Deck 15: Therapy

Question 1

Historically, the treatment of psychological disorders has been based on __________.

A) the prevailing social norms on how to treat psychological disorders at that point in time
B) the prevailing cultural beliefs about the causes of disorders at that point in time
C) the execution of individuals to rid society of those diagnosed with psychological disorders
D) ritualistic dances, followed by torture, in order to rid people of the psychological disorder

Answer 1

the prevailing cultural beliefs about the causes of disorders at that point in time

Question 2

In the Stone Age, it was believed that people with emotional problems __________.

A) were possessed by evil spirits
B) suffered from a physical disease
C) had an imbalance of bodily fluids
D) were sinners

Answer 2

were possessed by evil spirits

Question 3

The history of treatment has been dominated by which three basic schools of thought?

A) Sociocultural model, psychological model, and spirituality model
B) Spirituality model, medical model, and psychological model
C) Psychological model, sociocultural model, and supernatural model
D) Supernatural model, medical model, and psychological model

Answer 3

Supernatural model, medical model, and psychological model

Question 4

Historically, a religious approach to treatment for emotional disturbance was __________.

A) trephination
B) fasting
C) lobotomy
D) bleeding out the evil spirits

Question 5

It was not until the __________ that medical treatments became widely used to treat psychological disorders.

A) 1600s
B) 1700s
C) 1800s
D) 1900s

Question 6

In the 18th and 19th centuries, proponents of mental health reform argued that people with disorders __________.

A) should receive hydrotherapy, regardless of their ability to pay
B) should have access to talk therapy
C) deserved to be treated with dignity and respect
D) deserved to live in a serene world, free from environmental stressors

Question 7

Subscribers to the psychological model believed that mental disorders were caused by problems in __________ as opposed to __________, and that disorders could be treated by changing aspects of the person's environment and thought processes.

A) the mind; the brain
B) the mind; the body
C) the brain; cognitive processes
D) cognitive processes; the mind

Question 8

What is the biggest difference between psychological treatment today and psychological treatment 20 years ago?

A) Treatment today has eliminated the psychodynamic approaches popular decades ago, as they have been thoroughly debunked by scientific research.
B) Treatment today emphasizes scientific evidence to guide approaches to treatment. This is called evidence-based treatment (EBT).
C) Treatment today can only be conducted by a trained physician-a psychiatrist-if it is to be paid for by a third-party insurance company.
D) Treatment today requires the use of medication for a period of time before psychotherapy can be employed, whereas medications were largely ignored 20 years ago.

Question 9

Clinical psychologists who provide therapy through a private practice __________.

A) must go through a licensing procedure in most states
B) have an M.D. degree only
C) can prescribe drugs for their clients
D) are always trained in psychoanalysis

Question 10

Which of the following factors, noted in your text, influence how a person might choose a therapist?

A) Severity of symptoms, training and experience, and location and cost
B) Location and cost, online reviews, and severity of symptoms
C) Training and experience, online reviews, and comfort level
D) Comfort level, training and experience, and location and cost

Question 11

Fran is looking for a therapist to help her with depression and to adjust the dosage of her antidepressant medication. Fran chooses a marriage and family counselor, Dr. Reese. After speaking with Fran, it is most likely that Dr. Reese will __________.

A) write Fran a prescription for a higher dose of her antidepressant medication
B) schedule Fran's biweekly counseling sessions for the next three months
C) recommend a therapist who is better suited to dealing with Fran's specific problem
D) complete trust-building activities to build Fran's comfort level

Question 12

Your friend Mason feels a need to seek counseling but is worried about sharing his personal information with a stranger. He is afraid the information might get shared on the Internet. You tell Mason there are legal and ethical constraints that guide the therapist-client relationship. In terms of confidentiality, you explain that __________.

A) there is no situation where his therapist can share his information
B) in most situations, his information will be confidential, unless the therapist is required by law to share the information (if he becomes a danger to himself or others)
C) in most situations, his information will be confidential, unless his therapist decides to share the information with his family to help him make progress in his treatment
D) in most situations, his information will be confidential, unless his insurance is paying for his counseling sessions

Question 13

According to your text, the main reason people report for avoiding seeking therapy is __________.

A) fear of the unknown
B) the cost
C) difficulty finding a therapist
D) the stigma associated with needing help

Question 14

Medications, neurosurgery, and electroconvulsive therapy are all types of __________ therapy.

