Deck 4: Nutrition During Pregnancy

Question 1

Infants born to African American mothers are more likely to have a low birthweight than infants born to Caucasian mothers.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

​Approximately what proportion of infants who die within the first year of life die within the first month after birth?

A) ​1/3
B) ​2/3
C) ​1/2
D) ​3/4
E) ​5/8

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The rate of human growth and development is higher during gestation than at any time in life.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

​Infants weighing _____ are least likely to die within the first year of life.

A) ​4 lbs 11 oz to 5 lbs 5 oz
B) ​5 lbs to 6 lbs 2 oz
C) ​6 lbs 3 oz to 7 lbs
D) ​7 lbs 12 oz to 10 lbs
E) ​10 lbs to 12 lbs 2 oz

Question 5

Pregnancy weight-gain recommendations are the same for all women,regardless of their weight status before pregnancy.

Question 6

If not accompanied by hypertension,edema in pregnancy generally reflects a healthy expansion of plasma volume.

Question 7

Low levels of plasma volume expansion are associated with reduced fetal growth.

Question 8

Maternal and fetal needs for protein are fulfilled by maternal protein and muscle stores entering pregnancy.

Question 9

Insulin-like growth factor-1 is the primary growth stimulator of the fetus.

Question 10

The fetus accounts for approximately 70% of the increased energy needs of pregnancy.

Question 11

The highest rate of weight gain generally occurs during mid-pregnancy,prior to the time the fetus gains most of its weight.

Question 12

​Even though the United States spends more money on health care than any other nation,the _____ rate ranks 56th among countries of the world.

A) ​pre-term birth
B) ​infant mortality
C) ​teen pregnancy
D) ​maternal mortality
E) ​fetal deaths

Question 13

​Pre-term birth rate is defined as births less than _____ gestation per 100 live births.

A) ​20
B) ​28
C) ​33
D) ​37
E) ​40

Question 14

​Assessed from conception,pregnancy averages _____ weeks.

A) ​29
B) ​32
C) ​38
D) ​48
E) ​52

Question 15

​The first half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase while the second half of pregnancy is considered the maternal _____ phase.

A) ​anatomic;catatonic
B) ​catatonic;anatomic
C) ​catabolic;anabolic
D) ​anabolic;catabolic
E) ​hyperplastic;hypertrophic

Question 16

Population-wide improvements in social circumstances,infectious disease control,and availability of _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality than have technological advances in medical care.

A) ​industrial development
B) ​vaccination
C) ​safe and nutritious foods
D) ​transportation
E) ​pre- and post-pregnancy counseling

Question 17

Neural tube defects are among the most preventable types of congenital abnormalities that exist.

Question 18

Bioactive food components are constituents in foods or dietary supplements that are essential nutrients.

Question 19

​The stages of development in chronological order are _____.

A) ​embryo,fetus,and neonate
B) ​fetus,embryo,and neonate
C) ​neonate,fetus,and embryo
D) ​embryo,neonate,and fetus
E) ​fetus,neonate,and embryo

Question 20

The maternal catabolic phase of pregnancy is marked by a decelerated fasting metabolism.

Question 21

​The primary purpose of increased body water expansion is to _____.

A) ​support large gains in fetal weight
B) ​expand blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus
C) ​provide the mother with plenty of fluids
D) ​dilute the high concentration of nutrients in pregnant women
E) ​make room for growing organs

Question 22

​Which statement correctly describes the health status of mother and infant for small for gestation age (SGA)and large for gestation age (LGA)newborns?

A) LGA newborns experience far higher illness and death rates than do SGA infants.​
B) ​Delivery complications in mothers tend to be lower with LGA newborns than SGA newborns.
C) ​Postpartum complications in mothers tend to be lower with LGA newborns than SGA newborns.
D) ​SGA newborns tend to be taller later in life than LGA newborns.
E) ​LGA newborns tend to have higher rates of postpartum hemorrhage than SGA newborns.

Question 23

​Infants are generally considered to have experienced _____ if their weight for gestational age or length is low.

A) ​spina bifida
B) ​intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)
C) ​cerebral palsy
D) ​dystocia
E) ​rickets

Question 24

​How is the change in lipid blood levels that occurs during pregnancy best described?

A) ​Cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease due to the increased water volume in the blood.
B) ​Cholesterol and triglyceride levels remain the same as pre-pregnancy levels.
C) ​Cholesterol and triglyceride levels both increase,though cholesterol to a lesser extent.
D) ​Cholesterol and triglyceride levels fluctuate daily depending on when the fetus is building nerve cells.
E) ​Cholesterol levels increase while triglyceride levels decrease compared to pre-pregnancy levels.

Question 25

​What mechanism of nutrient transport across the placenta utilizes energy (from ATP)and cell membrane receptors?

A) ​passive diffusion
B) ​facilitated diffusion
C) ​active transport
D) ​pinocytosis
E) ​endocytosis

Question 26

​Exposure to the Dutch World War II famine during the second half of pregnancy led to increased risk of _____ in adult offspring.

