Deck 10: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Question 1

Which function of the nervous system comes from the monitoring of external and internal stimuli?

A) Integration
B) Sensory input
C) Mental activity
D) Control of muscles and glands

Answer 1

Sensory input

Question 2

Which function of the nervous system comes from responding to changes in internal and external conditions?

A) Homeostasis
B) Mental activity
C) Integration
D) Sensory input

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

Which function of the nervous system is the processing of sensory input and initiating responses?

A) Homeostasis
B) Mental activity
C) Integration
D) Sensory input

Answer 3

Integration

Question 4

Sensory receptors and nerves make up the

A) Peripheral nervous system
B) Enteric nervous system
C) Autonomic nervous system
D) Central nervous system

Question 5

A bundle of axons and their connective tissue sheaths are called

A) Receptors
B) Nerves
C) Ganglia
D) Effectors

Question 6

The enteric nervous system involves the

A) Respiratory system
B) Urinary system
C) Cardiovascular system
D) Digestive system

Question 7

Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system regulates resting or vegetative functions?

A) Parasympathetic
B) Enteric
C) Somatic
D) Sympathetic

Question 8

What organelle in the neuron is the primary site of protein synthesis?

A) Rough ER
B) Smooth ER
C) Nucleolus
D) Nissl substance

Question 9

The output part of a neuron is the

A) Dendrite
B) Nissl substance
C) Axon
D) Soma

Question 10

The area of the neuron cell body that generates the action potential is the

A) Trigger zone
B) Soma
C) Dendritic spine
D) None of the choices is correct

Question 11

Neurotransmitters are found in the

A) Dendritic spines
B) Presynaptic terminals
C) Trigger zone
D) Soma

Question 12

The input part of a neuron are the

A) Axons
B) Somas
C) Dendrites
D) Collaterals

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons?

A) Interneuron
B) Bipolar neuron
C) Sensory neuron
D) Motor neuron

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a structural classification of neurons?

A) Unipolar neuron
B) Bipolar neuron
C) Association neuron
D) Multipolar neuron

Question 15

Most sensory neurons are

A) Unipolar
B) Multipolar
C) Bipolar
D) Tripolar

Question 16

Multipolar neurons include

A) Most CNS neurons and motor neurons
B) Most PNS neurons
C) Sensory and motor neurons
D) None of the choices are correct

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of neuroglia?

A) Account for over half of the brain's weight
B) Can conduct an impulse
C) Support neurons in the CNS and PNS
D) Help protect neurons

Question 18

Which of the following neuroglia are NOT found in the CNS?

A) Schwann cells
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Astrocytes
D) Ependymal cells

Question 19

Which type of neuroglial cells are responsible for the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

A) Schwann cells
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Astrocytes
D) Ependymal cells

Question 20

Which neuroglial cells are the most abundant in the CNS?

A) Microglia
B) Ependymal cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Astrocytes

Question 21

Which type of neuroglial cells help to produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

A) Microglia
B) Ependymal cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Astrocytes

Question 22

Which type of neuroglial cells respond to inflammation and are phagocytotic?

A) Microglia
B) Ependymal cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Astrocytes

Question 23

The oligodendrocytes form

A) The blood-brain barrier
B) The myelin sheath around CNS axons
C) The myelin sheath around PNS axons
D) Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 24

Schwann cells form

A) The blood-brain barrier
B) The myelin sheath around CNS axons
C) The myelin sheath around PNS axons
D) A protective barrier around neuron cell bodies

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true of satellite cells?

A) Form the myelin sheath around neuron cell bodies
B) Absorb heavy metal poisons
C) Surround cell bodies of sensory ganglia
D) Support and nourish neuron cell bodies

Question 26

Groups of cell bodies and nonmyelinated axons form

A) Gray matter
B) White matter
C) Nerve tracts
D) Ganglia

Question 27

Collections of gray matter in the CNS are called

A) Ganglia
B) Nerve tracts
C) Nuclei
D) Nerves

Question 28

Collections of myelinated axons in the CNS are called

A) Ganglia
B) Nerve tracts
C) Nuclei
D) Nerves

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT found in high concentration outside a nerve cell?

A) Na⁺
B) Cl^-
C) Ca²⁺
D) K⁺

Question 30

What ion is found in higher concentration on the inside of a nerve cell?

A) Na⁺
B) Cl^-
C) Ca²⁺
D) K⁺

Question 31

What is the primary method of maintaining the difference in sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane?

A) Sodium-potassium pump
B) Passive membrane permeabilities
C) Diffusion
D) Filtration

Question 32

What type of membrane channels are nongated and responsible for the permeability of the membrane at rest?

A) Na-K pump
B) Leak channels
C) Ligand-gated ion channels
D) Voltage-gated ion channels

Question 33

What type of membrane channels open and close in response to small voltage changes across the plasma membrane?

A) Na-K pump
B) Leak channels
C) Ligand-gated ion channels
D) Voltage-gated ion channels

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true about the resting membrane potential?

A) It is measured at approximately -70mV on nerve cell membranes
B) The membrane is said to be polarized
C) It is an equilibrium based on sodium ion diffusion
D) It is an equilibrium based on potassium ion diffusion

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT true about changes in the membrane potential?

A) An increase in the movement of potassium out of the cell creates a hyperpolarization
B) An increase in the movement of calcium ions into the cell creates a hyperpolarization
C) An increase in the movement of sodium ions into the cell causes depolarization
D) An increase in the movement of chloride ions into the cell causes hyperpolarization

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a cause of a graded, local potential?

A) Temperature change
B) Change in membrane thickness
C) Spontaneous change in membrane permeability
D) Mechanical stimulation

Question 37

Which of the following is TRUE of a graded potential?

