Deck 8: Infant Nutrition

Question 1

​Which measurement(s)assess(es)newborn health status after birth?

A) ​birthweight only
B) ​length only
C) ​head circumference only
D) ​birthweight and length only
E) ​birthweight,length,and head circumference

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The energy needs of infants are higher per kilogram of body weight than at any other time of life.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The DHA content in breast milk is lower in vegetarian mothers than non-vegetarian mothers.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

​Fat contributes approximately half of the calories in breast milk.

Question 5

​Infant mortality rate refers to the number of infant _____ per _____ live births.

A) ​illnesses;100
B) ​illnesses;1000
C) ​deaths;100
D) ​deaths;1000
E) ​deaths;10000

Question 6

Restriction of dietary cholesterol is recommended in infancy.

Question 7

​Which reflex(es)would help an infant breastfeed?

A) ​rooting only
B) ​suckling only
C) ​withdrawal only
D) ​rooting and suckling only
E) ​rooting,suckling,and withdrawal

Question 8

​Which condition contributed the least to infant mortality in 2011?

A) ​sudden infant death syndrome
B) ​congenital malformations
C) ​respiratory distress syndrome
D) ​premature birth
E) ​low birthweight

Question 9

Healthy infants may have brief periods when their weight gain is slower or more rapid than at other times.

Question 10

Organs and systems developed in utero continue to increase in size and complexity after birth.

Question 11

Sizes of commercial,jarred baby food are determined by age-appropriate portion sizes.

Question 12

Foods with high dietary fiber content are recommended for infants with constipation.

Question 13

​Muscle control and coordination initiates with head control and ends with _____.

A) ​upper arm development and sitting
B) ​lower leg coordination and walking
C) ​trunk development and sitting
D) ​upper leg coordination and standing
E) ​finger and hand coordination and grasping

Question 14

​Which nutritional component would a newborn be unable to digest?

A) ​fats
B) ​protein
C) ​complex carbohydrates
D) ​simple sugars
E) ​An infant's digestive system is fully developed and can digest all of these food components.

Question 15

​An infant weighing 2300 g would be considered a _____-birthweight infant.

A) ​high
B) ​normal
C) ​low
D) ​very low
E) ​extremely low

Question 16

​Measurements for weight,length,or head circumference below the _____ percentile indicate an infant is small for gestational age (SGA)while measurements above the _____ percentile indicate an infant is large for gestational age (LGA).

A) ​5th;80th
B) ​10th;95th
C) ​20th;80th
D) ​15th;95th
E) ​10th;90th

Question 17

Gastrointestinal infections may temporarily cause lactose intolerance.

Question 18

​Infant mortality refers to deaths that occur _____.

A) ​within the first year of life
B) ​from the day of birth through the first month of life
C) ​after 20 weeks of gestation and through the first 28 days of life
D) ​before birth
E) ​from the day of birth through 6 months of life

Question 19

​Full-term infants are born at _____ weeks gestation.

A) ​30-33
B) ​33-36
C) ​37-42
D) ​40-44
E) ​44-46

Question 20

Cow's milk formula is an equal alternative to human milk.

Question 21

​Exclusively breastfed infants should receive iron supplements starting at _____ months of age.

A) ​2
B) ​4
C) ​6
D) 8​
E) ​12

Question 22

​The 2014 Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide recommendations for healthful eating and physical activity for individuals starting at _____.

A) ​birth
B) 6 months of age​
C) ​1 year of age
D) ​2 years of age
E) ​18 years of age

Question 23

​Recommended protein intake for infants from 7 to 12 months of age is _____ g/kg body weight.

A) ​0.8
B) ​1.0
C) ​1.2
D) ​1.4
E) 1.6​

Question 24

​A 7-month-old infant weighing 7.5 kg needs approximately _____ calories/day.

A) ​600
B) 650​
C) ​735
D) ​800
E) ​875

Question 25

​Several factors account for the range of calories an infant needs.An exception is _____.

A) weight​
B) ​length
C) ​sleep/wake cycle
D) ​growth rate
E) ​physical activity

Question 26

​The two essential fatty acids required in an infant's diet are alpha-linolenic acid and _____ acid.

A) ​stearic
B) ​palmitic
C) ​palmitoleic
D) ​​linoleic
E) ​oleic

Question 27

​As blood lead levels increase,_____.

A) ​only blood calcium levels decrease
B) ​only blood iron levels decrease
C) ​blood calcium and iron levels decrease
D) ​only blood calcium levels increase
E) ​blood calcium and iron levels increase

Question 28

​Which condition affecting infants is least indicative of the immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract?

A) ​colic
B) ​gastroesophageal reflux (GER)
C) ​unexplained diarrhea
D) ​constipation
E) ​urinary tract infection

Question 29

​The DRI for fluoride in infants younger than 6 months of age is _____.