A) ​high LDL and low HDL cholesterol
B) ​high body weight
C) ​infertility
D) ​decreased glucose tolerance
E) ​schizophrenia

Question 27

​A baby born to a single mom who lost her job and experienced a severe food shortage near the end of her pregnancy is more likely to be classified as _____.

A) ​very small for gestational age (vSGA)
B) ​disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA)
C) ​proportionately small for gestational age (pSGA)
D) ​appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
E) ​large for gestational age (LGA)

Question 28

​Which substance is unable to be transported across the placenta?

A) ​water
B) ​cholesterol
C) ​oxygen
D) ​ketones
E) ​insulin

Question 29

​It is recommended that overweight women gain approximately _____ pounds during pregnancy.

A) ​5-10
B) ​15-25
C) ​25-35
D) ​28-40
E) ​35-45

Question 30

​Decreased conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat,lowered maternal utilization of glucose,and increased liver production of glucose help _____.

A) ensure the mother does not gain excessive weight during the second half of pregnancy​
B) ​ensure a constant supply of fat for maternal energy needs
C) ​ensure a constant supply of glucose for fetal growth and development
D) ​ensure that women do not expend too much energy on metabolism and have plenty of energy to support fetal growth
E) ​promote healthy weight gain for pregnant women

Question 31

​During hemodilution,concentration of _____ in blood decreases.

A) ​LDL and HDL cholesterol
B) ​vitamins and minerals
C) ​triglycerides
D) ​plasma
E) ​fats and nutrients

Question 32

​The first organ to develop in humans is the _____.

A) ​brain
B) ​heart
C) ​intestines
D) ​stomach
E) ​lungs

Question 33

​The placenta transports _____ between the mother and fetus.

A) ​blood only
B) ​nutrients only
C) ​gas only
D) ​blood and nutrients
E) ​nutrients and gas

Question 34

​The recommended weight gain range for normal-weight women is _____ pounds.

A) ​5-10
B) ​15-25
C) ​25-35
D) ​28-40
E) ​35-45

Question 35

​The fetus comprises approximately _____ of the total weight gained during pregnancy in women who enter pregnancy at normal weight.

A) ​1/4
B) ​1/3
C) ​1/2
D) ​2/3
E) ​3/4

Question 36

​The changes in maternal physiology affect all parts of the body.Which change would be unlikely to occur in a woman's gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy?

A) ​decreased gastric and intestinal transit time
B) ​relaxed gastrointestinal tract muscle tone
C) ​heartburn
D) ​constipation
E) ​nausea

Question 37

​The preferred source of fuel for the fetus is _____.

A) ​glucose
B) ​fatty acid
C) ​protein
D) ​cholesterol
E) ​fiber

Question 38

​When cell size increases due to an accumulation of protein and lipids,the increase is characterized as _____.

A) ​hyperplasia
B) ​hypertrophy
C) ​differentiation
D) ​maturation
E) ​development

Question 39

​A pregnant woman in the anabolic phase of pregnancy _____.

A) ​has increased appetite
B) ​notices a significant (>1 lb/ week)weight gain
C) ​is not hungry and eats less because nutrients are not needed until the catabolic phase
D) ​has increased exercise tolerance
E) ​has accelerated fasting metabolism

Question 40

​Which placental hormone maintains early pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone?

A) ​human placental lactogen
B) ​human chorionic somatotropin
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone
D) ​human chorionic gonadotropin
E) ​leptin

Question 41

​A pregnant woman advised to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)should consume _____.

A) ​red meat
B) ​fish and seafood
C) ​nuts
D) ​vegetables
E) ​grain products

Question 42

Normal-weight women who exercise regularly during pregnancy have _____.​

A) ​somewhat longer labors
B) ​increased risk of having low birthweight infants
C) ​increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension
D) ​increased risk of low back pain
E) ​decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes

Question 43

​Pregnant women are more susceptible to infectious diseases due to increased levels of _____.

A) ​progesterone
B) ​estrogen
C) ​follicle-stimulating hormone
D) ​lactogen
E) ​luteinizing hormone

Question 44

With the possible exception of _____,nutrient needs during pregnancy should be met by the consumption of a well-balanced and adequate diet.

A) ​zinc
B) ​magnesium
C) ​niacin
D) ​iron
E) ​potassium

Question 45

​Which statement about foodborne illnesses is correct?

A) ​Listeria monocytogenes is a protozoan that can cause foodborne infections.
B) ​Toxoplasmosis infection can be transferred from the mother to the fetus and impair fetal brain development.
C) ​Toxoplasmosis infection is commonly associated with the ingestion of soft cheeses or unpasteurized milk.
D) ​Toxoplasma gondii is a bacterium that can cause foodborne infections.
E) ​The placenta protects the fetus from Listeria foodborne infection in the mother.

Question 46

​Pregnant women are advised to consume at least _____ of all grains consumed as whole grains.

