Deck 20: Organizational Behavior and Organization Theory

Question 1

The Gordon and Howell report encouraged more emphasis on the behavioral sciences in business schools' curricula.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Keith Davis felt that human relations and organizational behavior were separate approaches to human resource management.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Argyris and Schon emphasized "double-loop" learning for organizational change and development. .

Answer 3

True

Question 4

"Double-loop learning" is important in the knowledge-based view of the firm.

Question 5

Project GLOBE research has concluded national culture is a predictor of effective CEO behavior.

Question 6

It was McGregor's fundamental belief that organizational integration could be achieved by changing managerial assumptions about people.

Question 7

To McGregor, how people were treated was largely a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 8

Douglas McGregor's Theory Y says that workers are lazy and must be forced to do the job.

Question 9

A manager who accepts Theory Y assumptions would select a narrow span of management to insure better coordination and control.

Question 10

The Gordon and Howell report concluded that personnel management courses were far superior to other business school subjects.

Question 11

The central concern of human resources management is the personal happiness of the employees.

Question 12

Human resources management is the responsibility of the personnel or labor relations department rather than of the managers of the firm.

Question 13

Herzberg called the factors that were identified in the job context hygiene factors.

Question 14

According to Herzberg, management should recognize that hygiene factors were necessary but not sufficient to motivate employees.

Question 15

For Herzberg, the motivation to work must come from job enlargement.

Question 16

According to Herzberg, if the worker feels the job context is satisfactory then the worker will be motivated.

Question 17

Strategic human-resource and developing high performance systems are new ideas and reflect our understanding of the changing needs of multinational enterprise.

Question 18

If an employee feels his/her "growth need strength" is satisfactory, job enrichment is less important.

Question 19

Strategic human-resource management departments should be formed to relieve managers of the complexities of managing in different nations under different laws and regulations.

Question 20

"What"
theories of motivation emphasize the process of influencing behavior; this is in contrast to "how"
theories (such as Maslow).

Question 21

In the expectancy theory of motivation, motivation is a product of valence, the value of a particular reward to the individual, and expectancy, the individual's perception of whether or not their behavior will likely lead to satisfaction.

Question 22

In the equity theory of motivation, individuals choose what need can be met if the supervisor is fair and equitable.

Question 23

Goal setting is the process of developing and setting general work goals or `do the best you can' targets for employees to accomplish.

Question 24

Goal setting theory advises managers to allow employees who have a high need for achievement to participate in decision making but to assign tasks and goals to those who have a low need for achievement.

Question 25

Studies by GLOBE research teams have provided a better understanding of leadership in different cultures.

Question 26

Miriam Erez and her colleagues found quality control circles worked uniformly across national boundaries.

Question 27

The "two-factor theory" of job design has been widely and effectively applied in developing nations.

Question 28

Charismatic leaders get things done by delegating and sharing their power with others.

Question 29

Transformational leaders change the beliefs of their followers so that they will obey and follow without asking questions.

Question 30

In his study of American corporations, Chandler concluded "strategy follows structure."

Question 31

Organizations, such as business firms, are "open systems"
in that they both are affected by and affect their environment.

Question 32

Expectancy theory is based on the assumption that rewards will be commensurate with an employee's expectations.

Question 33

Lincoln Electric's pay for performance plan has proven to be an exception to our understanding of cross-cultural compensation practice---that is, everybody wants to be rewarded for their effort.

Question 34

Would say that the formal organization structure interferes with healthy personality development.

A) Keith Davis
B) Peter Drucker
C) Fred Herzberg
D) Chris Argyris
E) Abraham Maslow

Question 35

One could measure an individual's degree of self-actualization by plotting his or her position on the

A) immaturity-maturity continuum of Argyris.
B) Maslow Chart.
C) Likert Scale.
D) motivational grid of Blake and Mouton.
E) no methods have ever been proposed to measure self-actualization.

Question 36

According to Argyris and Schon, individuals' defensive reactions to organizational change could be reduced by:

A) experiential learning.
B) following Theory X.
C) double-loop learning.
D) meeting individual's self-actualization needs.
E) all of the above.

Question 37

According to Argyris, individuals may engage in certain defense mechanisms to adapt or react to the demands of the organization, which is to

A) becoming aggressive.
B) restricting output.
C) becoming apathetic.
D) only and above.
E) all of the above.

Question 38

From his experience as President of Antioch College,_______ developed a "new" theory of management.

A) Chris Argyris
B) Douglas McGregor
C) Harold Koontz
D) Fred Herzberg
E) none of the above

Question 39

Felt that managerial assumptions about human nature and human behavior were all-important in determining managers' styles of operating.

A) Chris Argyris
B) Frederick Herzberg
C) Douglas McGregor
D) A. Maslow
E) Rensis Likert

Question 40

According to McGregor, managers who accepted the_______ _______ image of human nature would not structure, control or closely supervise the work environment.

