Deck 10: The Parent-Child Relationship and Child Socialization

Question 1

The interactional and transactional perspective views children as coproducers of their own development.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Many young adults today have had no experience with an infant prior to having their own because of low fertility rates.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Socialization practices are methods by which parents ensure child understanding of and eventual internalization of society's rules

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Authoritarian parents tend to de-emphasize control and restriction.

Question 5

In times of cultural instability, permissiveness can have more negative consequences than authoritarianism.

Question 6

The wavering-negotiating parent is most likely to occupy a fairly low socioeconomic status.

Question 7

Misbehaviour is a "luxury" that only better-off families can afford.

Question 8

Research has demonstrated that there is no significant relationship between parental corporal punishment toward their children and resulting low self-esteem, delinquency, aggressiveness, depression, and other problems

Question 9

The quality of childrearing may change over the life course simply in response to the different needs of growing children.

Question 10

Parents who are businesslike may be more inclined to use authoritarian parenting styles.

Question 11

Similar to the past, many adolescents today still view their parents as legitimate sources of information or even of authority for their behaviours.

Question 12

The term "emerging adulthood" is frequently used for the 15 to 19 age bracket.

Question 13

As parents age, they tend to disengage from the problems experienced by their adult children.

Question 14

When elderly parents have only physical challenges, the parent-child relationship generally continues to include most its previous elements.

Question 15

Daughters are far more likely to become their elderly parents' helpers than sons.

Question 16

Which statement comes closest to reality?

A) Infants play no role in the parent-infant interaction.
B) Infants initiate most of the caretaker-infant interactions.
C) Infants tend to be fairly uniform in the way they express their needs.
D) Mothers are the prime initiators of mother-infant interactions.
E) Fathers play no role in the parent-infant interactions.

Question 17

Which concept best describes the fact that children participate in the way they are raised? Children as

A) social actors in their development.
B) social agents in their development.
C) self-made identities.
D) coproducers of their development.
E) egocentric.

Question 18

Parenting practices and parent-child interactions are viewed primarily as

A) social constructs.
B) genetically determined.
C) driven by psychological experts.
D) determined by standards of efficiency.
E) determined by the characteristics of the parents.

Question 19

Authoritative parenting is characterized by a combination of

A) warmth, monitoring, and age-appropriate demands.
B) warmth, autonomy, and self-acceptance.
C) monitoring, control, and punishment.
D) warmth, permissiveness, and emphasis on individualism.
E) emotional distance, control, and punishment.

Question 20

Which of the following describes what is classified as the authoritative parenting style?

A) the parent who is very strict and does not take the child's feelings into account.
B) the parent who fails to establish standards of acceptable behavior.
C) the parent who sets firm rules but is nurturing and warm.
D) the parent who is permissive with their child.
E) the parent who limits control and supervision of their child.

Question 21

The administration of punishment is most favoured by parents who adopt a parenting style that is

A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) no-nonsense
D) authoritarian
E) wavering-negotiating

Question 22

"No-nonsense" parenting generally combines

A) permissiveness and warmth.
B) arbitrariness and punishment.
C) warmth and strictness.
D) supervision and permissiveness.
E) coercion and emotional distance.

Question 23

Permissive parents

A) are very involved in their parenting role.
B) have children with the best later-life outcomes.
C) tend to punish harshly.
D) do not actively socialize their children.
E) never reject their children on the basis of bad behaviour.

Question 24

Uninvolved parents can be

A) permissive and indifferent.
B) permissive and rejecting.
C) permissive and indifferent or permissive and rejecting.
D) indifferent of outcomes but warm.
E) indifferent of outcomes but controlling.

Question 25

A wavering-negotiating parenting style

A) is typical of single parents.
B) is typical of low-income parents.
C) is based on the guilt of working parents.
D) is based on reasoning with children according to maturity demands.
E) has yet to be determined through research.

