Deck 8: Energy Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism is__________of all the chemical reactions that take place within the 10 trillion cells in the body.

A) the sum
B) part
C) few
D) some

Answer 1

the sum

Question 2

Energy is the ability to do

A) work.
B) metabolize.
C) catabolize.
D) worry.

Answer 2

work.

Question 3

Anabolic reactions __________energy to combine simpler molecules into larger, more complex ones.

A) create
B) release
C) remember
D) absorb

Answer 3

absorb

Question 4

Catabolic reactions__________energy as they break down large molecules into simple structures.

A) absorb
B) create
C) remember
D) release

Question 5

The powerhouse of the cell which generates most of the cell's energy through aerobic metabolism is called the

A) mitchondria.
B) organelle.
C) cytoplasm.
D) mitch.

Question 6

The only cells which do not contain mitochondria are the red blood cells, which produce energy__________in the cytoplasm.

A) aerobically
B) often
C) anaerobically
D) rarely

Question 7

Metabolism takes place in

A) cell walls.
B) cell membranes.
C) cells.
D) the nucleus.

Question 8

The sequence of reactions that convert compounds from one form to another is

A) catabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) metabolites.
D) a metabolic pathway.

Question 9

During anaerobic reactions there is no need for

A) carbon.
B) hydrogen.
C) oxygen.
D) nitrogen.

Question 10

The most metabolically active organ in the body is the

A) liver.
B) lungs.
C) heart.
D) skin.

Question 11

Nearly every metabolic reaction requires a specific enzyme to catalyze the reaction and, in some cases, __________, or helper assists the enzyme.

A) some riboflavin
B) a coenzyme
C) niacin
D) thiamin

Question 12

Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and epinephrine are __________which control metabolism.

A) hormones
B) coenzymes
C) vitamins
D) enzymes

Question 13

The energy source which cells use to fuel metabolic reactions is

A) ATP.
B) DAP.
C) TAP.
D) ADP.

Question 14

ATP must be regenerated from ADP and __________ (which can be donated by creatine phosphate) or produced during anaerobic metabolism.

A) phosphate
B) creatine
C) phosphorus
D) oxygen

Question 15

Cells only have 3- 5 seconds' worth of

A) ADP.
B) creatine.
C) creatine phosphate.
D) ATP.

Question 16

Aerobic metabolism can continue

A) indefinitely.
B) for 1.5 seconds.
C) for 3- 5 seconds.
D) for 1.5 minutes.

Question 17

Metabolism of glucose to produce pyruvate and two ATP which takes place in all cells is called

A) glycolysis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) glycogenesis.
D) anabolic reactions.

Question 18

The TCA cycle, transamination, the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation and________ are examples of pathways which include the anabolic and catabolic reactions.

A) glycogenesis.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) glycolysis.
D) glycogenolysis.

Question 19

The conversion of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids to acetyl CoA and to ketone bodies is

A) ketogenesis.
B) glycolysis.
C) lipolysis.
D) transamination.

Question 20

Which meal improves energy levels throughout the course of the day? A

A) continental breakfast (croissants, jelly, juice)
B) light dinner
C) breakfast
D) high- fiber lunch

Question 21

The best snack to keep energy levels high would be

A) Your favorite soda.
B) Your favorite veggies.
C) Your favorite juice.
D) Your favorite potato chips.

Question 22

During the absorptive state, the favored reactions are

A) catabolic.
B) anabolic.
C) a simultaneous blend of anabolic and catabolic.
D) ketogenic.

Question 23

A lack of sufficient glucose in the blood can lead to excess breakdown of fat and the synthesis of acidic ketone bodies, which can be used by the brain and muscles for

A) energy.
B) lipolysis.
C) ketoacidosis.
D) ketogenesis.

Question 24

During the post- absorptive state, metabolism shifts to favor reactions which are

A) lipolytic.
B) ketogenic.
C) catabolic.
D) anabolic.

Question 25

Under conditions of fasting, glycogen stores are depleted, and muscle is broken down to provide amino acids for energy and

A) glycolysis.
B) glycogenolysis.
C) post- absorption.
D) gluconeogenesis.

Question 26

The period after you eat is the

A) short- term fasting.
B) absorptive state.
C) long- term fasting.
D) post- absorptive state.

Question 27

If ketogenesis is prolonged, ketoacidosis-an excessive level of ketones in the blood-can develop, leading to

A) fasting.
B) the post- absorptive state.
C) increased hunger.
D) coma or death.

Question 28

When fat is broken down to fatty acids which are be used for ATP synthesis; liver glycogen, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids are used to maintain blood

A) carbohydrate levels.
B) glucose levels.
C) glucagon levels.
D) insulin levels.

Question 29

An excessive level of ketones in the blood is

A) ketolysis.
B) lipolysis.
C) ketoacidosis.
D) ketogenesis.

Question 30

Carbohydrates are first used for ATP synthesis, and excess carbohydrates are stored as glycogen or triglycerides in the _________tissue.

A) bone
B) nervous
C) adipose
D) connective

Question 31

What is the site of the two liver systems which are responsible for alcohol metabolism? The

A) stomach
B) blood
C) liver
D) lungs

Question 32

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) convert the ethanol to acetaldehyde in the initial stages of metabolism and ultimately to

A) dehydrogenated alcohol.
B) acetyl CoA.
C) alcohol.
D) coenzymeA.

Question 33

John uses four prescription medications and drinks about 10 beers every evening. Which metabolic system is he using primarily?

A) Catabolic reactions
B) MEOS
C) Anabolic reactions
D) NEOS

Question 34

The third alcoholic metabolism system is found in the

A) stomach.
B) liver.
C) brain.
D) lungs.

