Deck 15: Population, Environmental Sustainability, and Urbanization

Question 1

__________ is the scientific study of the size, growth, and composition of the human population.

A) Migration
B) Demography
C) Mortality
D) Fertility rate

Answer 1

Demography

Question 2

The general fertility rate refers to the __________.

A) number of children a typical woman will have in her lifetime
B) number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under 1 year of age
C) average age at which a woman has her first child
D) annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population

Answer 2

number of children a typical woman will have in her lifetime

Question 3

The __________ refers to the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population.

A) total fertility rate
B) demography
C) crude death rate
D) migration rate

Answer 3

crude death rate

Question 4

Ann is a graduate student interested in researching the number of people moving from Canada to the United States as a proportion of the population in the United States. Ann will use which demographic rate in her research?

A) mortality rates
B) total fertility rates
C) migration rates
D) movement rates

Question 5

Compared to Niger and Mali, what is the fertility rate of the United States?

A) much higher
B) much lower
C) roughly the same
D) unknown since Niger and Mali do not collect birth rate information

Question 6

Compared to Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, what is the mortality rate of the United States?

A) higher
B) lower
C) roughly the same
D) unknown since Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates do not collect death rate information

Question 7

When a country's birth rate is higher than its death rate, the country is considered to be experiencing a __________.

A) natural increase
B) natural decrease
C) fertility increase
D) mortality decrease

Question 8

__________ refers to the movement of people into a state or country.

A) Emigration
B) Immigration
C) The Great Migration
D) Internal migration

Question 9

Jahat's family fled from the civil unrest and bombing in Syria and moved to France. His family would be considered which of the following?

A) Syrian immigrants
B) Syrian internal immigrants
C) French emigrants
D) French immigrants

Question 10

Lisa recently graduated from the University of Georgia and moved to New York City for a job in publishing. Lisa would be considered to have undergone what?

A) internal migration
B) internal emigration
C) occupational immigration
D) the Great Migration

Question 11

Demographers report that the world is growing at a faster and faster rate. In just eight years, the world's population will grow by approximately how many people?

A) 1 million
B) 1 billion
C) 500,000
D) 50 million

Question 12

According to the UN, which region currently contains two-thirds of the world's population?

A) Northern America
B) Africa
C) Europe
D) Asia

Question 13

Currently, the fastest-growing region in terms of population is __________, largely due to high fertility rates.

A) Europe
B) Northern America
C) Africa
D) Asia

Question 14

An economic situation in which a population will outgrow its food source, resulting in the inability to sustain itself, is known as the __________.

A) Cornucopian trap
B) arithmetic growth
C) geometric growth
D) Malthusian trap

Question 15

Cornucopians predict a __________ that produces high-yield crops that are resistant to disease, drought, and insects and have a high tolerance for pesticides.

A) demographic transition
B) Green Revolution
C) Second Green Revolution
D) Malthusian trap

Question 16

People whose daily food intake cannot sustain their activities are defined as "undernourished." What percentage of the world's population is undernourished?

A) 10 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 1 percent

Question 17

__________ refers to the capacity of the environment to support the population at some acceptable level without destroying the ability of future generations to do the same.

A) Sustainability
B) Jevons paradox
C) Tragedy of the commons
D) Demographic transition

Question 18

Neo-Malthusians argue that the Green Revolution will not save us for which of the following reasons?

A) Technology will ease the problem of sustainability in the long run.
B) Green agriculture will help farmers in poorer nations to become wealthy.
C) The Green Revolution is an agricultural Oil Revolution because it requires the intensive use of farm machinery and oil-derived fertilizers.
D) The beneficiaries of the Second Green Revolution are too widespread and are not concentrated in the businesses and farmers who are already established.

Question 19

What environmental issue related to oil production has been linked to an increase in earthquakes and pollution?

A) smog
B) deforestation
C) wake pollution
D) fracking

Question 20

Situations in which increasing the efficient use of a resource leads to an increase in the total use of that resource is referred to as __________.

A) Jevons paradox
B) the tragedy of the commons
C) the treadmill of production
D) fracking

Question 21

To clear the land for agriculture, Indonesian farmers freely burn the rain forests. As a result, eventually there will be no more forests. This is an example of which of the following concepts?