Question 26

There is wide agreement that when it comes to child upbringing working-class
Parents and poor parents primarily focus on

A) developing self-esteem in their children.
B) teaching their children basic life skills such as cooking, cleaning, and do-it-yourself maintenance.
C) instilling a positive blue-collar work ethic and a working class consciousness.
D) teaching their children to question authority at all levels, especially towards future employers.
E) tasks of sheltering, feeding, clothing, and teaching basic skills and values to their children

Question 27

Physical punishment should be understood within

A) the context of the laws and regulations governing this practice.
B) historical terms whereby violence is traditional way of resolving conflicts.
C) the construction of bullying children.
D) the broader parenting context within which it occurs.
E) the need for parents to maintain authority over their children.

Question 28

Which is the best example of a contextual determinant of parenting socialization practices?

A) An impatient and irritable parent frequently hits his equally irritable 10-year-old son.
B) A father loses his job, cannot find another one, becomes depressed, and adopts harsher parenting practices.
C) A mother suffers from serious depression, as do her own parents, and tends to be permissive and distant toward her children.
D) A mother believes that children are by nature innocent and these beliefs lead her to be warm and permissive.
E) A father believes that 'to spare the rod spoils the child' so uses spanking as a disciplinary measure.

Question 29

Research suggests that there exists a relationship between corporal punishment and low self-esteem, delinquency, aggressiveness, depression, and other problems, however this research has several limitations. What is the limitation of this research from the perspective of longitudinal research?

A) Longitudinal research says this research limited because we have no way of knowing if physical punishment "caused" the behavioural problems in some of the adolescents and adults who report having been spanked as children.
B) Longitudinal research says that this research fails to differentiate harsh from mild corporal punishment.
C) Longitudinal research states that this research is flawed because it does not consider the possibility that parents who rely on corporal punishment and have difficult children who grow up to exhibit problems share a negative genetic background with their children.
D) Longitudinal research says that this research is limited because it does not inquire about the remainder of the parents' socialization practices.
E) Longitudinal research says this research is limited because punishment has not been adequately conceptualized.

Question 30

An example of a contextual determinant of parental socialization practices is

A) parents' beliefs about childrearing
B) poverty.
C) the personality of the parent.
D) the personality of the child.
E) the upbringing of the parents.

Question 31

A study has shown that, when hyperactive children are successfully treated and become less hyperactive, their mothers become less controlling. This result is an example of

A) the social construction of proper parenting.
B) the social construction of motherhood.
C) behaviour genetics theories.
D) parental adaptation to children.
E) the effectiveness of medication to encourage proper parenting.

Question 32

From a macrosociological perspective, teenagehood is considered a

A) the same as puberty.
B) a difficult transition period between adolescence and adulthood.
C) a symbolic stage.
D) a historical phenomenon.
E) necessary to acquire independence from parents.

Question 33

Researchers have suggested that adolescence as a social category was invented
Between 1890 and 1920, a time in which

A) parents became reluctant to see their children grow up.
B) young people began to rely more on their parents for economic survival.
C) educational opportunities began to open up for them.
D) the onset of puberty was first specified.
E) they became separated from the adult world of which they had until then been a part.

Question 34

Social factors which contribute to adolescent crisis are

A) materialistic values and the lack of a meaningful role in economic production.
B) the onset of puberty and bodily changes.
C) a general lack of respect for and a fear of teenagers.
D) parental pressure to excel at educational and extra-curricular activities.
E) attending school and engaging in employment simultaneously.

Question 35

Adolescents experience less conflict

A) with their mothers rather than their fathers.
B) with their fathers rather than their mothers.
C) in families with authoritarian parenting.
D) in families with a low income.
E) in families where both parents are employed and seldom home.

Question 36

Parental influence during adolescence is

A) increasing compared to what it used to be 50 years ago.
B) related to maternal employment.
C) determined by prevailing sociohistorical conditions.
D) likely to increase as the child reaches mid adolescence.
E) more authoritarian and controlling.

Question 37

A current socio-historical condition that affects parental influence on adolescents is

A) the influence of religion
B) the influence of information technology on the environment.
C) the influence of patriarchy.
D) the influence of family history.
E) the influence of compulsory schooling.

Question 38

The concept of peer spillover effect refers to the fact that

A) parents inherit the maltreatment received by their children's peers.
B) parents become acquainted with their children's peers.
C) peers are often aggressive toward other children because of the way their parents treat them.
D) children bring home the negative and positive impact of their teachers' behaviours toward them.
E) parents are often in conflict with their children when their values and the values of their children's peers do not coincide.

