Deck 5: Developmental and Social Perspectives on Gender

Question 1

A female pseudohermaphrodite possesses

A) female external genitalia, but male internal structures.
B) one ovary and one testis.
C) two ovaries and some male genitals but no testes.
D) two testes and some female genitals but no ovaries.

Answer 1

two ovaries and some male genitals but no testes.

Question 2

The terms berdache and hijra refer to

A) gender roles for a "third sex" recognized in particular societies.
B) individuals in various societies who have a same-sex sexual orientation.
C) malformed genitalia in newborn infants.
D) women who choose to live as males in their respective societies.

Answer 2

gender roles for a "third sex" recognized in particular societies.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the traditional view of intersexuality in modern Western culture?

A) Modern Western culture generally has welcomed intersexed individuals and created a special social role for them.
B) Modern Western culture has generally embraced a one-sex model in which both females and intersexed individuals are considered less developed versions of males.
C) Modern Western culture has tended to view intersexuality as a biological accident or disease.
D) Unlike many other cultures, modern Western culture generally has been unconcerned with gender roles and the sexual categorization of individuals and so has not recognized intersexuality.

Answer 3

Modern Western culture has tended to view intersexuality as a biological accident or disease.

Question 4

A person's genetic sex is determined

A) at birth.
B) at conception.
C) during gestation.
D) during the fetal period.

Question 5

At birth, people are usually categorized on the basis of

A) body sex.
B) brain sex.
C) genetic sex.
D) social sex.

Question 6

Anatomical structures at birth define a person's

A) body sex.
B) gender identity.
C) gender role.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 7

Robin feels deep inside herself that she is female. In other words, she has a clear sense of her

A) brain sex.
B) gender identity.
C) gender role.
D) secondary sex characteristics.

Question 8

Chris wears clothes and acts in ways identified as feminine in her society. Such behavior is one aspect of

A) brain sex.
B) gender identity.
C) gender role.
D) sexual orientation.

Question 9

The process by which an embryo or fetus develops into a male, female, or intersexual organism is called

A) gender identity development.
B) gender role adherence.
C) ongoing socialization.
D) sexual differentiation.

Question 10

Sexual differentiation is determined

A) at birth by external genital structures.
B) at puberty by hormones secreted by the gonads.
C) before birth by the chromosomes.
D) by an interaction of biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors.

Question 11

If an individual has at least one X chromosome, that individual

A) cannot be a boy.
B) might be a boy.
C) must be a boy.
D) must be a girl.

Question 12

The term SRY refers to

A) factors during infancy and childhood that contribute to sexual differentiation.
B) one of several chromosomal disorders that affect the gender assignment of the newborn.
C) the region of the Y chromosome that seems to trigger the development of male sex organs.
D) the sensitivity of the young child to factors that can influence gender role development.

Question 13

Preliminary research focused on the DAX-1 gene suggests that

A) genetic determinants of sex may be overturned during postnatal development.
B) sexual differentiation begins during the middle fetal stage of development.
C) the X chromosome may also carry a sex-determining gene.
D) toxic substances ingested by the mother during fetal development may result in a chromosomal disorder.

Question 14

Which of the following is characteristically present in individuals with Turner syndrome?

A) Female external genitalia
B) Female internal genitalia
C) The XXX chromosome combination
D) Traits of a true hermaphrodite

Question 15

Which of the following genetic combinations has NOT been identified among humans?

A) XO
B) XXY
C) XYY
D) YO

Question 16

Jane has a miscarriage during the sixth week of pregnancy. Which of the following statements about the genetic sex of the embryo is true?

A) Because chromosomal disorders are so common, it was probably an intersexual individual.
B) It was more likely a girl than a boy because more girls are conceived.
C) It would be impossible to tell the sex of the embryo by visually inspecting the embryo.
D) The sex of the embryo would not have been determined until the twelfth week of gestation.

Question 17

In fetal development, it is not possible to determine the sex of a human embryo by its appearance until at least

A) 5 weeks.
B) 8 weeks.
C) 12 weeks.
D) 16 weeks.

Question 18

The embryonic structures that develop into ovaries are called the

A) genital tubercles.
B) Müllerian ducts.
C) ovarian ducts.
D) Wolffian ducts.

Question 19

The embryonic structures that develop into testes and related reproductive structures are called the

A) genital tubercles.
B) H-Y antigens.
C) Müllerian ducts.
D) Wolffian ducts.

Question 20

The chemical agent that helps change the fetal gonads into testes is called

A) DAX-1.
B) FSH.
C) H-Y antigen.
D) testosterone.

Question 21

During fetal development, the SRY gene activates

A) an increase in the level of DSS.
B) expression of DAX-1.
C) production of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).
D) the development of the penis.

Question 22

If you were able to closely examine a 12-week-old fetus, you would

A) be able to determine if DHT-deficiency syndrome is present.
B) be able to distinguish male or female genitalia.
C) be able to observe changes in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
D) not be able to tell the sex of the fetus.