A) ​0.01 g
B) ​0.1 g
C) ​0.1 mg
D) ​1 mg
E) ​0.5 mg

Question 30

​From 4 to 12 months of age,an infant's blood volume will _____.

A) ​double
B) ​triple
C) ​quadruple
D) ​increase by 10%
E) ​increase by 50%

Question 31

​The process of breaking down body protein to generate energy is known as _____.

A) ​catabolism
B) ​aerobic metabolism
C) ​anabolism
D) ​assimilation
E) ​anaerobic metabolism

Question 32

​The average caloric need of infants in the first six months of life is _____ calories per kg of body weight,based on growth in breastfed infants.

A) ​57
B) ​98
C) 108​
D) ​122
E) ​154

Question 33

Based on average caloric intake needs,a 5-month-old infant would require approximately _____ total calories/day based on a weight of 6 kg.

A) ​648
B) ​732
C) ​924
D) ​1037
E) ​1251

Question 34

​The most common chronic disease of childhood is _____.

A) ​diabetes
B) ​dental caries
C) ​respiratory infection
D) ​ear infection
E) ​influenza

Question 35

​Infants may exceed protein recommendations if _____.

A) ​their motor skills are over-developed
B) ​their formula is not supplemented by baby cereal
C) ​they consume less formula than recommended for their age
D) ​their motor skills are under-developed
E) ​baby cereal is added their infant formula or they consume more formula than recommended for their age

Question 36

​Which mineral contributes significantly to the prevention and reduction of dental caries?

A) ​sodium
B) ​iron
C) ​fluoride
D) ​vitamin D
E) ​vitamin A

Question 37

​Which mineral is a major component of extracellular fluid and an important regulator of fluid balance?

A) ​fluoride
B) ​vitamin D
C) ​sodium
D) ​iron
E) ​calcium

Question 38

​A major fatty acid in brain and retinal phospholipids is _____ acid.

A) ​stearic
B) ​alpha-linolenic
C) ​arachidonic
D) ​linoleic
E) ​docohexaenoic

Question 39

​The rate of food passage through the colon and the gastrointestinal discomfort seen in infants are affected by _____.

A) ​the osmolarity of foods only
B) ​the bacterial flora in the colon only
C) ​water and fluid balance in the body only
D) ​the bacterial flora in the colon and water and fluid balance in the body only
E) ​the osmolarity of foods,the bacterial flora in the colon,and water and fluid balance in the body

Question 40

​Which statement correctly describes vitamin D?

A) ​Vitamin D comes in three forms.
B) ​Breast milk is high in vitamin D.
C) ​Vitamin D2 is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight.
D) ​Vitamin D3 is found in fatty fish like salmon.
E) ​The adequate intake of vitamin D for infants is 200 international units.

Question 41

​An infant with a suspected protein intolerance may be _____.

A) ​fed a soy formula because plant proteins are well tolerated
B) ​fed a hydrolyzed protein formula
C) ​breast fed only because breast milk offers the best nutrition for infants
D) ​put on IV fluids with a fat replacement
E) ​fed a cow's milk formula because it is low in proteins

Question 42

​A healthy full-term infant can begin to eat from a spoon easily at _____ months.

A) ​1-2
B) ​2-3
C) ​3-4
D) ​5-9
E) ​8-11

Question 43

​The 2006 WHO growth charts are based on longitudinal and cross-sectional data of _____.

A) ​preterm and full-term infants
B) ​low-birthweight and normal-birthweight infants
C) ​exclusively or predominantly breastfed infants
D) ​formula-fed infants
E) ​infants fed equal amounts of formula and breast milk

Question 44

​Routine formulas for full-term infants provide _____ calories/ounce when prepared as directed.

A) ​10
B) ​14
C) ​18
D) ​20
E) ​23

Question 45

​An infant who is weaned too soon may _____ because of decreased total energy intake.

A) ​be less efficient in oral-motor skills
B) ​plateau in head circumference
C) ​be unable to make the transition
D) ​drop in weight without regain within a few weeks
E) ​plateau in weight

Question 46

​The manufacture of infant formula in the United States is closely regulated by the ____.

A) ​Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
B) ​Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
C) ​American Academy of Pediatrics
D) ​Food and Drug Administration
E) ​World Health Organization

Question 47

​The AAP and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND)recommend that optimal nutrition for infants be provided by exclusive breastfeeding through the first _____ months of life.

A) ​3
B) ​5
C) ​6
D) ​8
E) ​12

Question 48

​The recommended age for weaning an infant from the breast or bottle to a cup is from _____ months.

A) 6-8
B) ​8-10
C) ​10-12
D) ​12-18
E) ​20-26

Question 49

​Several measurements are used to assess infant growth.An exception is _____.