A) tragedy of the commons
B) treadmill of production
C) Jevons paradox
D) barren soil

Question 22

The ideology of __________, a fairly recent development, emphasizes the importance of political power and asserts that all forms of inequality (such as racism and elitism) are linked and that correcting one form requires correcting all forms.

A) liquid modernity
B) social demography
C) ecofeminism
D) urban primacy

Question 23

Marine biologist Rachel Carson's research on the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides and herbicides was fairly controversial in the 1960s. However, her 1962 book Silent Spring was instrumental in the establishment of what federal agency?

A) DDT
B) ATF
C) EPA
D) Greenpeace

Question 24

__________ is the theory that in industrial, capitalist societies, the drive for profits requires an ever-expanding creation of goods and services that consume
Environmental resources and produce pollution.

A) Treadmill of production
B) Environmental racism
C) Jevons paradox
D) Tragedy of the commons

Question 25

Which of the following is true of ecofeminism?

A) Ecofeminists claim that the distinctions or dualisms in everyday thinking are deemed as feminine and seen as reliable.
B) According to ecofeminists, learning to think in terms of dualities will help us to see and understand both sides of a situation.
C) Masculine thought suggests that technology will solve environmental problems, but ecofeminists disagree.
D) Ecofeminism is an ideology that is primarily concerned with how the environment affects women and children.

Question 26

In the early 1980s, a hazardous waste dump site in Warren County, North Carolina, caught the attention of the national media. A congressional report concluded that three out of four hazardous waste sites in the South were near predominantly Black communities. This is an example of which of the following?

A) ecofeminism
B) environmental racism
C) the Green Revolution
D) classism

Question 27

Which of the following is true regarding environmental racism?

A) The concept of environmental racism refers to practices that disproportionately expose indigenous peoples, poor communities, and racial/ethnic minorities in developing countries to environmental hazards. This does not include lower-income white Americans.
B) Environmental racism clearly demonstrates the pattern that people with political influence do not want to live near dumps, landfills, and industrial plants.
C) Environmental racism clearly impacts the Latino/a community, but it is not clear if it affects the African American community.
D) The placement of noxious sites is not a political issue, nor does it reflect any racist structures.

Question 28

According to the text, Whites are underexposed to most environmental hazards, but are exposed to which of the following hazards?

A) power plants
B) oil refineries
C) paper plants
D) wastewater treatment

Question 29

__________ countries are powerful, industrialized, and postindustrialized nations, whereas __________ countries are those that are relatively poor, less industrialized, and economically and politically dependent.

A) Global Southern; African
B) Global Northern; Western European
C) Global Southern; Latin American
D) Global Northern; Global Southern

Question 30

The Khian SeaI was a cargo ship attempting to dump 13,000 tons of toxic ash from Philadelphia. For two years, the ship could not find a country willing to accept the ash. Eventually, the ship labeled the ash as fertilizer and began dumping it on a beach in __________.

A) Hawaii
B) Haiti
C) Madagascar
D) Colombia

Question 31

According to the chart in the text, North America and South America are roughly equivalent in terms of the proportion of their populations that __________.

A) live in cities
B) are exposed to toxic waste
C) utilize ecofeminism
D) are considered "lost" civilizations

Question 32

__________ refers to a pattern of urbanization in which one city grows extremely large and becomes the center of government, finance, art, science, and other institutions, while the rest of society remains rural.

A) Global city
B) Urban primacy
C) Herd city
D) Social demography

Question 33

Spontaneous settlements are often referred to as __________.

A) primate cities
B) urban centers
C) shantytowns
D) squatter towns

Question 34

What U.S. city served as the model for concentric zones?

A) San Francisco
B) Washington, D.C.
C) New York City
D) Chicago

Question 35

An urban area that is characterized by dispersed and loose but intertwined economic and social connections is considered a __________.

A) classic concentric zone
B) postindustrial zone
C) liquid modern city
D) megalopolis

Question 36

As metropolitan communities grow, sometimes those close to each other merge to form a __________.

