatical awareness
B) syntax
C) phonology
D) semantics

Question 51

Which statement about stuttering is true?

A) Girls are more likely to suffer from stuttering than boys are.
B) Geneticists do not currently believe that stuttering is inherited.
C) There are no effective intervention services available for stutterers.
D) Parents should see a speech pathologist for stuttering children.

Question 52

The theory developed by Vygotsky states that people learn in social settings. Therefore a child can accomplish a difficult task she couldn't accomplish alone with the help of a more skilled partner. This concept is known as:

A) zone of proximal development (ZPD)
B) developmental zone procedures (DZP)
C) learning acquisition device (LAD)
D) cognitive learning zone (CLZ)

Question 53

Rodney is in preschool. His teacher notices that Rodney sometimes appears to be talking to himself. How is the teacher likely to react?

A) She will show a great deal of concern and ask for a psychiatric evaluation of Rodney.
B) She will show some concern and will discuss this behavior with Rodney's parents.
C) She will not be concerned as it is normal at this age to engage in private speech.
D) She will tell Rodney to stop talking to himself because his behavior is abnormal.

Question 54

Marta watches as her 5-year-old daughter attempts to climb a tree. Marta's mother comments that Marta engaged in the very same behavior at that age. Marta finds this curious as she has no memory of this at all. What can we conclude about Marta?

A) It is a perfectly normal phenomenon known as childhood amnesia.
B) It is uncommon for an adult to forget early childhood experiences.
C) Marta may have symptoms of early onset of Alzheimer's disease.
D) Marta may actually be repressing some memories of her childhood.

Question 55

_________ refers to the retention of what has been experienced; _________ refers to remembering what was learned earlier (for example, a scientific concept).

A) Recall; memory
B) Memory; recall
C) Recognition; memory
D) Recognition; recall

Question 56

Benisa glances over to a piece of paper where she wrote an e-mail address. She is able to type in the address without looking back at the paper, but she is unable to remember it 35 seconds later. This is an example of:

A) instant recall
B) recognition
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory

Question 57

Valerie is explaining to Mark how to multiply. "Five times three means you take three groups that each has five things in it. When you combine the groups together you get the answer." Valerie's understanding of the mental process that she goes through to explain multiplication is called:

A) metacognition
B) cognitive awareness
C) episodic memory
D) perceptual representation

Question 58

According to Piaget, preschool children have an underdeveloped moral sense because they lack the ability to:

A) show altruistic behavior
B) understand intentionality
C) have sympathetic feelings
D) communicate their feelings

Question 59

The developmental psychologist who researched the development of moral reasoning by studying differences in children's reasoning about moral dilemmas is:

A) Lev Vygotsky
B) Noam Chomsky
C) Lawrence Kohlberg
D) Howard Gardner

Question 60

What is asthma and to what extent are children affected by this disease?

Question 61

Summarize the debate about the nature of intelligence and how it is assessed.

Question 62

Describe Piaget's preoperational period of development.

Question 63

Define memory, recall, and recognition.