Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Problematic patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that disrupt an individual's sense of well-being or social or occupational functioning are referred to as:

A) psychopathology
B) abnormal
C) deviance
D) cognitive dissonance

Answer 1

psychopathology

Question 2

The percentage of a population with a disorder is referred to as:

A) incidence
B) prevalence
C) observance
D) exhibition rates

Answer 2

prevalence

Question 3

My buddy thinks that counting the number of people within a culture that suffer from a particular disorder is not good for comparing cultures. Instead, he tells me that the proportion of people within a culture would be more useful. He is referring to:

A) incidence
B) prevalence
C) observance
D) exhibition rates

Answer 3

prevalence

Question 4

The symptoms associated with a particular disorder have been shown to vary between cultures. Individuals from Ireland who suffer from schizophrenia are different from those from the United States who also suffer from schizophrenia. In which of the following ways are the two groups different?

A) auditory hallucinations
B) non-associated thought patterns
C) religious delusions
D) all of the above are differences between Irish and American sufferers of schizophrenia

Question 5

In his book, The Myth of Mental Illness, _____ proposes that those who are mentally ill are the only ones who should determine whether their symptoms present a problem.

A) Thomas Szasz
B) Jack Kaplan
C) David Rosenhan
D) Alice Freeman

Question 6

Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, whose views were highly influential in changing laws for commitment to mental institutions, argued that people should only be treated for mental illness if:

A) their behavior meets DSM-IV established guidelines
B) the mental institution is qualified to meet the needs of their particular disorder
C) their behavior poses a physical threat to themselves or others
D) they, themselves, consider their symptoms a problem

Question 7

According to _____ theory, a diagnosis of mental illness is simply a way to categorize individuals whom a society considers deviant.

A) psychoanalytic
B) labeling
C) mis-assignment
D) cultural construction

Question 8

According to labeling theory,

A) mental illnesses are easier to predict and control if they have been identified
B) psychiatric diagnoses are merely a way to identify and stigmatize individuals who do not conform to societal rules
C) emotions are based on the way that the individual identifies the relevant situation
D) the DSM-IV can be used to place mental disorders into their social and biological context

Question 9

Which of the following is not a reason for considering labeling a dangerous thing to do?

A) The labeled person may be discriminated against
B) Labeling is likely to cause those in contact with the labeled person to act or behave in an abnormal way
C) The labeled person may adopt their label and start acting the part
D) The behavior of the labeled person may be interpreted as "crazy" even though it is not normally considered that way

Question 10

A study that involved contacting 180 people who had advertised having a room for rent revealed that:

A) people suffering from mental illness were discriminated against
B) behavior deemed as abnormal depends on context
C) that behavior displayed by one gender will be classified as "strange" while it will be deemed "normal" for the other gender
D) abnormal behavior can exist in acceptable forms

Question 11

In your textbook, a study was mentioned that involved an investigator contacting 180 people who had advertised having a room for rent. When talking with the landlord, the investigator (pretending to be interested in the apartment) revealed that he was soon to be released from a mental hospital. After hearing that piece of information, _____ percent of the landlords reported the room was already rented, even though it was not.

A) 40
B) 75
C) 88
D) 95

Question 12

Who conducted a study whereby he and seven other individuals pretended to be schizophrenic?

A) Thomas Szasz
B) Jack Kaplan
C) David Rosenhan
D) Alice Freeman

Question 13

The study of David Rosenhan that involved he and seven other individuals pretending to be schizophrenic provided support for:

A) the psychodynamic approach
B) the notion that psychology is filled with incompetent individuals
C) the creation of the DSM, now in its fourth edition
D) labeling theory

Question 14

Which of these observations were made in the study "On Being Sane In Insane Places?"

A) In four public hospitals, staff spent only 11.3% of their time outside the "cage", a glassed-in area that separated them from the patients.
B) A number of actual hospital patients realized that the pseudo patients were actually sane
C) All but one of the pseudo patients were diagnosed with schizophrenia.
D) All of the above.

Question 15

In order to control for the controversy created by David Rosenhan's study, a number of criticisms were made of the methods of the study and its meaning. Which one of the following is NOT one of those criticisms?

A) Behavior is meaningful only when it is understood in context.
B) The study simply shows that people are capable of fooling other people.
C) Not enough emphasis was put on the finding that labeling the patient as being in "remission" resulted in the accurate interpretation of the pseudo-patient's behavior.
D) All are criticisms against the Rosenhan study.

