Deck 4: Child Physical Abuse

Question 1

The endangerment standard of CPA inaugurated in 1988 did which of the following?

A) Narrowed parental actions deemed abusive to eliminate minor bone fractures.
B) Narrowed parental actions deemed abusive to those that required hospitalization.
C) Broadened parental actions to include those that put children at-risk for injury.
D) Broadened the definition to include parents' moderate spanking.

Answer 1

Broadened parental actions to include those that put children at-risk for injury.

Question 2

Which sign of physical abuse is LEAST likely to be considered abusive?

A) A dislocated shoulder.
B) A fever blister on the mouth.
C) A cut on the upper leg.
D) A sudden change of behavior.

Answer 2

A fever blister on the mouth.

Question 3

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the spanking, paddling, and slapping of children?

A) Most people find these behaviors acceptable.
B) Only the older generation accepts them as "normal."
C) The younger generation categorizes them as "abusive."
D) Shoving is the most frequent parent-to-child act.

Answer 3

Most people find these behaviors acceptable.

Question 4

A parent restrains a toddler's from hitting an infant. This action is:

A) Unnecessary.
B) Punitive.
C) Emotionally abusive.
D) Nonabusive.

Question 5

Social learning theorists claim that:

A) Punishment is the opposite of reward.
B) Episodic punishment prevents the formations of new unwanted behaviors.
C) Parents should start with a mild slap and gradually use a hard punch.
D) It is best to deliver a punishment as soon as the bad behavior occurs.

Question 6

When a parent delivers a punishment such as a spanking:

A) He is indicating that the spanking is actually a form of parental love.
B) He is usually gratified by the rapid elimination of the unwanted behavior.
C) She is modeling how, when, and why to use violence.
D) She is following through with behavior advised by experts.

Question 7

Harshly punished children are likely to:

A) Have less gray matter in three brain region when a young adult.
B) Show an increase in production of the male hormone testosterone.
C) Believe punishment is wrong and decide not to punish their own children.
D) Refrain from both juvenile delinquency and adult criminal behavior.

Question 8

Murray Straus stated that claims that punishment does no harm are:

A) A myth.
B) An exaggeration.
C) True in children over 2-years of age.
D) Religious propaganda.

Question 9

Research-based rationales for not using punishment did NOT include:

A) It clearly identifies behaviors that are morally wrong.
B) It demonstrates the use of force to control others.
C) It fails to teach any appropriate new behavior.
D) A child is more likely to attribute hostile motives to others.

Question 10

Which correlation has NOT been reported? A correlation between physical punishment and:

A) Assault of a sibling.
B) Sexual orientation.
C) Disobedience in school.
D) Self-reported delinquency.

Question 11

A second major reason that Straus criticizes spanking is because it:

A) Upsets parents more than it hurts children.
B) It reflects "lower-class values" more than "upper-class values."
C) It is the opposite of love.
D) Leads to a "spillover" effect.

Question 12

The views about punishment held by children aged 6-10 included the belief that:

A) Older children thought a spanking was more effective than withdrawal of privileges.
B) Spanking would reduce recurrence of behavior in the long run.
C) Spanking was the least fair method of discipline.
D) Reasoning would prevent recurrence of the behavior.

Question 13

Which term most accurately describes the uses of physical punishment?

A) Counterproductive
B) Effective.
C) Necessary.
D) Rare.

Question 14

Which of the following did NOT impede interpreting abuse statistics?

A) Professionals believe there is too much reporting.
B) Medical doctors may not recognize abuse.
C) Doctors may delay reporting or not report abuse.
D) The general public may be too uncertain to report abuse.

Question 15

Using the harm standard, NIS-4 disclosed the number of CPA reports as:

A) 1.2 per 1,000
B) 3.3 per 1,000
C) 4.4 per 1,000
D) 5.1 per 1,000.

Question 16

Half of victims younger than 12 years old that were treated in emergency rooms in 1997 were:

A) 0 to 5 years old.
B) 6 to 7 years old.
C) 8-10 years old.
D) 11-11.9 years old.