A) liquid modern city
B) megalopolis
C) global city
D) primate city

Question 37

A city such as London, New York, or Tokyo that is home to organizations that dominate the worldwide economy is called a __________.

A) megalopolis
B) global city
C) liquid modern city
D) class concentric zone

Question 38

In the early 1900s, a group of sociologists who focused their research on urban areas and who viewed the city as a societal institution that molded human culture and behavior formed what is now called the __________.

A) "Chicago School"
B) "New York School"
C) "Miami School"
D) "Philadelphia School"

Question 39

Louis Wirth, one of the founders of the Chicago School, said that cities are characterized by which three demographic factors?

A) size, density, and homogeneity
B) size, density, and heterogeneity
C) growth, income, and heterogeneity
D) population, mass transportation, and density

Question 40

Jane Addams, a founding figure in sociology and social work who was interested in mapping neighborhoods and addressing the suffering of the urban poor, cofounded what settlement house with Ellen Gates Starr in 1889?

A) Chicago House
B) Addams House
C) Hull House
D) Starr House

Question 41

Which of the following is true of urbanism and gender?

A) City life has masculine overtones because city life is associational.
B) City life has feminine overtones because city life is associational.
C) Women are socialized to organize their lives around activities in urban cities.
D) Suburban shopping malls feature stores and products that appeal to men more than women.

Question 42

Which of the following cities is among the most highly segregated cities in the United States?

A) El Paso, Texas
B) Boise, Idaho
C) Albuquerque, New Mexico
D) Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Question 43

Although __________ explain(s) some residential segregation, the overriding cause appears to be __________.

A) economics; racial discrimination
B) racial discrimination; economics
C) economics; gendered differences
D) racial discrimination; personal choices

Question 44

Which of the following is true about housing discrimination?

A) It is more about social class differences than it is about racial discrimination.
B) Real estate agents can steer customers to segregated areas and keep them away from other neighborhoods.
C) The government vigorously enforces anti-discrimination laws.
D) Banks loan money to anyone regardless of racial/ethnic status.

Question 45

The image of the __________ has become a cultural icon that negatively affects Blacks even if they are middle-class professionals.

A) civil rights movement
B) black power movement
C) "ghetto"
D) Jim Crow era

Question 46

The phrase "doing the dance" refers to which of the following?

A) African Americans abiding by street culture norms to assert their "Blackness."
B) African Americans dressing conventionally, speaking in a "neutral" voice, and being extra polite in areas largely populated by Whites.
C) African Americans knowing how to act if/when interactions with the police are necessary.
D) African Americans placing a greater emphasis on family life than do other racial/ethnic groups.

Question 47

Which of the following cities has the greatest share of upper-income households residing in upper-income neighborhoods?

A) Houston, Texas
B) Atlanta, Georgia
C) Miami, Florida
D) Washington, D.C.

Question 48

Which of the following is true of rich White enclaves (RWEs)?

A) Residents of RWEs tend not to trust other people.
B) Residents of RWEs do not achieve upward social mobility any more quickly than other racial/ethnic minority groups.
C) Networking in RWEs is a cold, calculated practice that works to selfishly keep opportunities within their communities.
D) RWEs are rich in social capital for their residents.

Question 49

Most rich White enclaves are located __________.

A) in New York City
B) on the urban periphery
C) in suburban areas of large cities
D) in small towns

Question 50

Which of the following is true of children who grow up in rich White enclaves?

A) Children from high-income backgrounds who score low on math aptitude tests are three times more likely to attend college than children from low-income backgrounds who have comparable aptitude scores.
B) Children from low-income backgrounds who score high on math aptitude tests are three times more likely to attend college than children from high-income backgrounds who have comparable aptitude scores.
C) Children from low-income backgrounds are likely to have more social capital from the trust they have developed with community members.
D) Children in high-income families are no more likely to experience upward social mobility than their counterparts in lower-income families.

Question 51

Explain the reasons people migrate.

Question 52

Explain the debate between Neo-Malthusians and Cornucopians.

Question 53

Explain the intersection of environment and gender.

Question 54

How do rich White enclaves (RWEs) create social capital for their residents?