Question 16

The main finding of Rosenhan's study of 8 individuals admitted to psychiatric hospitals is that:

A) cognitive skills change across the lifespan.
B) people who are in mental hospitals do not really have mental illnesses
C) labeling a person with a mental illness leads average people and even psychiatrists to interpret their behavior as evidence of the illness
D) There is not a single clear criteria for mental illness

Question 17

The three broad classes of psychopathology distinguished by psychodynamic theorists are:

A) anxiety disorders, personality disorders, somatoform disorders
B) organic disorders, developmental disorders, experiential disorders
C) cognitive dysfunctions, behavioral abnormalities, interpersonal maladies
D) personality disorders, neuroses, psychoses

Question 18

According to psychodynamic theorists, problems in living, such as phobias, constant self-doubt, and repetitive interpersonal problems such as trouble with authority figures, are known as:

A) consistent disorders
B) organic disorders
C) behavioral abnormalities
D) neuroses

Question 19

A student of mine is always arguing with her professors about what the professor says. In a conversation with this student, she mentioned that her latest relationship had recently ended due to her "nagging." She mentions, in passing, that her nagging behavior has ended all of her last 6 relationships. She also has the tendency to think she cannot pass her classes and has a number of irrational fears. Based on the information presented in the textbook, which of the following best applies to her?

A) neuroses
B) personality disorder
C) psychoses
D) cognitive dysfunction

Question 20

Enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, feeling and behavior that lead to chronic disturbances in interpersonal and occupational functioning are categorized as:

A) neuroses
B) personality disorders
C) psychoses
D) cognitive dysfunctions

Question 21

In the past 5 years, I have been involved in relationships with more than ten women. In fact, my relationships with women have affected my employment. I have held three jobs in the past 5 years. Which of the following best applies to me?

A) neuroses
B) personality disorders
C) psychoses
D) cognitive dysfunctions

Question 22

I've been hearing voices, and I fear I am losing touch with reality. I often think that people that I drive past are following me, trying to spy on me Which of the following best applies to me?

A) neuroses
B) oppositional disorder
C) psychoses
D) cognitive dysfunctions

Question 23

People suffering from _____ typically have difficulty maintaining meaningful relationships and employment, interpret interpersonal events in highly distorted ways, and are chronically vulnerable to depression or despair.

A) personality disorders
B) psychoses
C) neuroses
D) phobias

Question 24

Psychoses are defined in your textbook as:

A) chronic and severe disturbances that substantially inhibit the capacity to love and to work
B) gross disturbances involving a loss of touch with reality
C) enduring maladaptive patterns of thought, feeling and behavior that lead to chronic disturbances in interpersonal and occupational functioning
D) problems in living, such as constant self-doubt, and repetitive interpersonal problems

Question 25

A friend of mine has moods that are entirely unpredictable, or so it seems. She can be in a very joyful, energetic mood one moment and then soon afterwards is incredibly depressed and introverted. She recently confessed to me that she swears she hears people talking despite the fact that no one is there, and she thinks her landlord is out to get her. She is most likely suffering from which one of the following?

A) neuroses
B) personality disorders
C) psychoses
D) phobias

Question 26

The causes of an individual's abnormal behavior require the determination of:

A) prognosis
B) ontology
C) epistemology
D) etiology

Question 27

It has been argued that schizophrenia can be affected by experience. For example, rates of schizophrenia are higher among those drafted into the armed forces than those who voluntarily join. Which of the following applies to what is being discussed?

A) prognosis
B) ontology
C) epistemology
D) etiology

Question 28

Which of the following is true?

A) Psychoses result primarily from biological abnormalities while neuroses and personality disorders stem more from environmental experiences.
B) Biological abnormalities play the major role in psychoses, neuroses, and personality disorders.
C) Environmental experiences play the major role in psychoses, neuroses, and personality disorders.
D) Personality disorders and psychoses result primarily from biological abnormalities, while neuroses stem more from environmental factors.

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT one of the three questions a psychodynamic psychologist asks in order to create a set of hypotheses about a patient's personality structure and meaning of his or her symptoms?

A) What does the patient wish for and fear?
B) What psychological resources does the person have at his or her disposal?
C) What physiological factors may be impacting the patient's condition?
D) How does the patient experience himself or herself and others?

Question 30

I was watching a reality show on television the other night. One of the contestants was having a huge problem with the fact that she was raised to be nice to everyone ("to be good to others") and yet she had the strong need to destroy her fellow contestants so that she could win the game. The battle between the two ideas/needs created psychological disturbances for her. This supports the psychodynamic perspective that argues that abnormal behavior is a result of:

A) an unbalanced ego functioning
B) unconscious conflicts
C) a poor psychodynamic formulation
D) variably dominant motives

Question 31

A psychodynamic formulation refers to:

A) a stable mental state
B) the absence of neuroses or psychoses
C) a set of hypotheses about the patient's personality structure and the meaning of a symptom
D) the determination of the psychosexual stage the individual is currently in

Question 32

For the psychodynamic perspective, _____ involve(s) a person's ability to function autonomously, make sound decisions, think clearly, and regulate impulses and emotions.