Question 17

Several CPa scales revealed that parents were more likely to:

A) Abuse their nieces and nephews rather than their own children.
B) Admit to sexual abuse than psychological abuse.
C) Abuse children when to tired than when using drugs.
D) Abuse male children compared with female children.

Question 18

Child death review teams primarily try to:

A) Identify young teen mothers at-risk for infanticide.
B) Notify parents about safe sleeping practices for infants.
C) Identify coroners who do not recognize Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
D) Understand the real causes of a child's death.

Question 19

The largest percentage of causes of death in children under 5 years of age was:

A) Neglect.
B) Stabbing.
C) Head trauma.
D) Dislocated bones.

Question 20

Which statement is NOT true of neonaticidal mothers?

A) They deliver the baby on their own.
B) They stay home from work or school.
C) They deny they are pregnant from time to time.
D) They are not mentally ill.

Question 21

Which of the following is TRUE of the Straus/Gallup Poll of 1998?

A) Only 10% of parents ever used severe CPA.
B) Less than 1% of parents said they used very severe CPA.
C) Since the sample was biased the results are not generalizable.
D) The scale excluded violent discipline items to avoid confusion.

Question 22

Which of the following was the most significant survey of its type, in which adults described their own childhood experiences with various forms of physical violence from adult caretakers?

A) The first National Family Violence Survey
B) The second National Family Violence Survey
C) The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale
D) National Violence Against Women Survey

Question 23

Trends in rates of CPA from 1992 to 2004:

A) Showed a decline in a scale assessing cultural variations in abuse.
B) Were not interpretable because of variations in poverty levels.
C) Showed a decline when measuring with NCANDS, Minnesota Student Survey, and NCVS.
D) Showed an increase when measuring with the 1987 Gelles/Straus survey.

Question 24

Which statement is NOT true about the consequences of CPA?

A) Until recently, physical harm was studied but not emotional harm.
B) Many consequences associated with CPA extend into adulthood.
C) Abused children suffer from physical, behavioral, and emotional impairments.
D) CPA has limited associations with neurological and intellectual problems.

Question 25

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a socioemotional difficulty of child CPA victims?

A) Delayed play skills
B) Increased phobic reactions
C) Infant attachment problems
D) Rejection by peers

Question 26

Which of the following psychiatric disorders is SELDOM associated with CPA?

A) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
B) Major depressive disorder
C) Antisocial personality disorder.
D) Religious persecutory disorder.

Question 27

Which statement is TRUE about physically abused children?

A) The most common correlate of abuse was obesity.
B) Blood pressure level are unusually low.
C) Between 25% and 30% experienced chronic pain.
D) About 1% had allergies or bronchitis.

Question 28

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a health outcome associated with CPA in an Australian study?

A) Hepatitis C.
B) A clustering of metabolic risk factors.
C) High inflammation levels.
D) Depression.

Question 29

In her study of adults abused as children, Widom (1989) found that:

A) Abused/neglected children had a higher likelihood of arrest.
B) The majority of CPA victims had adult criminal offense records.
C) The link between CPA and adult criminal behavior was insignificant.
D) Abused children found clever ways to avoid arrest for delinquency.

Question 30

Adults with histories of CPA:

A) Are likely to relocate far away from parents.
B) Are rarely able to complete college.
C) Are more likely to receive and to inflict dating violence.
D) Have difficulty expressing emotions accurately.

Question 31

A longitudinal study of 443 maltreated boys in three countries revealed that:

A) Genetics played almost no role in the development of antisocial behavior.
B) A version of a gene protected some boys from developing antisocial behavior.
C) 100% of boys with the less protective gene developed antisocial behavior.
D) The gene in questions primarily controlled actual brain structures.

Question 32

Caspi et al. (2002) and his colleagues believe that:

A) Protective genes exist in over 90% of child victims of CPA.
B) Genetic vulnerability to alcoholism is the primary cause of CPA.
C) Genetic variations causing mood swings occur in most violent parent-child dyads.
D) CPA and adult violence are linked by variations in genetic makeup.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) The effects of CPA are invariably disruptive.
B) Only severe CPA causes severe behavior problems.
C) Mediators help explain the variability of CPA effects.
D) Episodic CPA is more damaging than chronic CPA.

