Deck 8: Production of Speech and Language

Question 1

The method of inducing subjects to produce errors such as barn door after producing sequences such as bell dark and bean deck, and darn bore is known as the _______________ technique:

A) lexical bias
B) production cycle
C) anticipatory retracing
D) phonological bias

Answer 1

phonological bias

Question 2

According to Freud, speech errors represent:

A) unintended but revealing expression of repressed thoughts
B) the degree of stress patients experience during psychoanalysis
C) the unconscious attempt by patients to deceive psychoanalysts
D) innocent phonological errors

Answer 2

unintended but revealing expression of repressed thoughts

Question 3

According to Levelt (1989), there are four major stages in language production. Which of the following is not one of these stages?

A) conceptualizing
B) formulating
C) articulating
D) rephrasing

Answer 3

rephrasing

Question 4

In the speech error It certainly run outs fast, the final phoneme in outs

A) is /s/, which supports the notion that affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage
B) is /z/, which supports the notion that the affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage
C) is /s/, which refutes the notion that the affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage
D) is /z/, which refutes the notion that the affix stage of production precedes the phonetic stage

Question 5

____________ refers to the process by which a phoneme, during a speech error, is shifted to a new location (such as /s/ in run outs) and takes the form appropriate to the new location (e.g., /s/ rather than /z/).

A) planning
B) accommodation
C) undershooting
D) coarticulation

Question 6

_________ processes prevent speakers from inadvertently producing utterances that are linguistically and socially unacceptable.

A) agreement
B) self-repair
C) editing
D) phonological bias

Question 7

In studies of speech errors, it has been found that elements that interact with one another tend to:

A) come from different linguistic environments
B) be phonologically distinct from one another
C) preserve phonological rules of the language
D) result in nonsense words

Question 8

Models that view speech production as a sequence of stages that occur one at a time are referred to as _____ models.

A) serial
B) incremental
C) parallel
D) converging

Question 9

According to Fromkin's model, what is the correct order of stages of production?

A) syntactic structure, content words, phonetic segments, intonation contour
B) .content words, syntactic structure, phonetic segments, intonation contour
C) syntactic structure, intonation contour, content words, phonetic segment
D) content words, syntactic structure, intonation contour, phonetic segments

Question 10

According to Fromkin's model of production, the speech error Stop beating your brick against a head wall occurs at the _____ stage.

A) content word
B) intonation contour
C) phonetic segment
D) affix

Question 11

The lexical bias effect:

A) refers to the fact that speech errors more commonly result in words than in nonwords
B) is inconsistent with the hypothesis that we covertly edit our utterances on semantic grounds
C) provides support for Fromkin's model of speech production
D) provides support for a Freudian explanation of speech errors

Question 12

Motley's (1980) study of sexually themed slips of the tongue showed:

A) the degree to which undergraduates think about sex
B) that participants' ideas influence the kinds of speech errors they make
C) the participants with the lowest sexual "cognitive set" responded with sexual spoonerisms the most often
D) that in typical laboratory situations, subjects are unable to repress thoughts of a sexual nature

Question 13

A speech error or slip of the tongue in which one speech segment disappears from its appropriate location and appears somewhere else is called a(n):

A) blend
B) shift
C) exchange
D) anticipation

Question 14

You have hissed my mystery lectures is an example of a:

A) malapropism
B) perserveration
C) spoonerism
D) blend

Question 15

Saying clarefully (instead of carefully) is an example of a(n) ________ error.

A) substitution
B) exchange
C) addition
D) anticipation

Question 16

The strongest evidence for independence of planning units is that:

A) speakers never produce more than one error in the same sentence
B) no two speakers have ever made the same speech error
C) speakers tend to make mistakes at a single stage, leaving the rest of the utterance intact
D) speakers tend to make mistakes at a single stage, which causes predictable errors at all other stages.

