Deck 2: The Growth of Public Relations

Question 1

Which major trend below is contributing to the evolution of the practice of public relations in the U.S.?

A) increasing numbers of mom-and-pop retail, startup companies
B) increasing pressure to become a profession like law or accounting
C) increasing public awareness and media sophistication
D) increasing numbers of institutes of higher learning on the Internet

Answer 1

increasing public awareness and media sophistication

Question 2

John D. Rockefeller Jr. was widely attacked when

A) a dozen women and small children were killed in the Ludlow massacre
B) Johnson & Johnson's products were sabotaged, resulting in the murder of company customers
C) the Creel Committee was formed to channel patriotic sentiments of Americans in support of the U.S. role in the war
D) he spoke out against the marriage of Khloe Kardashian and Lamar Odom

Answer 2

a dozen women and small children were killed in the Ludlow massacre

Question 3

Professor Marshall McLuhan has become known for

A) predicting unimaginable growth in computer-related equipment.
B) predicting the world would become a "global village."
C) predicting the death of the newspaper.
D) predicting the emergence of mass communication.

Answer 3

predicting the world would become a "global village."

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a major trend contributing to the evolution of the practice of public relations?

A) growth in use of traditional distribution systems, including cars, trucks, and airlines
B) growth of big institutions
C) growth in public awareness and media sophistication
D) growth in consumer use of the Internet and social media

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT among the incidences of societal change, conflict or confrontation that have had an impact on the growth of public relations in the U.S.?

A) unhappiness with large institutions
B) minority and women's rights movements
C) consumerism
D) passage of the Social Security Act

Question 6

Archaeologists inform us that public relations has roots in

A) Iraq, where bulletins informed farmers how to grow more food.
B) England, where 18^th-century bulletins hailed the coming of the British Industrial Revolution.
C) Rome, where tablets paid tribute to new rulers
D) China, where during the Ming Dynasty, peasants wrote messages on the Great Wall.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true of the Sophists?

A) They were masters of rhetoric and reasoning.
B) They established a model for today's lobbyists.
C) They gathered in the amphitheaters to extol the virtues of political candidates.
D) They were not elected to leadership positions because they were good speakers.

Question 8

The word "propaganda" originated with

A) the Creel Committee during World War II.
B) Pope Gregory XV, who established a College in 17th Century Rome to spread the word about Catholicism.
C) Sophists, who walked around telling citizens of Rome who to vote for.
D) the farmers who grew grapes in ancient Italy.

Question 9

American flirtations with public relations techniques began around the founding of the ________ when ________.

A) Massachusetts Bay Colony; George Washington set the Pilgrims free
B) republic; colonists disgraced themselves by reminding loyalists that: "Taxation without representation is tyranny"
C) republic; colonists tried to persuade King George III that they deserved the same rights as subjects in England
D) Associated Press; the Committees of Correspondence disseminated pro-British information

Question 10

Thomas Paine, an early practitioner of public relations, wrote periodic essays that urged colonists to band together, including those contained in ________.

A) the Crisis papers
B) The Federalist Papers
C) Publius
D) the Globe

Question 11

Using a variety of persuasive techniques and even a pseudonym, Publius, ________ advocated for ratification of the Constitution.

A) the Committee of Correspondents
B) Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
C) the Adams Tea Company
D) Thomas Paine

Question 12

Some scholars consider ________ the forerunner to today's White House press secretary because of the duties he performed for Andrew Jackson.

A) Phineas T. Bluster
B) Larry Speakes
C) Lindsay Trump
D) Amos Kendall

Question 13

The growth of public relations as an accepted business-like practice in the United States of America stems from

A) the British Industrial Revolution.
B) the American Industrial Revolution.
C) the efforts of people like Samuel Adams and Amos Kendall.
D) the hype of P.T. Barnum.

Question 14

Known as the ________ they were a group of ________ who tackled the abuses of American industrialists, exposing deplorable and unsafe conditions.

A) Barnumites; press agents
B) muckrakers; journalists
C) publicity bureau; press agents
D) lobbyists; sophists

Question 15

A principal contribution to the field of public relations made by Ivy Ledbetter Lee was

A) recognition that the public needed to be informed.
B) devotion to assisting "robber barons" in damning the public.
C) support for techniques employed by Barnum.
D) an enduring belief in muckraking.

Question 16

Principles developed by Ivy Lee in working with the press on behalf of business included

A) recognition that any publicity was good as long as a client's name was spelled correctly.
B) commitment to present his client's point of view honestly, accurately, and forcefully.
C) formation of third-front organizations.
D) creation of "people in the street" interviews.

Question 17

Ivy Lee faced public criticism in the late 1920s for

A) advising John D. Rockefeller Jr. to humanize his family by presenting them in real-life situations
B) advocating in favor of Barnum's public-be-fooled approach
C) advocating in favor of Vanderbilt's public-be-damned philosophy
D) advising the Dye Trust, which was an agent for Adolf Hitler's policies

Question 18

During World War I and World War II, public relations techniques to help mobilize United States citizens to support war efforts were used by the

A) Committees on Correspondence and the Associated Press.
B) Creel Committee and Office of War Information.
C) Central Intelligence Agency and the United States Information Agency.
D) Truman and Nixon administrations.

Question 19

Perhaps one reason publicity and press agentry are too often considered synonymous stems from

A) formation of the first public relations firm called the Publicity Bureau that specialized in general press agentry.
B) launching of the firm led by Ivy Lee that specialized in counseling top management in the value of building public confidence and trust.
C) development of corporate guidelines set down by Arthur Page and Paul Garrett.
D) efforts by Edward Bernays and Doris Fleischman to introduce social psychology techniques in developing strategic communications advice.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a significant contribution by Edward L. Bernays to the field of public relations?