Question 34

What of the following statements is FALSE about the effects of CPA?

A) It is difficult to isolate its effects among so many other variables.
B) CPA has uniformly negative effects despite the child's gender and age.
C) Polyvictimization is a factor in the extent to which CPA is negative.
D) Factors like duration of the abuse and family stress levels mediate the effects.

Question 35

Which of the following statements is NOT included as a mediator or moderator of the effects of CPA?

A) Child's intellectual functioning.
B) Amount of social support received.
C) Implementation of religious beliefs.
D) Sociocultural factors.

Question 36

One well-known effect of Shaken Baby Syndrome is:

A) Genetic damage.
B) Neurological damage.
C) Kidney dislocation.
D) Growth of the amygdala.

Question 37

To prevent Shaken Baby Syndrome:

A) Fathers need to avoid lifting an infant over their head.
B) Mothers must carefully support a baby's head while feeding.
C) Personnel in maternity wards need to educate new parents.
D) Parenting classes must be instituted before birth.

Question 38

Which of the following statements is TRUE of CPA and cognitive deficits?

A) Environmental factors play a negligible role in cognitive deficits.
B) CPA is responsible fore more cognitive deficits than poverty.
C) Cognitive deficits are most accurately attributed to actual injuries of neural tissue.
D) The exact link between CPA and cognitive deficits is not well understood.

Question 39

Which of the following statements is TRUE about behavioral problems related to CPA?

A) They manifest most closely when interacting with opposite sex peers.
B) They are observed across a variety of settings.
C) They vary significantly across identical twins.
D) Fighting behavior is often restricted to the schoolyard.

Question 40

Bullying can be defined as:

A) Efforts to force peers to commit illegal acts.
B) A behavior unrelated to parental behaviors.
C) Using power and aggression against a vulnerable peer.
D) Trying to equalize perceived popularity imbalances by force,

Question 41

Which is TRUE of bullies?

A) They are often popular and socially dominant.
B) They are individuals who were most often victims turned perpetrators.
C) They are often excluded from the influences of a clique.
D) They confine their bullying to physical acts.

Question 42

Aggression aimed at damaging one's reputation is known as:

A) Relational bullying.
B) Foul-language bullying.
C) Sexual bullying.
D) Motivational bullying.

Question 43

Which of the following is TRUE of bullying?

A) Bullying is a behavior that must be tolerated.
B) Bullying is most prevalent among Asian Americans.
C) Bullying has the good effect of toughening up boys.
D) Bullying reaches a peak during the transition between middle school and high school.

Question 44

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Attachment to one's parents seems unrelated to bullying.
B) Masculine traits predict bullying, even among girls.
C) Bullying over time releases the bully's pent-up anger.
D) Bullying by girls is equally detrimental to bullying by boys.

Question 45

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Bullying occurs more frequently among disabled students.
B) Disabled students especially enjoy bullying deaf children.
C) Homosexuality is the primary trait of bully victims.
D) Bullying of peers is independent of exposure to bullying at home.

Question 46

Genetics:

A) Has no discernible role in bullying.
B) Interventions for bullying are ineffective.
C) Intervention should focus on the neighborhood first.
D) Plays a role in bullying.

Question 47

Bullying:

A) Is a useful technique for managing a classroom.
B) Is an artifact of media bias.
C) Occurs most frequently at school.
D) Disappears by early adulthood.

Question 48

Which statement is FALSE about CPA and psychopathology risks?

A) The risk of social dysfunction is 9 times greater.
B) The risk for somatization was 4 times greater.
C) The risk for bipolar disorder was increased.
D) The risk for autism was increased.

Question 49

According to the most recent findings, physical abuse:

A) Usually reaches a peak between 9 and 11 years of age.
B) Occurs more frequently for boys than girls.
C) Polyvictimization seldom occurs.
D) Generally increases with age.

