Deck 21: Waves of Revolution, 1720-1830

Question 1

The rapid commercialization of the world's economy saw witness to a phenomenon in which ________ began to purchase more material goods on the market and pay for them by working longer hours.

A) families with modest incomes
B) wealthy merchants
C) traders
D) the colonial upper class

Answer 1

families with modest incomes

Question 2

Where did signs first appear that powerful states were losing the struggle to pay for their own centralizing and military success?

A) North America
B) South America
C) Europe
D) Asia

Answer 2

Asia

Question 3

Which of the following groups did NOT benefit from the highly commercialized African slave trade?

A) African rulers
B) modest farmers
C) Atlantic merchants
D) European manufactures

Answer 3

modest farmers

Question 4

What energy-supplying and mildly addictive product were the people of Britain consuming at the rate of 37 million pounds annually by the 1750s?

A) chocolate
B) sugar
C) coffee
D) tea

Question 5

The "industrious revolutions" resulted in ________ in order to satisfy desires for a wider selection of consumer goods.

A) workers moving back to the farm
B) more younger workers staying in school
C) laborers working longer hours
D) catalog companies

Question 6

Prior to 1750, the global center of production and commerce was

A) Africa.
B) the Americas.
C) Asia.
D) Europe.

Question 7

Scottish economist ________ observed in 1776 that "China is a much richer country than any part of Europe."

A) Adam Smith
B) James Burnett
C) John Locke
D) Lord Monboddo

Question 8

By the seventeenth century, European visitors to tropical Africa wanted ________ more than any material product.

A) gold
B) slaves
C) textiles
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 9

Which of the following was an effect of the Atlantic slave trade on tropical Africa?

A) The population of tropical Africa precipitously declined.
B) The burden of agricultural labor in tropical Africa fell more heavily on men.
C) Arable tropical African land and pastures were not exploited to their full potential.
D) Good financial times brought about by the slave trade brought on an era of peace and stability.

Question 10

Under which dynasty did the Chinese state remain prosperous and largely free of internal strife until nearly 1800?

A) Ming
B) Qing
C) Tang
D) Yuan

Question 11

Of the Turkic-ruled states, which remained a major Afroeurasian military power throughout the eighteenth century?

A) the Persian empire
B) the Safavid empire
C) the Mughal empire
D) the Ottoman empire

Question 12

Who made up the majority of merchants and sailors operating in the southern seas?

A) local inhabitants
B) Europeans
C) Arabs
D) conscripted Chinese

Question 13

In what area of trade did Europeans dominate in the southern seas?

A) direct sea commerce between the Indian Ocean and Europe
B) the lucrative "carry trade"
C) armed control of the southern sea routes
D) direct sea commerce between southern Asia and eastern Africa

Question 14

What emerged as the British East India Company's most profitable port?

A) Bombay
B) Calcutta
C) Madras
D) Mumbai

Question 15

What conflict has been characterized by some historians as the eighteenth century's "world war"?

A) the French Revolution
B) the Boer War
C) the Seven Years' War
D) the Crimean War

Question 16

In 1756, Austria attacked Prussia with the intention of getting back what rich province?

A) the Sudetenland
B) Kärnten
C) Tirol
D) Silesia

Question 17

When did France begin its revolution?

A) 1776
B) 1789
C) 1804
D) 1812

Question 18

Wherever population advanced faster than food production,

A) prices inflated.
B) mass famine almost always ensued.
C) people moved back to the farm.
D) equilibrium was maintained by increasing imports.

Question 19

Which of the following was NOT a cause of the rebellion in the Volga River region in 1773-1774?

A) tax increases
B) military conscription
C) suspension of local rule
D) rising grain prices

Question 20

The Ottawa chief ________ organized a multitribal military alliance that attacked European settlers and captured several British forts.

A) Shingas
B) Philip
C) Tamanend
D) Pontiac

Question 21

Why did the British crown not want the American colonists settling lands west of the Appalachian mountain crest?

A) These were the terms of the peace agreement between the British crown and the Iroquois Confederacy.
B) It feared colonists might divert fur trade from licensed British companies.
C) It feared for the colonists' lives, as the Ottawa Indians and their allies were too strong.
D) None of these answers is correct.

Question 22

After the Seven Years' War, King George III was eager to cooperate with Parliament in imposing higher taxes on the American colonists in order to

A) help pay down British war debt.
B) demonstrate his power over the colonies.
C) fund reparations payments to the displaced native American tribes.
D) punish the colonies for not supporting British forces in the war.

Question 23

American patriotism in the 1770s was slowly growing stronger, especially among the

A) ruling elite.
B) western farmers.
C) creoles.
D) loyalists.

Question 24

The rebelling American colonists found support from all of the following EXCEPT

A) France.
B) Germany.
C) the Netherlands.
D) Spain.

Question 25

After winning the war, the ex-colonies formed a loose union under the

A) Declaration of Independence.
B) U.S. Constitution.
C) Emergency War Powers Declaration.
D) Articles of Confederation.

Question 26

How were the French and American revolutions similar?

A) They both focused on popular sovereignty.
B) Give or take a year, they both lasted the same length of time.
C) They both started in the 1770s.
D) They both were primarily military struggles.

Question 27

In Europe, during the middle decades of the eighteenth century, only Britain and ________ had assemblies of elected, property-owning males forming a collective government.

