Deck 22: Energy and Industrialization, 1750-1850

Question 1

What is biomass?

A) the physical elements of the biosphere
B) the proteins needed to sustain life
C) a process for creating thermal energy
D) wood and other plant material

Answer 1

wood and other plant material

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a fossil fuel?

A) charcoal
B) crude oil
C) natural gas
D) coal

Answer 2

charcoal

Question 3

Which of the following helped spur the energy revolution?

A) machines that were driven by human muscle action
B) the industrial revolution
C) the steam engine
D) the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania

Answer 3

the steam engine

Question 4

During the biological old regime, economic production depended almost entirely on energy captured from

A) wind.
B) machines.
C) fossil fuels.
D) the sun.

Question 5

What spelled the end of the biological old regime?

A) the industrial revolution
B) energy stored in fossil fuels
C) improvements in wind energy use
D) the steam engine

Question 6

Where in Britain did the transformation to new and almost unimaginably large industries first take place?

A) along the Thames River in south London
B) the midlands and north of England
C) the chalk cliffs of Dover
D) along the shores of Saint George's Channel

Question 7

Why was an industrial revolution unlikely to happen independently somewhere other than England?

A) because of its rapid spread
B) England's monopoly on coal
C) because the English economy was separate from the world economy
D) An industrial revolution did start independently, in North America.

Question 8

Lightweight, low-priced, brightly-colored Indian textiles were known as

A) saris.
B) challis.
C) sarongs.
D) calicos.

Question 9

The ________ involved wholesalers distributing raw material to cottagers and paying them by the piece to spin yarn or weave cloth.

A) putting-out system
B) cottage industry
C) home handicraft industry
D) artisan system

Question 10

What initially prevented deep mining for coal in premodern times?

A) stale air in deep mines
B) seepage of flammable fumes into the mine shafts
C) antiquated tunneling techniques
D) mines flooding with water

Question 11

Which of the following inventors built a highly efficient steam engine that transferred the piston's thrust into a circular motion?

A) James Watt
B) Thomas Newcomen
C) Margaret Bryan
D) Samuel Crompton

Question 12

Samuel Crompton successfully attached steam engines to power his

A) looms.
B) air pumps.
C) rail carriages.
D) coal conveyers.

Question 13

Because of coal's chemical impurities, it produced pig iron, a substance that was too ________ to refine into usable wrought iron.

A) hard
B) brittle
C) soft
D) malleable

Question 14

Richard Trevithick's locomotive was initially used

A) to haul ore out of mines.
B) to move passengers between cities in England and the United States.
C) as an amusement ride.
D) to power converted sailing vessels.

Question 15

Which of the following was NOT an advantage of bringing groups of workers to a central location to manufacture items?

A) ease of supervisory oversight
B) increased scale of production
C) increased speed of production
D) increased quality of production

Question 16

Why were more English workers available, despite the negatives of factory work, after 1750?

A) significantly higher wages in the factory than on the farm
B) the migration of Scots-Irish to mill country
C) consolidation of agricultural land ownership
D) a lack of skilled workers

Question 17

In the later eighteenth century in Britain, both agricultural productivity and real wages

A) slumped.
B) grew.
C) stagnated.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 18

One distinctively English innovation was

A) the expansion of commercial agriculture.
B) the use of animal manure for fertilizer.
C) new crop-rotation strategies for enriching soil.
D) new techniques for draining marshes.

Question 19

As opposed to the English, the vast majority of the French population in the eighteenth century

A) were moving to towns and cities.
B) worked as tenant farmers and hired day-laborers.
C) were land-holding peasantry.
D) supported the "enclosure movement."

Question 20

What role in the British industrial revolution did Britain's American colonies play?

A) The colonies provided the gold needed to finance industrial building projects.
B) The colonies were the primary market for British industrial goods.
C) The colonies did not have a role, beyond being a very small market for some industrial goods.
D) The colonies provided additional food and fiber that Britain could not provide itself.

Question 21

After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, who in Britain had the prime authority to govern?

A) the king or queen
B) Parliament
C) the House of Lords
D) property-owning male citizens

Question 22

Compared to the continental monarchies of the time, Britain was

A) a more decentralized state.
B) less business-oriented.
C) unable to sustain societal stability.
D) more fearful of acquiring debt.

Question 23

Mariners needed an accurate clock in order to

A) regulate the ship's routine.
B) calculate latitude.
C) calculate both latitude and longitude.
D) calculate longitude.

Question 24

French scientific thinkers favored ________ to explain the workings of nature.

A) inductive logic
B) naturalism
C) deductive logic
D) empirical science

Question 25

What is a fundamental feature of modernity?

A) expanding markets
B) continuous change
C) new inventions
D) labor migration

Question 26

By the early nineteenth century, what was the largest city in Europe?

A) London
B) Paris
C) Liverpool
D) Madrid

Question 27

How did the life expectancy of an industrial worker generally differ from that of the owners of the plants?

A) It was shorter.
B) It was about the same.
C) It was slightly longer.
D) The difference varied depending on the industrial setting.