A) balanced psychodynamic formulations
B) cognitive clarity
C) ego functioning
D) psychosexual homeostasis

Question 33

For the psychodynamic perspective, a person's ability to form meaningful relationships with others and to maintain self-esteem is related to the concept of:

A) interpersonal skills
B) object relations
C) ego functioning
D) psychosexual homeostasis

Question 34

For the behavioral perspective, a person's mental stability is a function of:

A) interpersonal skills
B) conditioned emotional responses
C) their psychodynamic formulation
D) homeostasis

Question 35

The cognitive-behavioral perspective does NOT include which one in its theory?

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive-social perspective
D) information-processing approach

Question 36

My girlfriend breaks up with me and I am devastated. I can't seem to stop crying. It may be that I watch sad movies and listen to sad songs on the radio. I seem to find myself in a depressed state from which I cannot escape. I feel like a loser and I think I will never be in a relationship that lasts. The type of therapist I should see should adhere to which approach?

A) cognitive-behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) existential

Question 37

With respect to pathological anxiety, the data suggest that:

A) the amygdala and frontal lobes are likely to be involved
B) there occurs a heightening of nervous system activity
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 38

According to the biological approach, psychopathology is caused by:

A) family history
B) abnormal firing of brain circuitry
C) early learned experiences
D) exposure to toxins in the environment

Question 39

Biological researchers have tended to find that psychopathology is related to:

A) genetics
B) specific regions of the brain
C) neurotransmitter dysfunction
D) all of the above

Question 40

The notion that biological and environmental factors equally contribute to psychopathology can be seen in the:

A) social-cognitive perspective
B) cognitive-behavioral model
C) diathesis-stress model
D) information processing approach

Question 41

The fact that some of us are predisposed, or have an underlying vulnerability, to mental illness is referred to as:

A) determinism
B) diathesis
C) fatalism
D) biological determinism

Question 42

My brother developed a mental illness when he was in his 30s. I worry that I might do the same, because of the inherited component of the illness. My mother comforts me, reminding me that my brother ran away from home, lived on the streets for a while, and generally has had a hard life, which may be why he developed the illness. I may have similar genetics, but have had a much easier life. My mother is suggesting

A) the biological approach to psychopathology
B) the diathesis stress model
C) the psychodynamic approach to pathology
D) the systematic approach to pathology

Question 43

A(n) _____ approach explains an individual's behavior in the context of a social group, such as a couple, family, or larger group.

A) systems
B) social contextual
C) social-cognitive
D) interpersonal

Question 44

According to the family systems model, the source of an individual's psychopathology lies in:

A) the identified patient
B) the symptom bearer.
C) the family's difficulties.
D) the individual's inherited tendencies

Question 45

According to the textbook, in the family systems model, the _____ is the person who is singled out as needing help.

A) identified patient
B) symptom bearer
C) most dominant person
D) least dominant person

Question 46

The _____ is the individual displaying the family's difficulties, according to a family systems model.

A) identified parent
B) symptom bearer
C) most dominant person
D) least dominant person

Question 47

According to the family systems model, the methods that families use to preserve equilibrium are called family _____ mechanisms.

A) alliance
B) stabilization
C) status quo
D) homeostatic

Question 48

From a family systems perspective, psychological symptoms are:

A) evidence of a non-loving and distant family
B) caused by marital tension
C) dysfunctional efforts to cope with a disturbance in the family
D) inevitable in single parent families

Question 49

From a family systems perspective, the part an individual typically plays in a family interaction is:

A) the individual's "character"
B) their internal portrayal
C) the family role
D) none of the above

Question 50

I read an interesting case study about a family where a bigger, older brother is taken care of and protected by, his little, younger sister. This is an example of:

A) undefined family boundaries
B) nonexistent family boundaries
C) role fluidity
D) role reversal

Question 51

The family systems model considers the family as a whole as well as the marital subsystem. The marital subsystem refers to the relationship between:

A) siblings
B) parents and offspring
C) same-sex sibling
D) the parents

Question 52

My research assistant is one of nine children in her family. She grew up having to share a bedroom with two other sisters. The family knew everyone's business and there was never any time to be alone and to do things by oneself. Her family represents a/an _____ family.

A) interwoven
B) engaged
C) enmeshed
D) disengaged

Question 53

As I was growing up, my siblings and I were all separated from each other. We never interacted except at dinner time. We all, separately, did our own thing. My family is considered to be:

A) unattached
B) disengaged
C) dissociated
D) interpersonally independent

Question 54

In a competition between my mother and my oldest sister, my mother is quick to ask me what I think. She knows I will support her. When my older sister wants support for her position, she asks my little sister. My brother stays neutral all the time. Which of the following terms best fits this tendency?

A) boundaries
B) alliances
C) internal boundaries
D) familial subsystems

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an important part of family systems therapy?

