Deck 2: Culture, and Socialization

Question 1

Canadian universities strongly value academic integrity and negatively sanction cheating. Despite this, Christensen, Hughes and McCabe found a substantial proportion of undergraduate students admit to cheating on written work. What was this proportion?

A) 50%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Answer 1

50%

Question 2

What is a dominant ideology?

A) A subculture that rejects societal norms and values and seeks an alternative lifestyle.
B) A set of cultural beliefs in significant and direct opposition to that of the majority.
C) A specialized language used by members of a group or subculture.
D) A set of cultural beliefs that legitimates powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Answer 2

A set of cultural beliefs that legitimates powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Question 3

Why is ethnocentrism problematic?

A) Because it enhances patriotism and belief in the correctness of a group's way of life.
B) Because it creates an 'us' and 'them' mentality in which 'they' are seen as inferior.
C) Because it creates opportunities for in-group members.
D) Because it promotes social solidarity and group pride.

Answer 3

Because it creates an 'us' and 'them' mentality in which 'they' are seen as inferior.

Question 4

What is culture shock?

A) The feelings of disorientation and uncertainty that are experienced when people witness cultural practices different from their own.
B) The act of viewing people's behaviour from the perspective of one's own culture.
C) Being unaware of the existence of other cultures.
D) A set of beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of an argot?

A) Establishing patterns of communication that outsiders cannot understand.
B) Supporting and maintaining the values of the dominant culture.
C) Clarifying the boundary between "us" and "them".
D) Reinforcing a shared identity.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT among the seven core Canadian values produced by the Citizens' Forum on Canada's Future?

A) compassion and generosity
B) patriotism and nation
C) respect for Canada's natural beauty
D) consultation and dialogue

Question 7

In some parts of North America and Europe, the breeding of dogs for hunting is commonplace. People involved in this activity have developed different words to describe dogs with different hunting aptitudes, and these words are not very familiar to people outside this world. Of what is this an example?

A) cultural diffusion
B) counterculture
C) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
D) cultural integration

Question 8

As a feminist theorist explaining the concept of cultural relativism from your perspective, you would argue that

A) cultural relativism does not respect variations in the way men and women are viewed in different societies
B) cultural relativism respects variations in the way men and women are viewed in different societies
C) cultural relativism places a priority on dismissing other cultures as strange or exotic
D) cultural relativism is understood by employing value neutrality

Question 9

A man goes to a urologist who has been recommended by his family physician. When the urologist greets him in the examining room, the man discovers that the urologist is a female, and he is startled that a woman will examine him. What is he experiencing?

A) culture shock
B) cultural integration
C) cultural relativism
D) cultural universals

Question 10

Maggie, who grew up in Edmonton, finishes university and decides to do development work abroad. She spends two years in Mali, a developing nation in Africa, promoting health care for women in rural areas. When she returns, friends take her to the West Edmonton Mall to celebrate. Maggie is so overwhelmed by the amount of consumer goods and the noise and the bustle that she asks to be taken home within an hour of getting there. What is Maggie likely experiencing?

A) cultural relativity
B) reverse culture shock
C) culture shock
D) acculturation

Question 11

Armed militia groups, such as the Toronto Eighteen, which planned to set off bombs in public places in Canada to protest our involvement in the war in Afghanistan, are examples of what?

A) cultural relativism
B) cuniculture
C) monoculture
D) counterculture

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of culture?

A) eating in fast-food restaurants
B) gravity
C) using American Sign Language (ASL)
D) watching the Super Bowl

Question 13

Sociologist Harold Garfinkel studied the ways in which people make sense of their lives and the world around them through the technique of violating everyday norms. What is the name of the subdiscipline he developed in this way?

A) ethnomethodology
B) ethnography
C) normative evaluation
D) dominant ideology

Question 14

Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist?

A) The social process through which children become competent adults.
B) How social interactions shape human behaviour.
C) Explaining how our thoughts and actions are linked to our genes and biological makeup.
D) The social origins of human culture.

Question 15

Which of the following could be considered a folkway?

A) Having ID in a bar.
B) Putting money in a parking meter.
C) Paying your taxes.
D) Bringing a gift to a wedding.

Question 16

Roger has been convicted of child sexual abuse before a court. What has he violated?

A) countercultural values
B) folkways
C) informal norms
D) mores

Question 17

Which sociological perspective would argue that if all the society's most important institutions send a message that women should be subservient to men, then this dominant ideology will help to control women and keep them in a subordinate position?

A) functionalist perspective
B) interactionist perspective
C) conflict perspective
D) feminist perspective

Question 18

Which of the following is true of non-material culture?

A) It does not change once it has been created.
B) It is less resistant to change than material culture.
C) It is more resistant to change than material culture.
D) It changes at the same pace as material culture.