Question 28

Why did industrialists argue that women and girls were better suited to industrial textile work than men or boys?

A) Females had previous experience working with textiles.
B) Females had superior motor skills for operating textile machines.
C) By their nature, textile machines were smaller, and females were a better fit.
D) Females would naturally enjoy it more.

Question 29

Higher incidents of urban typhus and cholera epidemics can be attributed to industrial pollution of which type?

A) heat
B) soil
C) air
D) water

Question 30

Although disputed by some, poor air quality in industrial cities could be most attributed to

A) wood burning.
B) the failure to use smokestacks.
C) coal burning.
D) tall buildings, which prevented smoke from escaping.

Question 31

The industrial revolution impacted

A) primarily England.
B) mostly Europe and the Americas.
C) most of the globe.
D) only England and its colonies.

Question 32

What happened to the real wages of workers in Britain after 1820?

A) They rose significantly.
B) They began to rise.
C) They remained the same.
D) They shrank.

Question 33

What mode of transportation began to supplant barges in the 1840s?

A) rail
B) steamship
C) steam-powered road lorries
D) canals

Question 34

After 1820, which continental European nation's large-scale industry advanced the fastest?

A) Austria
B) Belgium
C) France
D) Germany

Question 35

Why did France lag behind Britain in overall production?

A) the lack of inventors and ingenious thinking
B) successful efforts of the British to undermine it
C) the lack of investment capital
D) the agrarian nature of the population

Question 36

How did African slave laborers help spur industrialization in the United States?

A) cheap labor for industrial mills
B) increased demand for textile products
C) the cotton fiber supplied by slave labor
D) the cheap coal supplied by slave labor

Question 37

What development helped bring industrialization to the Ohio River basin?

A) discovery of Pennsylvania coal
B) Ohio River water power
C) discovery of Pennsylvania oil
D) the growth of Cincinnati

Question 38

What country was the first outside western Europe and the United States to introduce complex machines and house them in factories?

A) Turkey
B) Egypt
C) Algeria
D) Morocco

Question 39

How did most autocrats of the era view economic growth?

A) a means of transferring wealth from the ruling class to the state
B) a means of creating a stronger and more stable state
C) a means of transferring wealth from the people to the ruling class
D) an engine that could fund larger military forces to better control the masses

Question 40

In the nineteenth century, the volume of world trade grew nearly ________, a spectacular acceleration compared to any earlier era.

A) two-fold
B) fifteen-fold
C) 400 percent
D) twenty times

Question 41

In 1837 American inventor Samuel Morse revolutionized long-distance communication with his creation, the

A) telephone.
B) telegraph.
C) steamship.
D) steam-propelled paddlewheel.

Question 42

Who invented the first commercially successful steamboat in 1807?

A) Robert Fulton
B) James Watts
C) R. Williams
D) Adam Smith

Question 43

Published in 1848, the Communist Manifesto was written by

A) Ned Ludd.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Karl Marx.
D) Robert Fulton.

Question 44

What effect did British textile production have on India in the nineteenth century?

A) India shifted from textile manufacturing to growing raw fiber.
B) Because of its vast distance from Britain, India was not affected.
C) India shifted from an importer of finished garments to local manufacturing.
D) India sought to copy the British textile production model.

Question 45

The belief that the world's exploitable wealth could not expand partly defines the economic doctrine known as

A) capitalism.
B) socialism.
C) communism.
D) mercantilism.

Question 46

What did Britain hope for in unilaterally dropping customs barriers in favor of free trade?

A) that Britain could reduce the size of the prohibitively expensive Royal Navy
B) that others would follow suit and all would benefit
C) that foreign investment in British industries would increase
D) that some of their domestic manufacturing could be moved to the colonies

Question 47

In the first half the nineteenth century, the British Royal Navy seized all of the following EXCEPT

A) Malta.
B) Singapore.
C) Aden.
D) Canton.

Question 48

By the mid-1830s, British traders could buy tea with ________ rather than ________.

A) opium; silver
B) silver; textiles
C) textiles; sugar
D) sugar; opium

Question 49

Adam Smith argued in the Wealth of Nations that buyers and sellers in the capitalist market advance the welfare of all by

A) laissez faire or "non-intervention" in the markets.
B) attending to their own private interests.
C) the invisible hand.
D) doing what is best for their own self-protection.

Question 50

Which political and economic doctrine emerged in the early nineteenth century as the creed that guided and informed the expansion of global capitalism?

A) conservativism
B) radical republicanism
C) liberalism
D) laissez faire industrialism

Question 51

Explain how fossil fuels that are trapped deep below the earth's surface were created.

Question 52

Describe the industrial process of changing coal into coke. Why is this process important in the smelting of iron?

Question 53

Identify at least four of the convergent factors that help explain industrial development in England after 1830.

Question 54

Discuss the population boom in nineteenth-century England and how industrialization contributed to it.

Question 55

What means of transportation supplanted canal barges in 1840s England? Why did this change occur?

Question 56

Discuss the impact British textile production had on the South Asian economy.

Question 57

Explain the economic doctrine of mercantilism.