Question 50

Researchers:

A) Are switching to polyvictimization combination assessments.
B) Usually prefer the stability of retrospective accounts.
C) Are able to track CPA prospectively.
D) Find that self-report surveys are best.

Question 51

Which statement about SES and CPA is TRUE?

A) Income but not social disadvantage is positively correlated with CPA rates.
B) Serious harm is much more likely among low-income families.
C) Data analyses that account for other variables show even greater SES effects.
D) SES and CPA are negatively correlated which reflects reporting bias.

Question 52

Which two races had the highest percentage of CPA victims according to DHHS?

A) American Indian and Native Alaskan Indian.
B) White and Asian
C) Hispanic and multiple race.
D) African American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

Question 53

Which statement about the relationship between children's disabilities and their abuse is TRUE?

A) Only one study failed to link low birth weight or birth complications with CPA.
B) Most research finds a consistent relationship between prematurity and CPA.
C) NCCAN data indicated elevated rates of CPA.
D) Disability rarely contributes to abuse.

Question 54

Which statement is TRUE of disabled children and CPS workers?

A) They believed that disabled children are seldom abuse.
B) They more often initiated investigations of disabled abused children.
C) They most often recommended services for parents rather than children.
D) They often believed abuse stemmed from the extra stress of caring for a disabled child.

Question 55

Which professional group issued a policy on assessment of disabled maltreated children?

A) Global Network of Premature Infants.
B) American Association of Obstetricians.
C) National Association of Child Health.
D) American Academy of Pediatricians.

Question 56

Which statement is TRUE of abuse of male children?

A) Biological fathers perpetrate less CPA than nonbiological parents.
B) The severity of CPA is unrelated to gender of the perpetrator.
C) Female nonbiological parent substitutes commit the most serious abuse.
D) NIS-4 data and self-reports find varying results by the category of abuse depending on a perpetrator's gender.

Question 57

DHHS (2008) found that the race of perpetrators of all types of child abuse is most often:

A) Black.
B) White.
C) Hispanic.
D) Alaskan Native.

Question 58

Using the severity of harm standard:

A) Nonbiological parents perpetrated the largest percentage of fatal/serious harm.
B) Nonbiological parents perpetrated the largest percentage of moderate harm.
C) Other persons perpetrated the most amount of moderate harm.
D) Other persons perpetrated the largest percentage of fatal/serious harm.

Question 59

Which was NOT mentioned as an emotional/behavioral difficulty of CPA perpetrators?

A) Rigidity
B) Deficits in empathy
C) Suspiciousness
D) Low frustration tolerance

Question 60

Which was NOT mentioned as a parenting difficulty experienced by CPA perpetrators?

A) Intrusive/inconsistent parenting.
B) Emphasis on child's rate of development.
C) Disregard for child's needs/abilities.
D) Unrealistic expectations of children.

Question 61

Adults who physically abuse children are most likely to:

A) Communicate excessively with their child.
B) Have anger control problems and low self-esteem.
C) Be burdened by too many friends and family.
D) See their children in a positive light.

Question 62

According to the text, which is a risk factor associated with perpetrating CPA?

A) Substance abuse problems.
B) Posttraumatic stress disorder.
C) Religious affiliation.
D) Membership in a cult.

Question 63

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Most abusers come from homes where no conflict was allowed.
B) Male CPA victims very seldom marry female CPA victims.
C) Female CPA victims are no more abusive as adults than non-CPA victims.
D) Several studies have shown links between CPA and dating violence.

Question 64

Which statement is true about psychopathology among CPA perpetrators?

A) Over 30% have moderate to severe forms of mental illness.
B) Less than 10% meet the criteria for severe psychiatric disorder.
C) Most abusers have personality disorders but their illness remains undetected.
D) Psychopathology rarely co-exists with substance abuse or social problems.

Question 65

Women who suffer from postpartum depression:

A) Have similar symptoms across the globe.
B) There is no correlation between the postpartum period and depression.
C) Women pregnant in the last 12 months were less depressed than nonpregnant women.
D) Currently pregnant women consumed more alcohol than nonpregnant women.