A) family concordances
B) family homeostatic mechanisms
C) family boundaries
D) family alliances

Question 56

From an evolutionary perspective, psychopathology:

A) is difficult to explain genetically
B) is considered an intrinsic phenotype
C) has been shown to be correlated with a number of non-physical traits
D) is maladaptive

Question 57

From an evolutionary perspective, psychopathology happens, despite not being adaptive, because

A) the illness does not evidence itself until after reproduction
B) the illness may be adaptive in certain situations, as when anxiety keeps people from danger
C) the illness is caused by environmental factors
D) all of the above

Question 58

Those who adhere to an evolutionary perspective on psychopathology use _____ as a way of explaining how a trait could be advantageous in one context and maladaptive in another.

A) leukemia
B) albinism
C) sickle cell anemia
D) benign cancer

Question 59

Those who adhere to an evolutionary perspective on psychopathology use _____ as a way of explaining how more than one trait can be linked to the same gene.

A) leukemia
B) albinism
C) sickle cell anemia
D) rheumatoid arthritis

Question 60

The descriptive approach appears to be most tied to (the):

A) psychodynamic perspective
B) biological perspective
C) cognitive-behavioral approach
D) no one theoretical perspective

Question 61

In descriptive diagnosis, mental disorders are classified into _____, constellations of symptoms that tend to occur together.

A) clinical syndromes
B) diagnostic clusters
C) psychopathological categories
D) descriptive patterns

Question 62

The manual of clinical syndromes that researchers and clinicians use to make diagnoses is known as:

A) MMI; Manual of Mental Illness
B) PDR; Psychiatrist's Desk Reference
C) HSD; Handbook of Statistics and Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
D) DSM; The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Question 63

The DSM-IV is a book containing:

A) strategies for combating depression, suicide, and maladaptive thoughts (fourth edition).
B) a description of the 100 most frequently seen psychological diseases
C) the percentages of people with psychological disorders who can expect to continue normal functioning
D) a listing of the symptoms of each type of major and minor psychological disorder

Question 64

The book that most psychologists refer to when determining if a list of symptoms constitutes a psychological disorder is known as:

A) The APA Symptom Checklist
B) Drug and Standard Methods for Interpreting Varieties of Therapeutic Treatment
C) The Handbook of Mental Illness
D) The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Version Four).

Question 65

When determining a diagnosis for treating mental disorders, the different axes refer to:

A) the symptoms, personality disturbances, medical conditions, and environmental stressors
B) The severity of the disorder and the extent to which it will interfere with daily life
C) The domain of life which will be most disrupted by the disorder, such as work, school, or relationships
D) The types of emotional, physical, or social disruption that can be expected from a particular disorder

Question 66

The idea that psychological disorders fall into discrete categories suggests that the _____ model of psychopathology is most appropriate.

A) disease
B) atheoretical
C) multiaxial
D) diagnostic

Question 67

How many axes are in the DSM-IV?

A) 4
B) 2
C) 5
D) 9

Question 68

The system used by current psychologists that places mental disorders in their social and biological context, assessing the patient on five axes is known as

A) psychobiological approach
B) multiphasic model of disorders
C) a multi-axial system of diagnosis
D) diathesis stress model of diagnosis

Question 69

Axis _____ of the DSM-IV refers to a person's clinical syndromes, the patient's current condition.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 70

Axis _____ of the DSM-IV refers to a person's enduring problems with interpersonal or occupational functioning.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 71

Axis _____ of the DSM-IV refers to a person's general medical condition.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 72

The psychopathology of my patient seems to be tied to the fact that he is obese and has suffered from five heart attacks and two strokes. Which DSM-IV axis is pertinent to this information?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 73

Axis _____ of the DSM-IV refers to a person's psychosocial and environmental stressors.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 74

An individual is suffering from substance abuse. It appears to be linked to the fact that the patient is married to a controlling and highly critical person. Which DSM-IV axis does this refer to?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 75

Axis _____ of the DSM-IV refers to a patient's global level of functioning.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 76

A person is entirely incapable of holding down a job and taking care of the seemingly simple things (e.g., paying bills on time). Which DSM-IV axis does this refer to?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 77

What disorder is characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and heightened levels of activity for a child of that age?

A) Obsession
B) ADD
C) Impulse control disorder
D) ADHD

Question 78

Ben is a first grader who has difficulty in class. He distracts his classmates by fidgeting, talking, and playing when he is supposed to be listening to his teacher. Ben's teacher must constantly remind him to sit still and pay attention. Ben can most likely be diagnosed with:

A) anxiety disorder
B) Asberger's syndrome
C) Impulse control disorder
D) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 79

Although children with ADHD may exhibit symptoms earlier, it is not until ____ that it tends to be recognized.

A) 4 years
B) elementary school
C) adolescence
D) 2 years

Question 80

What percent of school-aged children have ADHD?

A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 50%
D) 20%