Question 19

Which of the following describes a society?

A) It is a dependent group that owes allegiance to a larger group.
B) It contains several different cultures.
C) It provides the context within which cultural relationships are established.
D) It contains one subculture and many cultures.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of non-material culture?

A) It has five key components.
B) It refers to ways of using material objects.
C) It includes written communication.
D) It includes food, houses, and factories.

Question 21

What is a system of shared symbols called?

A) material culture
B) language
C) sanctions
D) argot

Question 22

The violation by Iraqi security forces of the Muslim more which strictly forbids touching by strangers is described in your text. Of the following elements of culture, which one is most affected by the concept of diffusion in this particular situation?

A) norms
B) values
C) sanctions
D) language

Question 23

What are informal norms?

A) Those whose violation usually generates some form of social response, though not necessarily specific sanctions.
B) Made by a government for a society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the state.
C) Deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.
D) Norms governing everyday social behaviour, the violation of which raises great concern and leads to heavy sanctions always.

Question 24

Which anthropologist compiled a list of cultural universals?

A) Margaret Mead
B) Max Weber
C) George Murdock
D) William F. Ogburn

Question 25

Which theorist made the distinction between the elements of material and non-material culture?

A) William F. Ogburn
B) Margaret Mead
C) George Murdock
D) Max Weber

Question 26

Why does culture lag occur?

A) Most societies are less likely to change their folkways.
B) Most societies are more likely to change their material culture.
C) Most societies are more likely to change their non-material culture.
D) Most societies are more likely to modify cultural universals.

Question 27

Which of the following is an outcome of globalization?

A) Native cultures being threatened by Western popular culture.
B) The cultural domination of developed nations by developing nations.
C) People in developing nations exploring and cherishing their traditional values.
D) Wage increases in the developed world.

Question 28

What is the use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate known as?

A) language
B) nonverbal communication
C) the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
D) argot

Question 29

Which of the following does language NOT include?

A) written characters
B) involuntary movements
C) speech
D) nonverbal gestures and expressions

Question 30

You are a member of the post-secondary student subculture in Canada. As such, a typical cultural variation often practiced in your subculture is the use of technology such as cell phone and computer for personal use while attending a lecture. A symbolic interactionist would use which of the following concepts to explain how your subculture's customary
behaviour is guided?

A) diffusion
B) norms
C) argot
D) culture lag

Question 31

What are mores?

A) Norms that are made by government for society, interpreted by the courts, and backed by the power of the state.
B) Norms governing everyday social behaviour, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern.
C) Norms whose violation produces positive sanctions.
D) Norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.

Question 32

Which of the following statements about globalization is correct?

A) Periphery nations lose their traditional values and begin to identify with the culture of core nations.
B) Globalization is universally welcomed in all nations.
C) Most multinational corporations are uncooperative with the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.
D) Globalization uniformly increases standards of living worldwide.

Question 33

Which of the following is a function performed by norms?

A) Punishing those who transgress social rules.
B) Establishing the boundaries between geopolitical entities.
C) Defining attitudes about goodness, truth and beauty.
D) Establishing rules governing interpersonal behaviour that serve to make life more orderly.

Question 34

Which writer has noted "[Today] we are more familiar with European fairy tales than with our own traditional stories"?

A) Sembene Ousmane
B) Maya Angelou
C) Doris Lessing
D) Langston Hughes

Question 35

Diana is a teenager shopping with her friends. She notices each of them slip a small item of makeup into their bags. When they whisper encouragement to her to do the same, she refuses, because she believes shoplifting is wrong. To have gone along with her friends would have gone against Diana's what?

A) values
B) individualism
C) subculture
D) norms

Question 36

In Canada, professional gamblers, Armenian Canadians, teenagers, and hockey players are all examples of what?

A) contracultures
B) monocultures
C) countercultures
D) subcultures

Question 37

What is a society?

A) The geopolitical unit with which a people identifies.
B) The norms, values, and beliefs of a large group of people.
C) The structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction.
D) The totality of learned, socially transmitted behaviour.

Question 38

What is culture lag?

A) A period of adjustment when the non-material culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.
B) Viewing people's behaviour from the perspective of one's own culture.
C) The totality of learned, socially transmitted behaviour.
D) The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.

Question 39

What is innovation?

A) The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist.
B) The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture.
C) The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.
D) The process by which cultural items spread to different groups.

Question 40

Sociobiology is the systematic study of which of the following?

A) The social bases of biological behaviour.
B) The social structure within the animal kingdom.
C) The interactions between humans and higher animal forms.
D) How biology affects human social behaviour.