Question 66

Which of the following was LEAST likely to be a cause of postpartum depression?

A) A pregnancy lasting over 9 months.
B) Financial problems.
C) Family history of mood disorders.
D) Elevated corticotrophin-releasing hormone.

Question 67

The public views CPA of infants by mothers with postpartum depression as:

A) Neurobiological
B) A viral infections.
C) A form of PTSD.
D) A criminal act.

Question 68

Medical doctors:

A) Are usually the first to become aware of postpartum depression.
B) Are the first to prevent stigmatization of the affected mother.
C) Have been able to provide treatment broadly even into rural areas.
D) Need to screen all new mothers for postpartum depression.

Question 69

Which treatment for postpartum depression might be best for adolescent mothers?

A) Combined antidepressant medications.
B) Psychosocial interventions.
C) Temporary foster placement for the infant.
D) Teen group counseling.

Question 70

Which newer treatment for depressed women has shown promise?

A) Inauguration of a low carbohydrate diet.
B) Cyclical bed rest - 12 hours on,12 hours off.
C) Massage administered by the male partner.
D) Electrical stimulation of the abdominal region.

Question 71

Which statement is TRUE?

A) Fathers United has inaugurated a support group for husbands of mood-disordered moms.
B) Faith leaders are giving sermons about the problem.
C) Congress passed a bill in 2009 to help prevent the problem.
D) Advocates started a fundraising campaign for shelters for mood-disordered postpartum moms.

Question 72

Which statement is TRUE of Munchausen by proxy?

A) The perpetrator falsifies physical symptoms in a child.
B) The mother tries to appear even more ill than the child.
C) The physical consequences to the child are usually mild.
D) Although rare, the abuse usually leads to permanent disability.

Question 73

The theory that a child's traits (e.g., being defiant) cause CPA is called the:

A) Stress model.
B) Trait induction model.
C) Difficult child model.
D) Defiant child model.

Question 74

The National Comorbidity Survey (Kessler, 1994) showed that:

A) Mild spanking and CPA have nearly identical results in later adulthood.
B) Severe spanking and CPA have nearly identical results in later adulthood.
C) Parent-child interaction problems begin most commonly at about age 4.
D) Spanking is strongly associated with adult psychiatric disorders.

Question 75

The factors subsumed under the parent-child interactions causative model of CPA:

A) Suggest that difficult child behaviors interact with specific parental behaviors
B) Call attention to the patriarchal foundation of child "ownership" issues.
C) Emphasize how parents use CPA because their own parents did.
D) Center exclusively on the personality deficits of the perpetrators.

Question 76

The parent-child interaction model of CPA:

A) Lost support when neurobiological models appeared.
B) Was not supported by studies of child's temperaments.
C) Explained CPA victimization of male infants but not female.
D) Showed that the lack of a caretaker who could bond caused CPA.

Question 77

Evidence cited within the social learning model of physical child abuse suggests that:

A) The earlier abuse begins, the more it manifests itself in adulthood.
B) A father's CPA coupled with a mother's protection has a neutral effect in adulthood.
C) Witnessing abusive parental behaviors has little, if any, effect on adult aggression
D) The intergenerational transmission of specific parenting styles occurs.

Question 78

Which statement is FALSE?

A) Abusers frequently lack an extended family.
B) Most abusers have grown up in foster care.
C) Economic disadvantage is highly related to CPA.
D) Unemployment of fathers is related to CPA.

Question 79

Which is LEAST likely to be a situational/social precipitant of CPA?

A) Economic disadvantage of the CPA family.
B) Presence of an extended family.
C) Unequal power differentials in society.
D) Social isolation of the CPA family.

Question 80

Evidence from which of the following fields most clearly supports the stress model of CPA?

A) A one-child only policy.
B) Military deployment of a parent.
C) Having a mother who will not defend herself from a violent father.
D) Having a mother-in-law living in the same household.