Question 17

According to Fromkin's model of production, the speech error A singing sewer machine occurs at the _____ stage of production.

A) content word
B) intonation contour
C) phonetic segment
D) affix

Question 18

Studies of speech errors:

A) are entertaining and interesting but not considered to be scientifically credible
B) are only interesting to psychoanalysts
C) are worth undertaking because they inform psychologists about patterns of speech production and planning
D) are not worth undertaking because they've provided little insight into speech production and planning

Question 19

A Freudian explanation of speech errors is that:

A) speech is produced in separate stages, each devoted to a single level of linguistic analysis
B) multiple speech plans occur simultaneously and plans compete for dominance
C) multiple speech plans occur, but speech errors solely represent conflict at the articulatory level
D) there is only one speech plan; speech errors are used to mask a speaker's disturbing thoughts.

Question 20

For most speakers, spontaneous speech errors tend to occur

A) infrequently and randomly
B) frequently and randomly
C) infrequently and in highly regular patterns
D) frequently and in highly regular patterns

Question 21

Comparisons of language production in signers and speakers have found that:

A) signers articulate signs about twice as fast as speakers articulate words
B) pauses during production are longer in sign language than in spoken language
C) signers use fewer pauses than speakers during language production
D) signers make approximately twice as many slips of the hand as speakers make slips of the tongue during the same interval

Question 22

Studies of self-interruptions during speech have found that we tend to interrupt and correct ourselves:

A) immediately
B) at the end of the word in which the error occurred
C) after we have completed the current clause
D) after we have completed the current sentence

Question 23

When our utterance is contextually inappropriate, as opposed to an out-and-out error, we are most likely to use a(n):

A) anticipatory retracing
B) instant repair
C) fresh start
D) all of the above are equally likely

Question 24

Dell's (1986) parallel model of language production differs from Fromkin's model in that Dell's model:

A) includes semantic, syntactic, morphological, and phonological levels of processing
B) assumes that production becomes progressively more automatic over time
C) assumes that different levels of processing are active at the same time
D) assumes multiple levels of processing, with one process active at a time

Question 25

The phenomenon in which we move the articulators in the vocal tract to the position needed for upcoming sounds is referred to as:

A) incremental processing
B) anticipatory coarticulation
C) perseveratory coarticulation
D) self-monitoring

Question 26

According to a study by Schacter et al (1991), which speakers tend to pause the most during lectures?

A) social scientists
B) natural scientists
C) artists
D) humanists

Question 27

Which is NOT true of planning and production cycles of speech?

A) The ratio of speaking to pausing time is roughly the same for all speakers.
B) Speakers plan the next unit of speech while pausing.
C) Speakers pause more before producing yes/no questions.
D) Speakers pause more before producing low-frequency words.

Question 28

We are more likely to pronounce the as thiy (rhymes with see) as opposed to thuh (rhymes with the first syllable in about) when we are:

A) more closely monitoring our speech
B) having problems with some aspect of our speech production
C) speaking more fluently
D) all of the above

Question 29

Slips of the hand are similar to slips of the tongue in that:

A) both are more likely to occur when the language producer is tired, anxious, or drunk
B) both typically involve a single aspect of language production
C) both are more likely to involve parallel processing than serial processing
D) both involve regular cycles of production and hesitation

Question 30

The vocal cords or vocal folds are included in which system of production?

A) respiratory
B) laryngeal
C) supralaryngeal
D) none of the above

Question 31

According to Dell, the lexical bias effect:

A) should be independent of speaking rate
B) should be greater with faster speaking rates
C) should be greater with slower speaking rates
D) should be the same in faster and slower speaking rates

Question 32

Expressions such as I'm sorry, and or rather are examples of:

A) self-interruption
B) inner speech
C) accommodation
D) self-repair

Question 33

Krauss et al (1998) showed that ____________ facilitated the retrieval of words from the lexicon.

A) filled pauses
B) gestures
C) silent pauses
D) interruptions