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) medical
D) psychoanalytic

Question 15

The use of drugs to treat psychological symptoms began in the __________, with the development of the drug chlorpromazine, which was used to treat patients with __________.

A) 1950s; depression
B) 1960s; mania
C) 1950s; schizophrenia
D) 1960s; antisocial personality disorder

Question 16

Psychotropic medications may be administered __________.

A) in pill form only
B) in liquid form or through injections
C) in liquid form only
D) in pill form, liquid form, or through injections

Question 17

What is the most popular category of antidepressant drugs?

A) Benzodiazepines
B) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
D) Tricyclics

Question 18

Which of the following types of drugs are used to treat generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias?

A) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
B) Benzodiazepines
C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
D) Tricyclics

Question 19

The long-term side effects associated with antidepressant drugs, especially in children and young adults, include __________.

A) increased risk of suicide
B) a feeling of drowsiness, which may lead to a greater number of falls and car cashes
C) an increased desire to drink alcohol, resulting in alcoholism
D) endocrine, metabolic, sexual, and cognitive impairments

Question 20

Noncompliance is particularly a problem with individuals with schizophrenia. Studies show that __________ percent of patients stop taking their medication within the first year, and __________ percent of patients stop taking their medication by the second year.

A) 20; 60
B) 30; 80
C) 40; 75
D) 50; 85

Question 21

The use of psychotropic drugs in the United States is increasing more rapidly than in other parts of the world. An example of this is that 80 percent of the medications used to treat children and adolescents with __________ are prescribed in the United States.

A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) depression
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) schizophrenia

Question 22

Drug advertisements on television, which are used as a marketing tool by prescription drug companies, have resulted in __________.

A) a reduced stigma associated with mental illness
B) an increase in awareness of available treatment options for certain psychological disorders
C) mental health professionals receiving a stipend if they mention a television ad when ordering prescription medications from the drug company
D) a shift in public thinking toward greater use of drug treatments versus other types of treatment

Question 23

The prefrontal lobotomy, once used to treat agitated, aggressive, and difficult to handle patients, is one form of __________.

A) electroconvulsive therapy
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) psychotropic drug therapy
D) neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders

Question 24

The procedure known as __________, still in use today, is one type of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders.

A) gastroplasty
B) transaxial tomography
C) audiography
D) deep lesioning

Question 25

Medical therapies aim to change the __________, while psychotherapies aim to change the __________.

A) psychological structures of the brain; psychological structures of the mind
B) structures of the brain; psychological processing of the mind
C) mental processes of the brain; mental processes of the mind
D) mental structures of the brain; mental structures of the mind

Question 26

Hannah would like to go to therapy for personal growth and self-improvement, but she does not want to spend years in therapy. Hannah's belief about the timeline of therapy is __________.

A) accurate-it takes a long time to reprogram the brain
B) a myth-therapy does not need to take years
C) inaccurate-with the use of psychotropic medications, she will not need therapy for long
D) correct-the therapeutic process takes longer, as it is a holistic approach

Question 27

Therapeutic approaches that apply principles of operant and classical conditioning to change unwanted behaviors are __________.

A) client-centered
B) behavioral
C) humanistic
D) psychodynamic

Question 28

Macie is afraid of clowns, and her therapist puts her in a room with many nice clowns with happy face makeup. Initially, Macie feels a lot of anxiety, but her therapist wants her to stay in the room until her anxiety subsides. This is a form of therapy known as __________.

A) systematic desensitization
B) exposure
C) flooding
D) shaping

Question 29

__________ is also known as graduated exposure training.

A) Flooding
B) Slow conditioning
C) Phobic extinction
D) Systematic desensitization

Question 30

What method of treating phobias involves a three-step process of relaxation training, creation of an anxiety hierarchy, and gradual exposure to the feared object (either actual or imagined)?

A) Psychodynamic
B) Systematic desensitization
C) Gradual punishment removal
D) Token economy

Question 31

Changes in technology have allowed exposure therapies to be delivered through __________.

A) video
B) exposure rooms
C) virtual reality
D) SMART environments

Question 32

Currently, aversion therapies are used most commonly to treat __________.

A) phobias
B) sexual deviance
C) depression
D) eating disorders

Question 33

Token economies have been applied in therapeutic settings. Which of the following is an application described in your text.