A) ​1/4
B) ​1/3
C) ​1/2
D) ​2/3
E) ​3/4

Question 47

​A pregnant woman should avoid _____ during her pregnancy.

A) ​swimming
B) ​scuba diving
C) ​dancing
D) ​cycling
E) ​jogging

Question 48

​A high-quality pregnancy diet would be least likely to include _____.

A) ​processed red meat
B) ​legumes
C) ​poultry
D) ​vegetable oil
E) ​fruits

Question 49

​Nutrition assessment of pregnant women usually includes laboratory tests of nutrients status;the nutrients tested are referred to broadly as nutrition _____.

A) supplements​
B) ​medications
C) ​biomarkers
D) ​vitamins
E) ​remedies

Question 50

Infants born to women with vitamin D deficiency tend to have _____.​

A) ​heart defects
B) ​small ears
C) ​brain malformations
D) ​poorly calcified bones
E) ​lower intelligence

Question 51

​Heartburn in pregnant women is likely caused by _____.

A) ​larger food intake volumes
B) ​increased blood fluid volumes
C) ​weight gain
D) ​movement of the fetus in the uterus
E) ​relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter at the top of the stomach

Question 52

​Dietary assessment during pregnancy should cover _____.

A) ​changes in dietary intake only
B) ​usual dietary intake only
C) ​dietary supplement use only
D) ​weight-gain progress and changes in dietary intake
E) ​usual dietary intake,dietary supplement use,and weight-gain progress

Question 53

​A pregnant woman experiencing nausea may be recommended to take _____ supplements to decrease her symptoms.

A) ​vitamin B6
B) ​iron
C) ​folate
D) ​vitamin D
E) ​calcium

Question 54

​Inadequate intake of _____ during pregnancy has been associated with neural-tube defects.

A) ​vitamin D
B) ​choline
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​DHA
E) ​folate

Question 55

​Pregnant women of _____ ethnicity are more likely than those of other ethnicities to have an eating disorder known as pica.

A) ​African American
B) ​White Caucasian
C) ​Hispanic
D) ​Japanese
E) ​Chinese

Question 56

​Pregnant women should consume higher amounts of _____ than non-pregnant women.

A) ​vitamin D
B) ​choline
C) ​fluoride
D) ​phosphorus
E) ​calcium

Question 57

​The increased need for energy in pregnancy averages _____ kcal/day.

A) ​100
B) ​200
C) ​300
D) ​500
E) ​650

Question 58

​The presence of nausea or vomiting during pregnancy _____.

A) ​is likely related to decreased levels of progesterone during pregnancy
B) ​occurs in about 80% of pregnant women
C) ​is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage
D) ​occurs only in the morning for 90% of women
E) ​may be relieved by taking iron supplements

Question 59

​Which substance readily passes through the placenta to the fetus,where it can act as a toxin and interrupt normal growth and development?

A) ​protein
B) ​oxygen
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​alcohol
E) ​glucose

Question 60

Protein requirements in vegetarians whose main source of protein is _____ may be 30 percent higher than for non-vegetarians.

A) ​dietary fiber
B) ​fruits and nuts
C) ​low-fat dairy products
D) ​whole-grain products
E) ​cereals and legumes

Question 61

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
​Toxoplasmosis

Question 62

List at least four cases in which multivitamin and mineral prenatal supplements may benefit pregnant women.

Question 63

Define critical periods during pregnancy and explain their importance in embryonic/fetal development.

Question 64

Provide two historical examples that indicate the fetal growth trajectory may be established early in pregnancy.

Question 65

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
Hyperemesis​

Question 66

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
Developmental plasticity​

Question 67

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
Anencephaly

Question 68

List four of the 2020 health objectives for the nation related to pregnant women and infants.

Question 69

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
Epigenetic​

Question 70

A woman attempting to become pregnant wants is recommended to increase her folate levels.Explain the importance of folate during pregnancy and suggest sources of folate that the woman may include in her diet to increase her intake levels.

Question 71

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
Pica​

Question 72

Explain the purpose of natality statistics,including the types of data of interest to natality statistics.

Question 73

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
​Parity

Question 74

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
​Gravida

Question 75

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
​Hypothyroidism

Question 76

Give five examples of the ways in which nutrient requirements during pregnancy change.

Question 77

Matching
a.​The ability of the fetus to modify gene functions when exposed to adverse conditions
b.The number of previous deliveries experienced by a woman
c.​An eating disorder characterized by the compulsion to eat substances that are not food
d.Marked by failure of spinal cord to close
e.Heritable changes in gene function that do not entail a change in DNA sequence
f.Absence of brain or spinal cord
g.​Number of pregnancies a woman has experienced
h.Caused by inadequate maternal intake of iodine during pregnancy
i.A parasitic infection that can impair fetal brain development
j.Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy
Spina bifida​

Question 78

Describe the physiological demands that increase energy requirements during pregnancy.

Question 79

Describe the difference between gestational age and menstrual age.

Question 80

Discuss ways in which the Montreal Diet Dispensary and WIC aid and promote the health of pregnant women.