Question 35

Excess kilocalories from alcohol which are not used for ATP production are converted to fatty acids and stored as

A) amine groups.
B) medium- chain fatty acids.
C) glycerol.
D) triglycerides.

Question 36

What is the product of the action of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase?

A) ketone bodies
B) acetaldehyde
C) acetate
D) acidic ketone bodies

Question 37

In chronic alcoholics, excess fatty deposits in the liver can eventually result in

A) cirrhosis.
B) alcoholism.
C) a liver of reduced size and smooth texture.
D) alcoholic liver disease.

Question 38

It is best to take medications and alcohol at separate times because the liver metabolizes alcohol first, which causes the effects of the drugs to be felt

A) gradually.
B) simultaneously.
C) immediately.
D) over longer period of time.

Question 39

An inherited genetic defect in one or more genes that code for enzymes that control metabolic processes is called a

A) genetic disorder of metabolism.
B) gene pool domination.
C) inherited disorder of absorption.
D) fetal alcohol syndrome disorder.

Question 40

When metabolic intermediaries accumulate to toxic levels in the blood,

A) specific enzymes are lacking.
B) specific enzymes are produced in excess.
C) the wrong enzymes are produced in the body.
D) specific hormones are lacking.

Question 41

Infants with genetic disorders of metabolism need to use special formulas to ensure adequate nutrient intake.

Question 42

As soon as an infant who has a genetic disorder of metabolism begins to take solid food, a special diet must be followed until a new formula is prescribed during adolescence.

Question 43

Most metabolic reactions take place in the mitochondria of cells.

Question 44

Cells use ATP to provide energy for metabolic reactions.

Question 45

ATP must be regenerated from ADP and phosphate (which can be donated by creatine phosphate) or produced during anaerobic metabolism, which can fuel the body for no more than 1.5 minutes, or aerobic metabolism, which can continue indefinitely.

Question 46

Hormones catalyze metabolic reactions with the aid of coenzymes, especially forms of niacin and riboflavin, as well as enzymes such as insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol.

Question 47

Weight lifters rest in between sets to give the body time to form more ATP used for the next set of lifts.

Question 48

The high- energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) releases energy to be used by the cells when the phosphate bond is broken, producing adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Question 49

Insulin and glucagon are produced in the pancreas, cortisol and epinephrine are produced in the adrenal glands.

Question 50

When you need energy to do work, your body hydrolyzes one of the phosphate bonds, releasing one phosphate and a tremendous amount of energy.

Question 51

With the release of one phosphate from ATP, a new molecule with only two phosphates is formed, adenosine diphosphate, or ADP. A phosphate group is added back to ADP to reform ATP during anabolism, a reaction that requires energy.

Question 52

Catabolic reactions require energy to build new substances whereas anabolic reactions break molecules apart, yielding energy.

Question 53

Individuals who are deficient in niacin and riboflavin are likely to have very little energy and are likely to feel tired.

Question 54

During glycolysis, for example, glucose is oxidized to pyruvate and the coenzyme form of the B vitamin niacin (NAD+) is reduced to NADH + H+.

Question 55

Creatine phosphate (PCr) is a compound that provides a reserve of phosphate to regenerate ADP to ATP.

Question 56

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a nucleotide which is composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate molecules, and it is formed when one phosphate molecule is removed from ATP.

Question 57

Glycolysis transforms glucose to pyruvate.

Question 58

Ketogenic molecules cannot be transformed into ketone bodies.

Question 59

Glucogenic amino acids, glycogen, and glycerol can enter into anaerobic glycolysis at specific pathways to produce pyruvate.

Question 60

After the fat- soluble nutrients (vitamins A, D, E, K) have been absorbed through the small intestine, they can enter a metabolic pathway and be converted to energy or be stored as fat for later use.

Question 61

Ketogenic amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA.

Question 62

The output from the electron transport chain is ADP.

Question 63

Pyruvate is a three- carbon molecule formed from the oxidation of glucose during glycolysis.

Question 64

In the cytoplasm of the cell, glycolysis is a 10- step anaerobic catabolic pathway that begins with one six- carbon glucose molecule and ends with two three- carbon molecules of pyruvate and a net of two molecules of ATP.

Question 65

Of the three enzyme systems which are used to metabolize alcohol, the most efficient enzyme system is located in the brain-- it metabolizes alcohol to acetaldehyde.

Question 66

Only amino acids, monosaccharides, and glycerol (but not fatty acids) undergo glycolysis

Question 67

Fatty acids are ketogenic and cannot be used to form glucose.

Question 68

Alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase convert the ethanol to acetaldehyde in the final stages of alcohol metabolism.

Question 69

The MEOS system is used for metabolism of chronic alcohol consumption, over- the- counter and prescription medications.

Question 70

The post- absorptive state comes before the absorptive state.

Question 71

During Ramadan, the 30- day period of fasting among Muslims, glucose is the fuel source for the brain, the central nervous system and red blood cells.

Question 72

Persons who adopt a severe, prolonged fast are likely to have lower body fat and lean body mass at the end of the fast.

Question 73

The sequential stages of energy metabolism include: glycolysis, pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the TCA cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Question 74

The symptoms among children who are born with metabolic disorders cannot be alleviated by dietary changes.

Question 75

Metabolism takes place within cells.

Question 76

Explain fat metabolism.

Question 77

Explain carbohydrate metabolism.

Question 78

Describe the main difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions.

Question 79

How do hormones regulate metabolism?

Question 80

Why is ATP needed to provide energy for cells?