A) Patients suffering from severe depression were given tokens for sharing positive, uplifting thoughts; with the tokens, they could purchase minutes of free individual therapy.
B) Patients with extreme phobias earned points when facing the feared object; with the points, they could purchase time for stress relief meditation.
C) Anorexic patients were given points at weigh-in; with the points, they could purchase activity rewards.
D) Schizophrenic patients in residential treatment were given points for taking their prescribed medications; with the points, they could purchase entertainment rewards.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of the unhealthy/irrational thoughts targeted by rational-emotive therapy.

A) I am worthless if I am not good at everything I do.
B) I need to study more for my next exam, as I did not score well on my last one.
C) I am frustrated because my car broke down and I had to delay or reschedule my appointments for the rest of the day.
D) I want to do a good job writing this paper, as it will help me feel good about my writing ability.

Question 35

The ABC approach of rational-emotive therapy provides a framework for understanding how __________.

A) activating events lead to learned behaviors associated with the event, and ultimately generation of new cognitive beliefs associated with the event
B) activating events lead to broad generalizations about the event, and ultimately consolidation of new learning with old memories of the event
C) activating events lead to beliefs about the event, and ultimately emotional or behavioral consequences of the event
D) activating events lead to beliefs about environmental information associated with the event, and ultimately the expression of new thoughts or behaviors associated with the event

Question 36

Rational-emotive therapy was considered controversial at first because it required therapists to __________.

A) ignore some confidentiality requirements, when necessary, to enable friends and family to confront clients with their inappropriate behaviors
B) be brutally honest with clients and sometimes directly confront and challenge their beliefs
C) cause physical pain when applying electrical shocks when their clients express negative thoughts or feelings
D) interpret client's unconscious desires and confront them with the unresolved issues they must confront, no matter how uncomfortable

Question 37

Beck's cognitive therapy model includes asking questions, such as __________, to help people who are depressed or anxious restructure their thinking.

A) "What is your evidence to support this conclusion?"
B) "Why do you think you are depressed/anxious?"
C) "What conditions are causing you to feel depressed/anxious?"
D) "How does it make you feel when people are mean to you?"

Question 38

Which of the following is an advantage of group therapy over individual therapy.

A) Fewer requirements for sharing
B) Time commitment
C) Accessibility
D) Cost

Question 39

Which of the following statements about group therapy is true?

A) Group therapy can only be used for family therapy.
B) Group therapy must be held in a highly controlled environment, in a therapist's office.
C) Most types of psychotherapy can be delivered in a group format.
D) Most models of group therapy follow a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment.

Question 40

Family therapy is often called __________, reflecting the idea that most people are part of a complex, interrelated network of family relationships that contribute to and maintain unhealthy behaviors.

A) network relationship training
B) a systems approach
C) a familial relationship systems approach
D) complex relations networking

Question 41

Family and couples therapists are more concerned about __________ than __________.

A) what goes on inside the individuals; what is happening between the individuals
B) individual motives for behavior; the likeability of the family members
C) interrelated family systems; complex family relationships
D) what goes on between people; what is happening inside an individual

Question 42

There are several characteristics associated with 12-step programs that seem important to their success. Which of the following is one of those key ingredients?

A) Enhances self-efficacy
B) Enhances positive cognitive beliefs
C) Provides steps toward a cure for different types of addictions
D) Provides structure needed for recovery

Question 43

Wilhelm's therapist has recommended that he read a selection of books that are relevant to his life situation. This technique is described as __________.

A) b-therapy
B) bibliotherapy
C) e-therapy
D) self-help therapy

Question 44

Proponents of e-therapies, or "electronic" therapies, argue that __________.

A) people use the Internet for everything else, so why not therapy
B) they allow people to communicate through their computer and avoid the awkwardness of a face-to-face session
C) people who would not seek therapy otherwise might be willing to get help through e-therapists
D) that e-therapy sessions last longer than face-to-face sessions

Question 45

An advantage of using telepsychiatry is __________, but a disadvantage would be __________.

A) efficiency; ethical issues
B) incorrect readings; poor advice
C) ease in developing a relationship with a counselor; difficulty in scheduling due to different time zones
D) that it's easier for clients to discuss their problems over the phone; that clients may share irrelevant information

Question 46

Some therapists believe telecounseling __________.

