Deck 17: Conclusions

Question 1

Which view of Scarlett's presentation do you like best and why?

Answer 1

I really liked Scarlett's presentation from the perspective of the audience. She was engaging, confident, and had a clear delivery. Her use of visuals and real-life examples made the content easy to understand and relate to. Additionally, her passion for the topic was evident, which made it more enjoyable to watch. Overall, her presentation style was dynamic and kept me interested throughout.

Question 2

Compare 3 theoretical approaches that you have studied this semester in terms of empirical support.

Answer 2

The three theoretical approaches that I have studied this semester are cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, and humanistic therapy. In terms of empirical support, CBT has the most extensive evidence base. Numerous research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT in treating a wide range of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD. The empirical support for CBT comes from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and long-term follow-up studies, making it one of the most well-supported therapeutic approaches in psychology.

In comparison, psychodynamic therapy also has some empirical support, particularly in the treatment of certain conditions such as personality disorders and long-standing interpersonal difficulties. While the evidence base for psychodynamic therapy is not as extensive as that of CBT, there have been studies demonstrating its effectiveness, particularly in long-term treatment outcomes and improvements in interpersonal relationships.

On the other hand, humanistic therapy, such as person-centered therapy, has a more limited empirical support compared to CBT and psychodynamic therapy. While there have been some studies supporting the effectiveness of humanistic therapy, particularly in improving self-esteem and self-awareness, the empirical evidence is not as robust as that of CBT and psychodynamic therapy.

Overall, when comparing the three theoretical approaches in terms of empirical support, CBT stands out as the most well-supported approach, followed by psychodynamic therapy, and then humanistic therapy. It's important to note that while empirical support is valuable, the effectiveness of a therapeutic approach also depends on the individual client and their specific needs and preferences.

Question 3

Compare 3 theoretical approaches that you have studied this semester in terms of their views of human motivation.

Answer 3

The three theoretical approaches that I have studied this semester in terms of their views of human motivation are Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Self-Determination Theory, and Expectancy Theory.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs proposes that human motivation is driven by a hierarchy of needs, starting with basic physiological needs such as food and water, and progressing to higher-level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization. According to this theory, individuals are motivated to fulfill their most basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs.

Self-Determination Theory posits that human motivation is driven by three innate psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. This theory suggests that individuals are motivated when they feel a sense of autonomy in their actions, when they believe they are competent in their activities, and when they have meaningful relationships with others.

Expectancy Theory, on the other hand, focuses on the role of expectations and beliefs in driving human motivation. According to this theory, individuals are motivated to act in certain ways based on their beliefs about the outcomes of their actions and the value they place on those outcomes. In other words, individuals are motivated to pursue goals when they believe that their efforts will lead to desired outcomes and when they value those outcomes.

In comparing these three theoretical approaches, it is evident that they offer different perspectives on human motivation. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs emphasizes the hierarchical nature of motivation, Self-Determination Theory focuses on innate psychological needs, and Expectancy Theory highlights the role of expectations and beliefs. Each theory offers valuable insights into the complex nature of human motivation and provides a unique lens through which to understand and analyze motivational processes.

Question 4

Compare 3 theoretical approaches that you have studied this semester in terms of their basic philosophies.

Question 5

Choose 3 theoretical approaches that you have studied in this course and compare their views of the healthy person. Which do you think is best and why?

Question 6

Discuss the limitations of any two approaches you've studied in this course in terms of working with clients from diverse backgrounds.

Question 7

Describe the theoretical integrationist approach and discuss the strengths and
limitations of this approach.

Question 8

Anna has just finished a class in counseling theories and is very excited to select her theory of choice to write her theoretical orientation paper. Which of the following factors should Anna consider when making her decision?

A) empirical evidence for the theory
B) Anna's level of comfort with the theory's view of the characteristics of a healthy personality
C) Anna's beliefs about what motivates people
D) Anna should consider all of the factors that are listed above

Question 9

Which of the following theoretical orientations has the strongest level of empirical support?

