Deck 2: The Human Body: Are We Really What We Eat

Question 1

Which of the following are made up of a group of organs that perform an integrated function?

A) molecules
B) tissues
C) systems
D) organelles

Answer 1

systems

Question 2

Which organ plays the primary role in prompting individuals to seek food?

A) stomach
B) small intestine
C) brain
D) mouth

Answer 2

brain

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a regulator of satiety in the body?

A) GI tract
B) hypothalamus
C) hormones
D) kidneys

Answer 3

kidneys

Question 4

Which of the following snacks will have the highest satiety value, assuming the Calories and relative size are similar?

A) slice of whole-grain bread
B) serving of Greek yogurt
C) glass of whole milk
D) glass of skim milk

Question 5

Which of the following sequences ranks the structures that make up the human body, from smallest to largest?

A) molecules>atoms>organs>systems>tissues>cells
B) atoms>molecules>cells>tissues>organs>systems
C) organs>tissues>molecules>systems>atoms>organs
D) atoms>cells>systems>tissues>molecules>organs

Question 6

Cell membranes are

A) very rigid and resistant to all non-cellular molecules.
B) semipermeable.
C) the organelles responsible for ATP production.
D) chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream by a gland.

Question 7

In which organelle is the cell's DNA located?

A) nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) cell membrane
D) cytoplasm

Question 8

The "powerhouses" of the cell that produce energy from food molecules are the

A) mitochondria.
B) ribosomes.
C) nuclei.
D) cytoplasm.

Question 9

What is the term that describes the process by which the foods we eat are broken down into smaller components by either mechanical or chemical means?

A) digestion
B) absorption
C) elimination
D) peristalsis

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a role that the liver plays in digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A) filtration of blood, removing potential toxins such as alcohol and drugs
B) secretion of insulin and glucagon to assist in the regulation of blood glucose concentrations
C) receiving products of digestion from the small intestine and releasing nutrients for the body's needs
D) synthesis of bile to assist in the digestion and absorption of fat

Question 11

Juanita eats her breakfast, and her GI tract then begins the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from this meal. What is the order in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process?

A) mouth>esophagus>small intestine>stomach>large intestine
B) mouth>esophagus>stomach>small intestine>large intestine
C) mouth>stomach>esophagus>small intestine>large intestine
D) mouth>stomach>esophagus>large intestine>small intestine

Question 12

The mechanical and chemical digestion of food is initiated in the

A) mouth.
B) small intestine.
C) stomach.
D) esophagus.

Question 13

Salivary amylase is a(n)

A) hormone.
B) antibody.
C) bicarbonate.
D) enzyme.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a component of the gastric juices?

A) hydrochloric acid
B) pepsin
C) insulin
D) gastric lipase

Question 15

Which of the macronutrients is NOT broken down chemically in the stomach?

A) protein
B) carbohydrate
C) fat
D) vitamin C

Question 16

Proteins that induce chemical changes to speed up body processes are called

A) hormones.
B) peptides.
C) enzymes.
D) chymes.

Question 17

What is the name of the sphincter that separates the esophagus and the stomach?

A) pyloric
B) gastroesophageal
C) ileocecal
D) rectal

Question 18

The last section of the small intestine that connects to the ileocecal valve is called the

A) bile duct.
B) duodenum.
C) jejunum.
D) ileum.

Question 19

Responding to the presence of fat in our meal, the gallbladder releases a substance called

A) lipase.
B) pepsin.
C) chyme.
D) bile.

Question 20

What roles do the hormones insulin and glucagon play in signaling hunger?

A) They detect changes in pressure in the stomach.
B) They stimulate release of digestive juices.
C) The respond to changing glucose levels and signal the hypothalamus.
D) They initiate movements in the GI tract known as "hunger pangs."

Question 21

Which circulatory system carries most of the fats and fat-soluble nutrients?

A) vascular
B) mesenteric
C) lymphatic
D) enterohepatic

Question 22

If a person has GERD, which of the following is probably malfunctioning?

A) gallbladder
B) pancreas
C) epiglottis
D) gastroesophageal sphincter

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describes irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

A) an erosion of the gastrointestinal tract caused by the overproduction of hydrochloric acid
B) an immune response resulting from the ingestion of an allergen
C) a hypersensitivity to wheat resulting in diarrhea and bloating
D) a bowel disorder that interferes with the colon; no definite cause is known

Question 24

Mary experiences anaphylactic shock after eating a peanut butter sandwich. What is the most appropriate treatment for Mary?

A) IV glucose
B) Tylenol or another pain medication
C) antibiotics
D) epinephrine

Question 25

The liquid within an animal cell is known as

A) gastric juice.
B) glucagon.
C) cytoplasm.
D) mitochondria.