A) A stimulus causes ion channels to open which changes membrane permeability
B) The potential is propagated with a constant magnitude
C) The potential is all-or-none
D) No summation of potentials occurs

Question 38

A potential that does not degrade and travels along an axon is called a(an)

A) Graded potential
B) Local potential
C) Action potential
D) Afterpotential

Question 39

The movement of sodium ions through activated voltage-gated Na⁺ channels into the cell is called

A) Polarization
B) Depolarization
C) Repolarization
D) Hyperpolarization

Question 40

The continued movement of potassium ions out of the cell through open voltage-gated K⁺ channels is called

A) Polarization
B) Depolarization
C) Repolarization
D) Hyperpolarization

Question 41

The closing of voltage-gated Na⁺ inactivation channels begins a period called

A) Polarization
B) Depolarization
C) Repolarization
D) Hyperpolarization

Question 42

Complete insensitivity to additional stimuli, no matter how strong is called the

A) Absolute refractory period
B) Threshold period
C) Relative refractory period
D) All-or-none principle

Question 43

Which of the following is NOT true of action potential frequency?

A) A subthreshold stimulus will not produce an action potential
B) A threshold stimulus is strong enough to give one action potential
C) A maximal stimulus gives the maximum frequency of action potentials
D) A supramaximal stimulus gives a stronger and more frequent action potential

Question 44

Which of the following is TRUE of action potential propagation?

A) Action potentials can move forward and backward
B) An action potential generates a local current that causes depolarization at the adjacent area
C) Myelinated axons conduct from one adjacent point to another
D) Nonmyelinated axons conduct from one node of Ranvier to the next node of Ranvier

Question 45

Saltatory conduction occurs

A) On myelinated axons
B) On nonmyelinated axons
C) From one node of Ranvier to the next node of Ranvier
D) Both A and C are correct
E) Both B and C are correct

Question 46

Which of the following does NOT affect the speed of action potential propagation?

A) Myelination or nonmyelination
B) Thickness of the myelin sheath
C) Length of the axon
D) Diameter of the axon

Question 47

Which type of nerve fiber conducts impulses the fastest?

A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type C
D) Type D

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT part of a chemical synapse?

A) Connexons
B) Postsynaptic terminal
C) Synaptic cleft
D) Presynaptic terminal

Question 49

A chemical synapse uses _______ to continue the action potential.

A) Connexons
B) Gap junctions
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Hormones

Question 50

A substance released from neurons that can influence the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic cell is called a(an)

A) Neurotransmitter
B) Acetylcholinesterase
C) Neuromodulator
D) None of the choices are correct

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT true of excitatory neurons?

A) Release neurotransmitters that cause hyperpolarization
B) Create a graded potential called an EPSP
C) Release neurotransmitters that cause depolarization
D) The response is stimulatory

Question 52

Neurons that release neurotransmitters that cause IPSPs

A) Are called inhibitory neurons
B) Cause hyperpolarization
C) Decrease the likelihood of producing action potentials
D) All of the choices are correct

Question 53

In axoaxonic synapses

A) Neurotransmitter release can be inhibited
B) Neurotransmitter release can be facilitated
C) Neither A nor B can occur
D) Either A or B can occur

Question 54

What type of summation occurs when two subthreshold potentials add together to produce an action potential?

A) Temporal summation
B) Excitatory summation
C) Spatial summation
D) Oscillating summation

Question 55

What type of summation occurs when two action potentials arrive in close succession at the presynaptic terminal that add together to produce an action potential?

A) Temporal summation
B) Excitatory summation
C) Spatial summation
D) Oscillating summation

Question 56

A neuron pathway with many presynaptic neurons synapsing with one postsynaptic neuron is called a(an)

A) Oscillating circuit
B) Convergent pathway
C) Parallel pathway
D) Divergent pathway

Question 57

A neuron pathway that cycles among several neurons in a positive-feedback type mechanism is called a(an)

A) Oscillating circuit
B) Convergent pathway
C) Parallel pathway
D) Divergent pathway

Question 58

The somatic motor nervous system transmits impulses form the CNS to smooth muscles.

Question 59

Another term for the sensory division of the PNS is the afferent division.

Question 60

Axon and nerve fiber are interchangeable terms.

Question 61

Dendritic spines are areas that form synapses with axons of other neurons.

Question 62

The most numerous type of neuron in the body are bipolar neurons.

Question 63

Bipolar neurons are found extensively in the CNS.

Question 64

Astrocytes can limit regeneration of damaged axons in the CNS.

Question 65

Schwann cells form the myelin sheath around portions of several axons, while oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around a portion of one axon.

Question 66

Satellite cells and Schwann cells are neuroglia found in the PNS and not the CNS.

Question 67

Nonmyelinated axons do not have Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes associated with them.

Question 68

Myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than nonmyelinated axons.

Question 69

Tiny areas of naked axon between Schwann cells or oligodendrocyte wraps are called nodes of Ranvier.

Question 70

Nerves of the PNS contain only myelinated axons.

Question 71

Leak channels allow potassium ions to flow back and forth across the plasma membrane.

Question 72

Leak channels open and close in response to stimuli.

Question 73

The major ionic influence on the resting membrane potential is due to the movement of sodium ions through leak channels.

Question 74

An increase in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions will cause voltage-gated sodium channels to close.

Question 75

An action potential occurs according to the all-or-none principle.

Question 76

If a stimulus reaches threshold, a graded potential occurs.

Question 77

The duration of the absolute refractory period determines the maximum frequency of action potentials.

Question 78

The magnitudes of action potentials produced by weak and strong stimuli are the same.

Question 79

The stronger the stimulus, the higher the frequency of action potential production.

Question 80

Type A nerve fibers are part of the autonomic nervous system.