Question 39

Complete the following sentence: Whereas adolescence was a new invention at the dawn of the twentieth century,

A) it heralded a return to notions of storm and stress.
B) it contributed to the defamilialization of children.
C) young adulthood is the creation of the closing of the twentieth century.
D) it was already known in earlier centuries.
E) early childhood has always been understood in the same way.

Question 40

Consumption impacts on young adults staying at home with parents longer because

A) parents want their children to be able to establish a proper home for themselves.
B) parents require more economic assistance and encourage their children to stay home longer and contribute to the familial income.
C) many young adults accumulate a great deal of debt and cannot afford to leave home.
D) young adults expect to able to own goods previously considered luxuries and cannot afford them unless they remain at home.
E) young adults are reluctant to leave the comforts of home.

Question 41

Approximately what percentage of young adults between the ages of 20-29 return home to live with their parents at least once after the initial departure?

A) 10 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 20 percent
D) 30 percent
E) 40 percent

Question 42

The primary motivation for ongoing interaction between adult children and their parents is

A) the increasing assistance aging parents need.
B) the assistance that adult children need from parents.
C) the affection that adult children and their parents share.
D) the possibility of an inheritance when the parents die.
E) the belief that grandchildren should develop a relationship with grandparents.

Question 43

A predictor of well-being for parents who provide help for their adult children is

A) having several successful children.
B) having at least one successful child.
C) receiving monetary compensation for the help.
D) maintaining good physical health.
E) maintaining a close relationship with their own parents.

Question 44

When children are adults, co-residence with parents generally benefits

A) female children more than male children.
B) parents more than adult children.
C) both parents and children.
D) children more than parents and male children more than female children.
E) parents more than children and female children more than male children.

Question 45

Adult children who provide assistance to their elderly parents most often do which of the following activities?

A) bathing and personal care
B) purchasing groceries
C) helping with physical therapy
D) feeding them nutritious food
E) administering medication

Question 46

The notion of older parents as a "burden" to their children can best be analyzed from the perspective of

A) social constructionism.
B) social capital.
C) functional theories.
D) family developmental theories.
E) life course theories.

Question 47

Elderly adults are more likely to be assisted by

A) sons.
B) daughters.
C) daughters-in-law.
D) son and daughter more or less equally.
E) social services.

Question 48

While affection is the predominant motivation for the assistance daughters give elderly mothers,

A) sons assist primarily because of pressure from other siblings.
B) sons assist primarily because of guilt.
C) sons assist primarily in anticipation of an inheritance.
D) sons assist primarily by volunteering the help of their wives.
E) sons assist primarily by hiring others to provide care.

Question 49

The future in the study of the parent-child relationship

A) depends largely on the use of statistical methods of inquiry.
B) lies in a greater recognition of feminist theories.
C) lies in the recognition of both environmental and genetic influences on family members.
D) depends largely on the use of in-depth qualitative methods.
E) is driven by concerns about an aging population and the deteriorating institution of the family.

Question 50

Which important demographic change has affected the parent-child relationship over the life course?

A) the government policies related to elder care.
B) the changing economy.
C) the history of immigration and settlement
D) the influence of technology and social media.
E) the increased life expectancy for parents.

Question 51

Why do we say that the parent-child relationship begins with the infant rather than the parent(s)?

Question 52

Briefly explain how parenting styles can result in parent-child conflict for immigrant families.

Question 53

Suppose a survey finds that 30-year-old adults who recall having been spanked frequently between the ages of 5 to 10 have higher rates of aggressive behaviour, criminality, and unemployment than those who report little or no spanking. Give two specific pieces of information that you would need before you can say that frequent spanking has caused these adults' problems.

Question 54

What role do peers play in the parent-child relationship?

Question 55

Explain the historical and current reasons for why young adults in western societies are considered 'emerging adults' instead of simply 'adults.'

Question 56

Use a life course perspective to discuss the relationship between parents and their 40-to-60-year-old child(ren).

Question 57

Present two different types of 8-year-old-boys and explain which type of childrearing practice would best suit each. (Two childrearing styles have to be given.)

Question 58

Discuss the social construction of adolescence with examples from your own adolescence or that of your friends or siblings. Give three brief examples.