Question 26

The psychological desire that encourages us to seek out a particular food is

A) hunger.
B) appetite.
C) satiety.
D) anorexia.

Question 27

The region of the forebrain where physiological signals are translated into thirst and hunger messages is the

A) pituitary gland.
B) adrenal gland.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 28

Secreted from many glands of the body, hormones act as

A) "powerhouses" of cells.
B) chemical messengers that trigger a physiological response.
C) absorptive features that increase the surface area of the small intestine.
D) fat emulsifiers.

Question 29

In contrast to hunger, appetite is triggered by

A) signals from nerve cells in the stomach lining.
B) insulin and glucagon.
C) satiety.
D) the sensory appeal of foods and their learned social and cultural associations.

Question 30

The state in which a person has a physiologic need for food but no appetite is known as

A) anorexia.
B) peristalsis.
C) satiety.
D) hunger.

Question 31

A functional grouping of similar cells is known as a(n)

A) atom.
B) molecule.
C) tissue.
D) organ.

Question 32

Tight rings of muscles that control the movement of food through the organs of the gastrointestinal tract are known as

A) villi.
B) microvilli.
C) mitochondria.
D) sphincters.

Question 33

Lipase enzymes are NOT produced in the

A) mouth.
B) large intestine.
C) stomach.
D) small intestine.

Question 34

Elimination is the bodily process in which

A) undigested portions of food and waste are removed from the body.
B) the products of digestion are taken through the wall of the intestine.
C) food is chemically and physically broken down into component molecules.
D) probiotics are produced.

Question 35

Which structure keeps food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

A) upper esophageal sphincter
B) lower esophageal sphincter
C) soft palate
D) epiglottis

Question 36

What condition occurs when hydrochloric acid and pepsin erode a part of the GI tract?

A) flatus
B) diarrhea
C) IBS
D) peptic ulcer

Question 37

Celiac disease is caused by a(n)

A) allergic reaction to gluten.
B) immune response to gluten.
C) sensitivity to proteins in dairy products.
D) intolerance to lactose.

Question 38

The cell's nucleus is the organelle responsible for producing energy from food molecules.

Question 39

The primary organ producing the sensation of hunger is the stomach.

Question 40

The pancreas is the largest digestive organ.

Question 41

The small intestine is the longest portion of the human GI tract.

Question 42

The most common symptom of GERD is chronic diarrhea.

Question 43

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common among women than men.

Question 44

Most instances of constipation are caused by intestinal bacteria.

Question 45

Diarrhea and dehydration are the most serious potential reactions when consuming an allergenic food product.

Question 46

Currently, the only treatment for celiac disease is a diet free of wheat, barley, and rye.

Question 47

Produced by the liver, bile is stored in the gallbladder and emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

Question 48

The brush border is a term that describes the microvilli of the large intestine's lining.

Question 49

The gallbladder secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize the acidity of chyme.

Question 50

Celiac disease can only be diagnosed with a blood test.

Question 51

Describe the symptoms and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Question 52

Describe the lining of the small intestine. How does its unique structure contribute to the process of nutrient absorption?

Question 53

Describe the main functions of the large intestine and identify the key processes that enable it to carry out these functions.

Question 54

Define peristalsis and identify where it occurs in the GI tract. Explain how disruptions to this process can lead to GER, diarrhea, constipation, and IBS.

Question 55

What is the most important factor contributing to the prevalence of traveler's diarrhea?

A) exposure to allergens in unlabeled foods
B) effect of unfamiliar foods on the GI tract
C) overconsumption of canned beverages
D) untreated drinking water

Question 56

In the first week of a backpacking trip, Seth came down with dysentery. Which symptom indicates that he should contact a physician immediately for treatment?

A) abdominal cramping
B) low-grade fever
C) bloody stools
D) watery diarrhea

Question 57

Traveler's diarrhea is caused by

A) food allergies.
B) stress.
C) antibiotic overuse.
D) viral or bacterial infections.

Question 58

One appetizing and safe alternative to barley for people with celiac disease is

A) wheat.
B) gluten.
C) Job's tears.
D) rye.

Question 59

Because the activity of probiotics in the GI tract is short-lived, they need to be consumed on a daily basis to be effective.

Question 60

Which of the following food sources is a rich source of probiotics?

A) whole-wheat bread
B) yogurt
C) orange juice
D) calcium supplements

Question 61

The emerging field of nutrigenomics studies how nutrition and environment can affect gene function.

Question 62

What are probiotics and how are they involved in keeping us healthy?

Question 63

List the eight major allergenic foods. Explain how and why the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates these ingredients in packaged foods.

Question 64

Define the concept of functional foods and give examples of the most common ones. Explain how probiotic foods are related to functional foods.