A) "recruiting" the first distinguished female practitioner, Doris E. Fleischman
B) teaching the first course in public relations
C) publishing the landmark consumerism book Unsafe at Any Speed
D) introducing the importance of seeking public relations counsel

Question 21

________, one of the earliest African American counselors, wrote two books on African American consumerism and advised companies on multicultural relations.

A) Knowlton Hill
B) D. Parke Gibson
C) Carl Byoir
D) George Creel

Question 22

Among the earliest public relations counselors to emphasize marketing-oriented public relations was

A) Carl Byoir.
B) Harold Burson.
C) D. Parke Gibson.
D) Arthur W. Page.

Question 23

Which of the following major public relations counseling firms did Omicom Group purchase?

A) Young & Rubican
B) J. Walter Thompson
C) Fleishman-Hillard
D) Burson-Marsteller

Question 24

The era right after World War II can be described as an era when the public held corporations and their leaders in

A) high esteem.
B) low esteem.
C) virtual esteem.
D) none of the above

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a principle developed by Arthur W. Page for successful corporate public relations?

A) to create a system that draws questions and criticism from employees and outside publics up through the organization to management
B) to make sure management softens bad news, especially for employees
C) to prepare contact employees with knowledge needed to be reasonable and polite with the public
D) to create a system that informs all employees about an organization's policies and practices

Question 26

Paul Garrett was an early corporate public relations luminary in his role as

A) CEO of General Motors
B) the first director of public relations for General Motors
C) CEO of Lehman Brothers
D) the first director of public relations for Lehman Brothers

Question 27

Which of the following is a factor that shaped how Public Relations came of age?

A) growth of large institutions
B) heightened public awareness and media sophistication
C) societal change, conflict and confrontation
D) All of the above

Question 28

Which of the following has made knowledge of and facility with the Internet a front-burner necessity for practitioners?

A) cable
B) social media participation
C) mobile phones
D) videodisk technology

Question 29

What devastating public relations problem did Johnson & Johnson face on September 30, 1982?

A) management learned extra-strength Tylenol had been used as a murder weapon to kill three people in Chicago.
B) people did not like their new packaging so they lost market share.
C) people did not like their shift from capsules to caplets so they lost market share.
D) management learned extra-strength Tylenol had been used as a murder weapon to kill a woman in Yonkers.

Question 30

What did Johnson & Johnson do in response to the product tampering crisis in 1982?

A) recalled a lot of 93,000 bottles of extra-strength Tylenol associated with the reported Chicago murders.
B) recalled 31 million bottles of extra-strength Tylenol capsules
C) welcomed investigative news program 60 Minutes
D) all of the above

Question 31

The practice of public relations began long before fields like law, accounting, and medicine were recognized.

Question 32

Sophistication in technology and the media's use of it have led to fulfillment of Marshall McLuhan's prediction that the world would become a "global village."

Question 33

A key trend contributing to the evolution of public relations is the growing power of public opinion to act as a positive force in shaping democratic societies.

Question 34

The stage for today's lobbyist was set by the Sophists hired to fight verbal battles for politicians in ancient Rome.

Question 35

Some critics say the most horrific scandal in the history of the Roman Catholic Church is their handling of reports about priests accused of sexually abusing parishioners.

Question 36

Samuel Adams combined weaponry of sword and pen by organizing the Associated Press to do battle with King George.

Question 37

Pamphlets, a strategic vehicle used today in public relations, were used by Thomas Paine to rally support for unity among American colonists.

Question 38

A 1791 document fittingly in its first order of business safeguarded, among other things, the principle that provides public relations practitioners certain inalienable rights, including freedom of speech and press.

Question 39

Much of what Amos Kendall did in the "kitchen cabinet"
of President Andrew Jackson is similar to what a presidential press secretary does today.

Question 40

Techniques to attract press coverage used by Phineas T. Barnum are representative of the "public be informed"
era that contributed to a positive image of the practice of public relations.

Question 41

Today, press-agent techniques are employed to hype a range of headline seekers.

Question 42

The adversarial relationship between so-called "robber barons"
and "muckrakers"
led to the need for hired professionals to explain what industrialists had been unable to convey.

Question 43

Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair were among early pioneers in the field of public relations.

Question 44

Some observers of the public relations field call Ivy Ledbetter Lee the "real father of modern public relations"
despite the significant pioneering efforts of Edward Bernays in the field.

Question 45

OWI was a government-sanctioned agency during the created to advance the message of America at home and abroad.

Question 46

An increase in people utilizing public relations techniques during World War II led to a an increase in people practicing public relations during peacetime.

Question 47

While in the 1990s public relations counseling businesses grew and merged into international superagencies, today the public relations counseling business has a diverse mix of huge national agencies, medium-sized regional firms, and one-person local agencies.

Question 48

Despite how effective and visionary Paul Garrett was as a General Motors public relations practitioner, he suffered from the universal complaint of corporate PR people, he felt like an outsider.

Question 49

The impact of the Internet on helping public relations come to age has been phenomenal.

Question 50

List the major trends that have helped the practice of public relations come of age in the United States of America.

Question 51

In what ways has technology fostered evolution of modern-day public relations practice?

Question 52

List and explain principles and techniques still used by today's public relations practitioners that have roots in ancient times.

Question 53

Describe some of the functions performed by Amos Kendall that are currently practiced by communications assistants of the President of the United States.

Question 54

Discuss contributions made by Ivy Ledbetter Lee to the field of public relations.

Question 55

Discuss contributions by Edward L. Bernays to making the practice of public relations more professional.

Question 56

What events and statistics challenge leaders and governments to recognize the growing power of global media, public opinion, and democracy?