A) Theory X
B) Theory Y
C) Theory Z
D) Theory W
E) none of the above.

Question 41

Human resources management is the responsibility of

A) the union-management council
B) all managers
C) the personnel manager
D) the office of manpower and the budget
E) the shop steward

Question 42

According to Herzberg, which of the following is (are) hygiene factor(s)?

A) improved working conditions
B) better supervisors
C) challenging work
D) A and B above
E) A and C above

Question 43

Herzberg would say that the motivators are found in:

A) interpersonal relations.
B) the job context.
C) the job content.
D) all of the above.
E) both a and b

Question 44

Victor Vroom's theory:

A) helps explain the choosing process in motivation.
B) involves valences and expectancies.
C) explains the "what" of motivation.
D) does all of the above.
E) applies to only a and b

Question 45

The equity theory of motivation involves the notion(s) of:

A) distributive justice.
B) social comparison.
C) the perceived ratio of efforts expended and outcomes received relative to a person's pay and the pay of others.
D) all of the above.
E) only b and c

Question 46

And his associates found that monetary incentives, followed closely by goal setting, led as a motivational factor.

A) Frederick Herzberg
B) Douglas McGregor
C) Edwin Locke
D) Rensis Likert
E) Peter Drucker

Question 47

Goal-setting theory involves:

A) specific and challenging goals.
B) job enrichment as the primary motivation.
C) regular feedback about results.
D) all of the above.
E) only a and c above.

Question 48

Project GLOBE research identified:

A) universally desirable leader behaviors
B) participative leaders are universally desirable
C) universally undesirable leader behaviors
D) autonomous leaders are universally undesirable
E) only a and c above.

Question 49

From our study of organization theory we can safely conclude:

A) a greater understanding of non-Western organizations is needed
B) a universal theory will be found by a younger generation of scholars
C) it is more important for a theory to be valid scientifically than useful
D) the study of history illustrates how we have discarded useful theories
E) none of the above

Question 50

Which of the following was not one of Likert's systems of leadership?

A) benevolent authoritative
B) consultative
C) exploitive authoritative
D) participative group
E) charismatic

Question 51

Management system involves the manager using the principle of supportive relationships, group decision making, and setting high performance goals.

A) Rensis Likert's
B) Keith Davis'
C) Harold Koontz's
D) Chris Argyris'
E) Frederick Herzberg's

Question 52

System 4 Management was the idea of:

A) Rensis Likert
B) Chris Argyris
C) Douglas McGregor
D) Kurt Lewin
E) Ohio State University

Question 53

According to your text, "System 5" management:

A) is an extension of the ideas of Mary Parker Follett.
B) reflects the gap between theory and practice.
C) proves that Chester Barnard was correct about effectiveness and efficiency.
D) demonstrates the semantics problem in management.
E) further confuses the management theory jungle.

Question 54

Pioneered the idea that a number of leader behavior styles may be effective or ineffective depending on important elements of the situation.

A) Fred Fiedler
B) Robert Blake
C) Edwin Locke
D) Rensis Likert
E) Joan Woodward

Question 55

Which of the following is (are) not a major factor of the leadership situation as identified by Fiedler's research?

A) leader-member relations
B) task structure
C) position power
D) organizational environment
E) all of the above are factors

Question 56

Studies by the Aston Group:

A) confirmed Woodward's findings about technological determinism.
B) did not support Woodward's research.
C) did not achieve support after further research.
D) were supported by later research.
E) only and above.

Question 57

According to Fiedler, the_______ oriented leader tends to perform best in situations which are either very favorable or very unfavorable:

A) high LPC
B) laissez-faire
C) relationships
D) people
E) task

Question 58

Is a word used to describe manager/leaders who display the personality traits to attract people to her/his beliefs and goals and to follow obediently:

A) charisma
B) task oriented
C) transformational
D) relationships
E) people oriented

Question 59

The_______leader/manager is able to form a "vision" of what needs to be done to make his/her organization more effective in the future and "empower"
People, getting them to share in this vision.

A) charismatic
B) task oriented
C) transformational
D) autocratic
E) relations oriented

Question 60

Joan Woodward classified organizations by:

A) strategy
B) management systems
C) technology
D) labor skill levels
E) none of the above

Question 61

How does Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y relate to agency theory? To corporate governance?

Question 62

Describe Chris Argyris' personality versus organization hypothesis. As a first line supervisor, what could you do to promote a more "mature"
work group?

Question 63

Identify the assumptions of Theory X; of Theory Y. Which do you feel describes more accurately people you have worked with on a job or in a group oriented classroom assignment?

Question 64

In response to the ideas of Frederick Herzberg, a union official said "to enrich the job, enrich the paycheck."
What assumptions about people is the union official making? Agree? Disagree?