A) the United Netherlands
B) France
C) the German Democratic Republic
D) the Republic of Rome

Question 28

Extending back to medieval times, France had a tradition of royal consultation with the three main divisions of society, known best as the

A) three orders.
B) caste system.
C) three estates.
D) jati system.

Question 29

When Louis XVI convened the Estates-General in 1789, it was for the first time in how many years?

A) 10
B) 50
C) 100
D) 175

Question 30

In October 1789, a small army of ________ marched on the Palace of Versailles and compelled the king to move his court into the city.

A) peasant farmers
B) merchants and traders
C) Franciscan monks
D) working-class women

Question 31

The Jacobin Club advocated for

A) radical republicanism.
B) a constitutional monarchy.
C) the monarchy.
D) a parliamentary system.

Question 32

The executive council that was established by the National Convention during the French Revolution was known as the

A) Estates-General.
B) Directory.
C) Bastille.
D) Daughters of Liberty.

Question 33

One of the strategic aims of France's invasion of Egypt was to

A) control the northern end of the Red Sea and challenge Spain's lines of communication.
B) remove Napoleon and his force of 40,000 troops from Europe.
C) offset the loss of Canadian grain with grain from Egypt.
D) force the Ottoman empire to pay tribute to France.

Question 34

Which of the following was a position supported by Napoleon?

A) freedom of worship
B) free speech
C) public schools for all children
D) freedom of expression

Question 35

Enraged at a broken alliance, Napoleon decided to invade ________ with a force of 650,000 men.

A) the Ottoman empire
B) Russia
C) Germany
D) England

Question 36

Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and was exiled to the island of ________ off the Italian coast.

A) Sicily
B) Tuscany
C) St. Helena
D) Elba

Question 37

When did the concepts of nation-state and nationalism have their gradual beginning?

A) immediately following medieval times
B) with the Protestant Reformation
C) the late 1700s
D) after Louis XVIII was placed on the French throne

Question 38

Nationalism posited that individuals owed their highest allegiance to

A) their nation-state.
B) their monarch or chief executive.
C) God and then their nation-state.
D) a variety of different groups.

Question 39

Haiti was formerly known as the colony of

A) Saint Domingue.
B) Hispaniola.
C) Santo Domingo.
D) Martinique.

Question 40

In Haitian plantation society, beneath whites in order of rank were the free people of African or mixed racial descent known as

A) castas.
B) mulattos.
C) creoles.
D) affranchis.

Question 41

The tensions among the social classes in Saint Domingue in the late eighteenth century were directly related to

A) its newly instituted ban on slave importation.
B) its prominent position in world trade.
C) the ruthlessness of the affranchis who sat atop the social pyramid.
D) the inability of the small island to make sufficient wealth from its commercial crops.

Question 42

When the richest landowners on Haiti talked about liberty, they were thinking about

A) liberty for free white men.
B) liberty for free men.
C) greater self-rule.
D) the third estate in France.

Question 43

What ex-slave militarily and politically dominated the third phase of the revolution in Saint Domingue?

A) Manuela Sáenz
B) José de San Mart'n
C) Jean-Jaques Dessalines
D) Toussaint Louverture

Question 44

After Napoleon's 1807 attack on Portugal, the royal government left Lisbon and reconstituted itself in

A) the Azores.
B) Rio de Janeiro.
C) Funchal, Madeira.
D) São Paulo

Question 45

Who led the revolts against European imperial masters in both the thirteen British colonies and Spanish America?

A) property-owning white creoles
B) mixed race people and indentured workers
C) European-born Enlightenment thinkers
D) native born artisans and workers

Question 46

Which of the following was NOT a motive for the political reforms enacted by the Spanish crown in its American colonies?

A) to extend local liberties
B) to keep order
C) to control the flow of trade
D) to tax subjects more efficiently

Question 47

King Ferdinand VII sent a large force to smash the American insurrections only after

A) peninsulares and creoles promised to remain loyal to the crown.
B) France withdrew from Spain.
C) Simón Bol'var was captured and executed by loyalist forces.
D) violently suppressing urban protests in Madrid.

Question 48

What style of government did José de San Mart'n advocate?

A) constitutional republic
B) limited democracy
C) theocracy
D) constitutional monarchy

Question 49

All of the following were previously part of Simón Bol'var's Gran Colombia EXCEPT

A) Bolivia.
B) Ecuador.
C) Venezuela.
D) Colombia.

Question 50

Which attempt at a partial federation lasted until 1840 when it, also, failed?

A) Gran Colombia
B) Rio de La Plata
C) United Provinces of Central America
D) Brazil

Question 51

Identify four of the five different groups who benefited from the commercial system because they controlled or owned the labor of others.

Question 52

Describe the actions taken by either the Dutch or British East India Company in response to shrinking profits.

Question 53

After winning the Seven Years' War with the French, why did the British crown prohibit American colonists from settling lands west of the Appalachian mountain crest?

Question 54

Compare and contrast the revolutions of the United States and France.

Question 55

Contrast the American colonies and the French colony of Saint Domingue. How was the rebellion that gave birth to Haiti unique among all the movements on the Atlantic rim?

Question 56

What 1807-1808 event was the prelude to Latin American revolutions, and how did it affect the governance of the Latin American colonies?

Question 57

List the different membership groups in the social hierarchy of Spanish colonial America. Which group felt it had built the Spanish American economy?