Question 41

Read carefully through the statement below and decide which of the options A-D is correct. According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis word symbols and the grammar of language organize the world for us. Thus, language must precede thought. Critics argue that this hypothesis is somewhat deterministic because language is depicted by both reflecting upon and constructing new phenomena.

A) The words "thought" and "language" in the second sentence should be reversed
B) The word "language" in the last sentence should be replaced by "culture"
C) The word "organize" should be replaced by "creates"
D) The word "somewhat" should be replaced by "overly"

Question 42

You are applying the concept of the sociological imagination to understand why a man who just lost his job was not being supported by his friends. Instead his friends are arguing that he deserved to lose his job as he has been partying and drinking a lot in the evenings lately and then consistently showing up for work late or calling in sick the next day. They argue that this behaviour is not socially acceptable in our capitalist culture at the best of times but is particularly inappropriate in the current recession. Which element of William Ogburn's components of nonmaterial culture would best explain his friends' reasoning in this situation?

A) sanctions
B) language
C) norms
D) values

Question 43

Who originally formulated the concept of ethnocentrism?

A) Seymour Martin Lipset
B) William F. Ogburn
C) William Graham Sumner
D) W. I. Thomas

Question 44

Components of culture can be called universal only if they are expressed in what?

A) the most general terms
B) terms of essential needs
C) words
D) the most specific terms

Question 45

Define the term culture and describe how members of society seek to preserve it. Identify the various cultural universals as suggested by George Murdock.

Question 46

Explain the differences among innovations, discoveries, inventions, and
diffusion. Give examples of each to clarify the differences between them.

Question 47

Define the term globalization and describe how it affects culture today. Give an example to support your answer.

Question 48

Identify the various types of social norms and give an example of each. Describe the various sanctions associated with violations of the various social norm types.

Question 49

Define the term ethnocentrism, and discuss some of its positive and negative
consequences. Give some examples to support your answer.

Question 50

Twin studies suggest that the nature-nurture debate is likely to continue.

Question 51

One national survey found that 85% of grade 11 students have their own mobile phone.

Question 52

In 2002 and 2003, about what proportion of Canadian children between six months and five years of age were being cared for during the day by someone other than a parent?

A) 54 percent
B) 66 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 33 percent

Question 53

About what percentage of youth ages 8 to 18 use the Internet every day?

A) 64 percent
B) 15 percent
C) 30 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 54

Which of the following would be the best example of a significant other?

A) a casual acquaintance at school
B) a high school coach
C) a clerk in a fast-food restaurant
D) a bus driver

Question 55

What is the dramaturgical approach?

A) A framework developed by George Herbert Mead.
B) The process of discarding former behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
C) A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
D) A phrase used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others.

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the self?

A) A static phenomenon.
B) A quality that one is "born with".
C) Continually developing and changing.
D) A replication quite similar to others.

Question 57

How can the sandwich generation best be described?

A) Adults who try to meet the competing demands of both their parents and their own children.
B) Children who eat their lunches at school every day.
C) Adults who realize that their parents have died and that they are now the oldest generation.
D) Children who realize that they are unlikely to achieve the same standard of living as their parents.

Question 58

Which social scientist believed that the self has components that work in opposition to each other?

A) George Herbert Mead
B) Erving Goffman
C) Sigmund Freud
D) Charles Horton Cooley

Question 59

Which of the following statements represents the transformation to self-development described by Mead?

A) Children first grasp their own social positions so they can begin to understand society's symbols which will allow them to recognize the attitudes, viewpoints and expectations of their family and society which guides them on how to act.
B) Children first must use the concept of play in order to learn the symbols necessary to communicate with their family. They then can learn the attitudes, viewpoints and expectations of others so they can interact in other social relationships.
C) Children first attach meanings to symbols, taught by the family, in order to communicate so that they can practice interacting in social relationships. Once they have grasped their own social positions they are able to begin to take the attitudes, viewpoints and expectations of their society in order to decide how to act.
D) Children first become familiar with their family's symbolic attitudes, viewpoints and expectations in order to grasp their own social position, which will allow them to interact in other social relationships in their society.

Question 60

According to a national survey, which of the following is the key event that marks the rite of passage into adulthood in the United States?

A) Reaching the legal drinking age.
B) Getting married.
C) Celebrating your 18^th birthday.
D) Completion of formal schooling.

Question 61

Which theory builds on the view that our understanding of self is a calculated process based on how we think others will see and judge us based on what we think they will see adding that individuals must work to create certain images in particular situations in order to interact successfully in society?

A) Goffman's presentation of the self
B) Cooley's looking-glass self
C) Mead's stages of the self
D) Piaget's cognitive theory of development

Question 62

Which of the following observed that schools in the United States produce teachable students who become manageable workers?

A) Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis
B) Friedrich Engels and Thomas Mann
C) Daniel Albas and Cheryl Albas
D) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Question 63

Where do children acquire their attitudes, beliefs and behaviours?

A) from their deep inner psyche
B) from their genetic heritage
C) from their cultural context
D) from their physical environment

Question 64

Which of the following is true of the term significant others?

A) It is George Herbert Mead's term for those individuals who are most important in the development of the self.
B) It is Erving Goffman's term for altering the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences.
C) It is Charles Horton Cooley's term for the child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole.
D) It is George Herbert Mead's term for the sum total of a person's conscious perception of her identity as distinct from others.

Question 65

Which of the following is true of the midlife crisis, according to the textbook?

A) It is experienced by men and childless women.
B) It is when men and women realize that they have not achieved basic goals and ambitions and have little time left to do so.
C) It typically begins at about age 50.
D) It is precipitated by having to care for an older and a younger generation simultaneously.

Question 66

What is the phrase used to describe the debate over the relative importance of environmental and biological factors in the socialization process?

A) nature versus nurture
B) role versus status
C) sociobiology versus biosociology
D) manifest versus latent functions

Question 67

A critical analysis of Cooley's looking-glass self would suggest which of the following ideas?

A) misperceptions of how others view us may be converted into positive self-identities
B) the self-results from an individual's imagination of how others view him or her
C) individuals develop self-identities based on correct perceptions of how others see them
D) self-identities are not subject to change

Question 68

According to the textbook, which of the following is true?

A) Some educators worry that the amount of time students spend on their part-time jobs interferes with their schoolwork.
B) Adolescents are more likely to work for a parent or relative today than has historically been the case.
C) Most people enter the workforce later in life these days because of the prolongation of formal schooling.
D) More than 65% of high school-aged students are active in the paid labour force.

Question 69

Which usually causes the most stress, socialization or resocialization?

A) socialization
B) resocialization
C) neither activity is stressful.
D) both activities are equally stressful.

Question 70

Which of the following best describes the process of socialization?

A) Discarding former behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.
B) People learn the attitudes, values, and behaviours appropriate for members of a particular culture.
C) People normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.
D) Mentally assuming the perspective of another.

Question 71

Regarding peer groups, what did sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler find?

A) A social pecking order is established early.
B) Class is more important than gender in determining popularity.
C) Popularity is not affected by attractiveness.
D) Popularity is independent of conformity.

Question 72

Studies of identical twins have done which of the following?

A) Proved conclusively the importance of environmental factors in human development.
B) Suggested that the nature-nurture debate is likely to continue.
C) Proved conclusively the importance of biological factors in human development.
D) Proved conclusively that human development is a result of the interaction between environmental and biological factors.

Question 73

An individual participates in personal therapy sessions for one year, and there are dramatic changes in the individual's personality during that period of time. What has this individual undergone?

A) anticipatory socialization
B) resocialization
C) socialization
D) positive socialization

Question 74

A child grows up in a dysfunctional family, where he observes abuse, constant fighting, character assassination, and humiliation. This represents an informal process of which of the following?

A) reverse socialization
B) desocialization
C) resocialization
D) anticipatory socialization

Question 75

You are at a singles bar and a friend of yours is rejected by a woman when she "comes on" to another person. Your friend turns to you and says, "There really isn't an interesting person in this entire crowd". Erving Goffman would refer to your friend's behaviour as _________, which is a concept held by the ___________ theory.

A) face-work; symbolic interactionist
B) resocialization; symbolic interactionist
C) impression management; feminist
D) role-taking; functionalist

Question 76

What do social scientists now recognize?

A) social interaction for young children is not as important as was once believed.
B) Isabelle and Genie were emotionally and socially healthy individuals and that early researchers who believed otherwise were simply expressing their cultural biases.
C) it is not enough to care for an infant's physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children's social development.
D) if young children are kept clean and warm, they will develop normally.

Question 77

What do life-course theorists suggest?

A) Socialization increases in importance in the later stages of life.
B) Socialization is attributable solely to biological influences.
C) Socialization stops after one experiences a rite of passage.
D) Socialization continues through all stages of the life cycle.

Question 78

What did Jean Piaget believe that morality and ethical behaviour were the outcome of?

A) symbolic competence
B) sensory experience
C) abstract thought
D) rule following behaviour

Question 79

What do children begin to learn to manipulate during the preparatory stage that will assist them in later interaction?

A) the looking glass self
B) symbols
C) their parents
D) role attributes

Question 80

What is narrowcasting?

A) The exclusion of the economically marginal from the cultural mainstream, through technological deprivation.
B) The targeting of products and services to small demographic niches.
C) The ability offered by new technologies to present cultural products without massive capital outlays.
D) A process through which we come to interact primarily with people like ourselves.