Question 23

Recent research suggests that

A) fetal sex hormones only affect the functioning of the peripheral nervous system.
B) fetal sex hormones affect the number and location of nerve synapses in the hypothalamus.
C) fetal sex hormones have an effect on behavior only after the organism has reached sexual maturity.
D) the presence of male hormones has an effect on brain development only after birth.

Question 24

Recent studies of fetally androgenized females suggest that

A) corrective surgery can override genetic sex in assigning a person to a particular gender.
B) fetal androgen exposure during the second trimester of pregnancy is associated with masculine behavior in early childhood
C) in the absence of masculinizing hormones, sex and reproductive structures take on a female form.
D) prenatal sex hormones influence adult sexual orientation.

Question 25

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the core problem in AIS?

A) A build-up of androgenic hormones in XX females produces masculinized genitals and masculine traits.
B) Developing cells of XY males fail to respond normally to testosterone, and female genitals and incomplete female internal structures develop.
C) Prenatal exposure to synthetic testosterone results in greater aggression and individualism in both females and males.
D) The absence of DHT results in undescended testes and an underdeveloped penis.

Question 26

Studies of DHT-deficient individuals in the Dominican Republic and New Guinea demonstrated

A) how parents can influence the gender identity and sexual preferences of their children.
B) how socialization and hormonal factors interact in the development of gender identity.
C) that modern medical interventions can disrupt normal sexual differentiation.
D) that sex assignment at birth and the resulting gender identity cannot be altered at puberty.

Question 27

Which statement most accurately reflects the concept of the multiplier effect?

A) Being genetically male can lead to a great many development-related problems.
B) Biological and socioenvironmental factors increasingly build on each other as a person grows up.
C) Genetic factors override hormonal factors in determining the shape of the external genitalia.
D) The presence of sex hormones during prenatal development influences a multitude of organs and functions.

Question 28

Using different disciplinary techniques with girls and boys, interacting with boys more roughly than with girls, and selecting different types of toys for boys and girls are all examples of the impact of

A) differential socialization.
B) secondary sexual characteristics.
C) sexual differentiation.
D) the multiplier effect.

Question 29

The child's earliest sense of his or her own masculinity or femininity is his or her

A) core gender identity.
B) process of sexual differentiation.
C) socially assigned sex.
D) ultimate sexual orientation.

Question 30

In boys, puberty typically begins at around age

A) 9.
B) 11.
C) 13.
D) 15.

Question 31

In girls, puberty typically begins at around age

A) 9.
B) 11.
C) 13.
D) 15.

Question 32

What is gynecomastia?

A) Delay in the onset of menstruation in females
B) Development of an enlarged clitoris in females
C) Failure of the male larynx to grow and deepen the voice
D) Slight breast enlargement in males

Question 33

Harry believes that if he is aggressive, competitive, and brave in dangerous situations, he cannot also be conciliatory, cooperative, and fearful in dangerous situations. What model of masculinity/femininity does he appear to believe in?

A) Androgynous
B) Bipolar
C) Oblique
D) Orthogonal

Question 34

A person whose behavior encompasses both traditionally feminine and masculine presentations, might be described as

A) androgynous.
B) oblique.
C) orthogonal.
D) undifferentiated.

Question 35

In the __________ and __________ models, individuals may have varying levels of both masculine and feminine traits.

A) bipolar; oblique
B) bipolar; orthogonal
C) oblique; androgynous
D) orthogonal; oblique

Question 36

Even though professional views about the pathology of transgenderism are changing, a person who does not conform with a traditional male or female gender role would traditionally be diagnosed as displaying

A) androgyny.
B) gender dysphoria.
C) hypermasculinity.
D) same-sex sexual orientation.

Question 37

Although he lives a fairly conventional masculine lifestyle, Louis feels he was born into the wrongly sexed body. He is seeking hormonal treatment and surgery in order to live as a woman. Louis would be considered a

A) cross-dresser.
B) homosexual.
C) transsexual.
D) transvestite.

Question 38

Gender differences in mechanical aptitude, mathematical reasoning, and writing ability are believed by some researchers to be due to

A) differences in the degree of cerebral lateralization.
B) differing unconscious motivations.
C) sociobiological forces.
D) the social construction of gender.

Question 39

The theory of gender role development that includes concepts such as penis envy and castration anxieties is

A) cognitive-developmental theory.
B) gender schema theory.
C) psychoanalytic theory.
D) social learning theory.

Question 40

Processes such as observation, imitation, and lifelong learning are important concepts in which theory of gender role development?

A) Cognitive-developmental theory
B) Gender schema theory
C) Psychodynamic theory
D) Social learning theory

Question 41

Which of the following statements is NOT an assertion of the cognitive-developmental theory of gender role development?