A) should not replace traditional services, and should not be offered as an alternative for care
B) should replace traditional services, so a broader population can be reached
C) should not replace traditional services, but that it may supplement traditional mental health care
D) should replace traditional services, as face-to-face sessions have no added benefit

Question 47

__________ uses simulations and virtual humans (avatars) to assist clients in therapeutic ways.

A) E-therapy
B) Cybertherapy
C) Media counseling
D) Telecounseling

Question 48

Research indicates that therapy through virtual reality __________ traditional cognitive behavior therapies.

A) is just as effective as, if not more effective than,
B) is less effective than
C) increases psychological distress in clients versus
D) is more cost effective, but a less effective treatment, than

Question 49

When you listen to a psychologist over the radio, or see a psychologist on television giving advice, they are providing __________.

A) e-therapy
B) cybertherapy
C) media counseling
D) telecounseling

Question 50

Which of the following would be considered an example of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

A) Bibliotherapy
B) Herbal supplements
C) E-therapy
D) Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 51

It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicines because __________.

A) patients hide the fact that they are using these therapies
B) few have been subjected to rigorous scientific study
C) there aren't enough people using these therapies to study them
D) they are so new, there has not been time to collect data

Question 52

A client's __________ is a significant contributor to success in therapy, and is evidenced by the client's willingness to face the challenges posed by therapy.

A) willpower
B) motivation for change
C) self-efficacy
D) therapeutic attitude

Question 53

An effective therapist is one who is able to adjust their techniques based on the qualities and needs of the client. This is called __________.

A) therapeutic alliance
B) adaptive counseling
C) intuitive guidance
D) disciplined flexibility

Question 54

Smith and Glass used __________ to study the effectiveness of psychotherapy. This technique combines the results of many studies in a given area of investigation to identify overall patterns and reach stronger data-based conclusions.

A) evidenced-based research
B) data-based counseling assessment
C) meta-analysis
D) multi-factor analysis

Question 55

Smith and Glass studied the outcomes of psychotherapy in the 1970s and 1980s. In analyzing the results, they found that __________, and concluded that __________.

A) psychotherapy was ineffective, as there was no benefit of therapy in treatment versus the control group; client-centered therapy was superior to other forms of treatment
B) generally speaking, therapy is better than no therapy; they could not conclude that one form of therapy was superior to the other methods
C) psychotherapy was found to be effective only for anxiety reduction; they could not identify how it works, as no form of therapy was superior to the other methods
D) generally speaking, psychotherapy works; psychoanalysis therapy was superior to the other forms of treatment

Question 56

Differentiate between how mental illnesses were explained in past eras and describe how those explanations affected the approach to the treatment of psychological disorders at the time. Contrast these historical approaches with current treatment approaches.

Question 57

Describe the three major categories of psychotropic medications, identify the psychological disorders they are used to treat, give a brief explanation of how each type of drug works, and identify the possible side effects associated with each medication. Lastly, explain the limitations of psychotropic drug therapies.

Question 58

Describe how psychosurgical techniques and electric and magnetic therapies have changed and developed over the last several decades. Your response should include a comparison between the prefrontal lobotomy and deep lesioning, and between electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Explain why the older techniques were removed from active use.

Question 59

Describe the general principles of psychoanalysis. Include information about its theoretical background, how it seeks to help people, its key concepts, and its current form.

Question 60

Describe the general principles of client-centered therapy. Include information about its theoretical background, how it seeks to help people, its key concepts, and three basic elements necessary in a successful client-therapist relationship.

Question 61

You are a licensed therapist seeing a client who has ataxophobia. a fear of disorder or messiness. Identify the different behavioral techniques you could use to treat this person, and explain how each technique would be applied to treat the phobia. Identify which technique you think is the best and defend your choice.

Question 62

Describe the cognitive-behavioral therapy approach to treatment. Compare and contrast rational-emotive therapy and Beck's cognitive therapy. Explain for which type of psychological disorders these two types of therapies are most advantageous.

Question 63

Explain the advantages of family/couples therapy and self-help groups versus individual therapy. Identify a psychological disorder where each type of group therapy would provide the best treatment.

Question 64

Compare and contrast primary prevention and secondary prevention, in the context of community prevention, and give at least one example of each.

Question 65

Describe the different types of alternative therapies discussed in your text-bibliotherapy, technology-based therapies, and alternative medicine-and explain the potential risks associated with each. Identify which of these you think offers the most potential benefit to those suffering from a mental illness, and explain why.

Question 66

Identify several factors that a therapist must consider when assessing the likelihood that a client will be successful in therapy. Explain how cultural considerations factor into your