A) Behavioral therapy
B) Solution-focused therapy
C) Individual psychology
D) Psychoanalytic theory

Question 10

Beth is evaluating psychoanalytic theory to determine whether or not it is a "good theory." Beth would be most accurate if she concluded that psychoanalysis is:

A) not stimulating or empirically supported, but very practical
B) empirically supported and stimulating, but not very practical
C) not empirically supported or practical, but stimulating
D) empirically supported, stimulating, and practical

Question 11

Donald is evaluating behaviorism to determine whether or not it is a "good theory." Donald would be most accurate if he concluded that behaviorism is:

A) stimulating and practical, but not empirically supported
B) empirically supported and stimulating but not practical
C) practical and empirically supported but not stimulating
D) empirically supported, practical and stimulating

Question 12

Deborah has spent a lot of time thinking about what theoretical orientation is the best fit for her. She is quite aware of her belief that there is not one true reality and instead, people create their own reality as they move through their experiences. Given this information, Deborah is likely to conclude that which of the following theoretical orientations is the best fit for her:

A) Family systems
B) Cognitive therapy
C) Individual psychology
D) Solution-focused therapy

Question 13

Donald just finished his introductory class in theories of counseling. As he reflects on what he learned during the course of the semester he realizes that he is acutely aware of his belief that reality is not something that can be created by people as they move through life; instead there must be one true reality that everyone recognizes. Given this information which of the following theoretical orientations is the best fit for him:

A) Behaviorism
B) Solution-focused therapy
C) Feminist therapy
D) Person-centered therapy

Question 14

Eric now realizes that he believes humans are motivated by unconscious motives that they need to become more aware of in order to change. The following theoretical orientation will not be a very good fit for him.

A) Adlerian therapy
B) Family systems
C) Person-centered therapy
D) Interpersonal theories

Question 15

Which of the following theoretical orientations has a strong view about how an individual's personality develops?

A) Cognitive Therapy
B) Feminist Therapy
C) Psychoanalytic Therapy
D) Reality Therapy

Question 16

Which of the following theoretical orientations does not have a theory of personality development?

A) Individual psychology
B) Person-centered theory
C) Gestalt therapy
D) Feminist therapy

Question 17

The transtheoretical approach to psychotherapy

A) strictly adheres to only one theory
B) uses the techniques from a theory but ignores the underlying theoretical assumptions
C) combines the techniques and establishes pantheoretical assumptions
D) adheres to the underlying theoretical assumptions but disregards the techniques

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT an element of the contextual model that was proposed by Frank & Frank in 1991?

A) the setting connected to a healing mission
B) a match between client and counselor background
C) the rationale that is believed by the client and counselor
D) the ritual that is based on rationale

Question 19

Processes, stages, and levels are three basic dimensions of change that are associated with which of the following theoretical orientations:

A) Interpersonal theories
B) Beutler's systematic eclectic psychotherapy
C) Transtheoretical therapy
D) Contextual therapy

Question 20

Which of the following are basic processes that are associated with change according to the transtheoretical approach to therapy?

A) self-liberation
B) countertransference
C) emotional expression
D) a and c

Question 21

A client who is a visitor in the Solution-focused therapy is in what stage of change in the transtheoretical model

A) pre-contemplation
B) preparation
C) traveling
D) procrastination

Question 22

Laura is working with a client from a person-centered approach and determined that the client is in Stage 3 of the therapy process. Laura's colleague, Matt, who practices therapy from the transtheoretical approach, consult with Laura on the case and determines that her client is in the _____ stage of change.

A) precontemplation
B) preparation
C) procrastination
D) preliminary

Question 23

Which theory of counseling has a PESSIMISTIC view of human motivation?

A) Person-centered
B) Reality therapy
C) Neoanalytic
D) Gestalt

Question 24

Which theory of counseling has a NEUTRAL view of human motivation?

A) Cognitive
B) Reality therapy
C) Neoanalytic
D) Gestalt

Question 25

Which theory of counseling has an OPTIMISTIC view of human motivation?

A) Individual psychology
B) Reality therapy
C) Gestalt
D) All of the above

Question 26

Which theory of counseling has no specific model of human development?

A) Psychoanalytic
B) Existentialism
C) Gestalt
D) Cognitive

Question 27

Empirical verification can be found for aspects of

A) Mindfulness approaches
B) Individual psychology
C) Family systems therapy
D) All of the above

Question 28

Of the following, probably the least evidence for empirical verification is found for

A) Behavior approaches
B) Cognitive approaches
C) Reality therapy
D) None of the above

Question 29

Gestalt therapy receives indirect support from the work of Greenberg and colleagues
In ____________.

A) Emotion-focused psychotherapy
B) Reality therapy
C) Narrative therapy
D) Mindfulness approaches

Question 30

Wampold argued that the most powerful influences on counseling outcome are:

A) length of the course of treatment and sessions
B) therapeutic relationship and therapist allegiance
C) client commitment and openness to change
D) length of training and experience of the therapist