A) Boys and girls come to perceive the masculine gender role and male genitals as more powerful and desirable.
B) Gender role development begins with the child's self-categorization as a boy or girl.
C) The child comes to identify with the same-sex parent and becomes more attached to things related to that masculine or feminine model.
D) The child comes to value things that are associated with his or her self-label as a boy or girl.

Question 42

Nina, a 6-year-old, states that she won't play softball, soldier, or explorer because they are boys' games. She will only play school, house, or ballet dancer, stating that these are girls' games. Nina could therefore be described as

A) androgynous.
B) gender aschematic.
C) gender schematic.
D) independent.

Question 43

Which of the following has NOT been a theme in the socialization of girls in U.S. society?

A) Acceptance of dependence on others for a sense of self-worth
B) Acceptance of dependence on others for comfort
C) Rewards for compliant behavior
D) Strong criticism for stepping out of the female gender role

Question 44

Which of the following has NOT been a theme in the socialization of boys in U.S. society?

A) Devaluing of female roles
B) Criticism for not adhering to a narrow definition of their gender role
C) Greater emphasis on obedience than achievement
D) Pressure to become self-controlling and independent

Question 45

An important finding of the AAUW survey of boys and girls at different ages was that

A) although all adolescent girls developed lower self-esteem, this was especially true of African-American girls.
B) girls expressed anger and all other emotions more frequently as they grew older.
C) girls were strongly discouraged from pursuing athletic interests.
D) the self-esteem of girls dropped significantly during adolescence, especially among white and Hispanic girls.

Question 46

Aspects of the traditional male role that tend to make men uncomfortable include

A) the male as competent worker and provider.
B) the male as emotionally controlled stoic.
C) the male as sexual aggressor and sexual educator of women.
D) All of these

Question 47

Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the chromosomal combination ______________________.

Question 48

Turner syndrome is characterized by the chromosomal combination ______________________.

Question 49

A genetic disorder that masculinizes chromosomal females and seems to lead to a masculinization of behavior is known as ______________________.

Question 50

A condition in which cells of genetic males are unable to respond normally to testosterone secreted by the fetal testes is known as ______________________.

Question 51

A condition in which a boy is born with undescended testes and an underdeveloped penis that may be mistaken for a clitoris is known as ______________________.

Question 52

______________________ theory suggests that gender identity results from social and cultural models and influences during the early years of development.

Question 53

______________________ is a term used to describe the presence of high levels of both masculine and feminine traits.

Question 54

The most extreme form of transgenderism is ______________________.

Question 55

_______________________ explain gender roles by describing how these roles might help the species reproduce and survive.

Question 56

Fertilization of the ovum by a Y-bearing sperm produces an XY combination, resulting in a(n) ______________________ child.

Question 57

There is recent evidence that intersex children frequently develop emotional and psychological problems.

Question 58

Hermaphroditism is defined as the presence of high frequencies of both masculine and feminine behaviors and physical traits in the same individual.

Question 59

Pseudohermaphrodites have both testes and ovaries.

Question 60

Human beings have an inner sense of themselves as female, male, or a position between the two, known as gender identity.

Question 61

Transvestitism is a sociocultural expression of cross-genderism.

Question 62

The gene that appears to trigger the development of male organs is called the DSS gene.

Question 63

In females, the Müllerian ducts develop into the uterus, fallopian tubes, and part of the vagina.

Question 64

Research has found gender differences in the number and location of in the hypothalamus.

Question 65

Individuals diagnosed as having AIS are genetic males who have developed normal-appearing female genitals and incomplete internal organs.

Question 66

Giving soft, cuddly toys to infant girls and hard, cold toys to infant boys is an example of differential socialization.

Question 67

The term androgyny refers to a type of gender neutrality ? that is, displaying neither traditionally feminine personality traits nor traditionally masculine ones.

Question 68

Carol Gilligan's study in 1990 found that girls enter a repression phase during adolescence.

Question 69

Feminists are women whose primary aim is to improve the status of feminine traits.

Question 70

Because transgendered people cross socially determined barriers relating to gender expression, they may be met with harsh judgment and prejudice.

Question 71

Briefly describe how chromosomes combine under normal conditions to begin the process of sexual differentiation.

Question 72

What are the functions of SRY and DHT?

Question 73

What is the difference between true hermaphrodites and pseudohermaphrodites?

Question 74

What are berdaches and hijras?

Question 75

What is the function of the H-Y antigen?

Question 76

What hormones are necessary for the undifferentiated fetal genital tubercle to take on the characteristic shape of the female external genitals?

Question 77

Explain what is meant by differential socialization.

Question 78

Explain the concept of androgyny and offer at least one example.

Question 79

Name at least three cognitive or motor functions in which gender differences have been identified and indicate whether, on average, females or males appear to possess superior abilities in performing that function.

Question 80

How does social learning theory account for gender role development?