A) ​weight for age
B) ​length for age
C) ​weight for length
D) ​head circumference for weight
E) ​head circumference for age

Question 50

​Which type of infant formula is compatible with extreme protein hypersensitivity?

A) ​soy-based
B) ​cow milk-based
C) ​extensively hydrolyzed protein
D) ​amino acid-based
E) ​partially hydrolyzed protein

Question 51

​Several practices are helpful in relieving colic.An exception is _____.

A) ​swaddling the baby
B) ​bathing or otherwise calming the infant
C) ​evaluating and improving positioning of the baby for eating
D) ​ensuring that the baby is burped often
E) ​increasing the mother's intake of cow's milk if the infant is breastfed

Question 52

​Which condition is unlikely to be screened for shortly after birth?

A) phenylketonuria​
B) ​food allergy
C) ​galactosemia
D) ​sickle-cell disease
E) ​hypothyroidism

Question 53

​Which recommendation is least helpful for introducing complementary foods to infants?

A) ​Time the first spoon-feeding experiences for when the baby is not overly tired.
B) ​Offer a large variety of foods for the infant to choose from.
C) ​Give the baby time to open his or her mouth and extend the tongue towards food.
D) ​Place the bowl of the spoon on the tongue with slight downward pressure.
E) ​Keep the spoon level and do not scrape food into the baby's mouth.

Question 54

​If an infant is exclusively breastfed and not exposed to adequate amounts of sunlight,he/she would need a(n)_____ supplement.

A) calcium​
B) ​fluoride
C) ​iron
D) ​vitamin D
E) ​sodium

Question 55

​Lactose intolerance is _____.

A) ​a milk protein allergy
B) ​less common in infants than adults
C) ​caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase
D) ​caused by an inability of the body to produce lactose
E) ​overcome by feeding infants formulas high in lactose to build their tolerance

Question 56

​One tip for avoiding measurement errors when assessing infant growth is to ____.

A) ​make sure the head is above the head board
B) ​set the scale to a fraction below zero before starting
C) ​weigh the infant nude or wearing a dry diaper.
D) ​make sure the hips and knees are bent.
E) ​measure the heel with the toes extending from a foot board.

Question 57

​A 4-month-old exclusively breast-fed infant who has not begun eating other foods should receive _____ supplements.

A) ​multivitamin
B) ​vitamin B12
C) ​calcium
D) ​iron
E) ​fluoride

Question 58

​A child with galactosemia should be given a(n)_____ formula.

A) ​cow's milk-based
B) ​soy-based
C) ​partially hydrolyzed protein
D) ​amino acid-based
E) ​extensively hydrolyzed protein

Question 59

​An example of a complementary food is _____.

A) ​breast milk taken with vitamin supplements
B) ​soy-based formula
C) ​cow's milk-based formula
D) ​orange juice
E) ​amino acid-based formula

Question 60

​Which food item would be an unsafe food to give to 1-year-old infants?

A) ​soft-cooked green beans
B) ​crackers
C) ​cooked oatmeal
D) ​mashed potatoes
E) ​banana

Question 61

​List at least four recommendations to reduce early childhood dental carries.

Question 62

​Why is choking a particular worry when feeding infants food? What are some foods that should be avoided due to their ability to cause choking in infants?

Question 63

What are the warning signs of growth difficulties in infants?

Question 64

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
​Gastroesophageal reflux

Question 65

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
Rooting reflex​

Question 66

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
Hypothyroidism

Question 67

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
Colic

Question 68

A mother visits a physician because she is concerned her 4-month-old infant has lactose intolerance.What should the physician recommend for dietary changes to relieve the infant's lactose intolerance,and how will this impact the child's lactose tolerance in the future?

Question 69

List at least four factors associated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).

Question 70

Explain when standard cow milk-based formula,soy-based formula,and amino acid-based formula are each used.

Question 71

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
​IUGR

Question 72

Describe the correct infant feeding position and its importance.

Question 73

Describe the developmental and long-term risks associated with iron deficiency in infants.

Question 74

How should complementary foods be introduced to infants? Do commercially prepared baby foods need to be a part of an infant's diet,or are there other alternatives?

Question 75

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
​Reflex

Question 76

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
​Infant mortality

Question 77

Why is fat an essential component in infant diets?

Question 78

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
​SGA

Question 79

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
​Suckle

Question 80

Matching
a.When an infant's cheek is touched,the infant turns head towards cheek and opens mouth
b.​Condition in which thyroid hormone is not produced in sufficient quantities
c.Fetal undergrowth from any cause
d.​The sudden onset of irritability,fussiness,or crying in an infant
e.Measurements above the 90th percentile for infant size
f.An automatic (unlearned)response triggered by a specific stimulus
g.Movement of the stomach contents backwards into the esophagus
h.Death that occurs within the first year of life
i.​Measurements below the 10th percentile for infant size
j.​A reflexive movement of the tongue moving forward and backward
​LGA