Deck 11: Health, Stress, and Coping

Question 1

Which field of psychology is involved in understanding the psychological influences affecting, for example, why people get ill and how they respond when they get ill?

A) health psychology
B) pathological psychology
C) forensic psychology
D) immunopsychology

Answer 1

health psychology

Question 2

Which of the following areas is considered within the realm of health psychology?

A) why people fail to exercise
B) why some people get sick and others do not
C) the establishment of health policies and agendas
D) all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

Which of the following areas is NOT considered within the realm of health psychology?

A) how people respond when they do get ill
B) how people stay healthy
C) why people become ill,
D) function of health centers of the brain

Answer 3

function of health centers of the brain

Question 4

According to the textbook, the earliest theory of mental illness argued that:

A) mental illness was a punishment of the gods
B) mental illness was the result of evil spirits within the body
C) an imbalance in the fluids of the body caused one to be mentally ill
D) mental illness was a result of viruses

Question 5

The earliest way of treating disease was trephination, which involved:

A) administration of high hallucinogenic plant derivatives
B) drilling holes into the skull
C) a three-part approach of physical, social, and biological remedies
D) separating the person from society until all signs of illness were gone

Question 6

A friend of mine has the flu. I, personally, believe that illness is the result of evil spirits within the body. Obviously, then, to cure my friend, we need to release the evil spirit. I tell him we should drill a hole in his head to let the evil spirits out. This method of treatment is referred to as:

A) excaterization
B) exhuming
C) trephination
D) humoresectomy

Question 7

The humoral theory of illness was originally proposed by:

A) Hippocrates
B) Galen
C) Albertus Magnus
D) Rene Descartes

Question 8

The idea that disease is caused by an imbalance of fluids of the body is referred to as:

A) the cellular theory of illness
B) the biomedical model
C) trephination
D) the humoral theory of illness

Question 9

According to the humoral theory of illness, all of the following are humors except:

A) phlegm
B) mucous
C) black bile
D) blood

Question 10

According to Galen, too much _____ resulted in a depressed or melancholic person.

A) mucous
B) phlegm
C) black bile
D) yellow bile

Question 11

Galen argued that an excess of _____ resulted in a person that was easy to make angry.

A) blood
B) mucous
C) black bile
D) yellow bile

Question 12

During the Middle Ages, disease was considered to be the result of:

A) God's punishment
B) an imbalance of bodily fluids or humors
C) evil spirits trapped in the body
D) viruses

Question 13

According to the textbook, the ìdeath knellî for the humoral theory of illness was:

A) religion
B) science
C) philosophy
D) psychology

Question 14

The idea that the mind and the body are completely separate entities, and to understand the body and illness, one must focus on the body alone is known as:

A) Galen theory
B) Cartesian dualism
C) humoral theory of illness
D) cellular theory of illness

Question 15

I feel very strongly that the treatment that I need for my illness is medical. If I needed help with my mind, I'd go see a psychologist. Issues of the body are biological, not psychological. Which theory am I following?

A) Lewinian pragmaticism
B) Cartesian dualism
C) mind-body problem
D) the humoral theory of illness

Question 16

The cellular theory of illness arose from:

A) the performance of dissection and autopsies during the Renaissance
B) the invention of the microscope
C) philosophical conjecture
D) arguments over the significance of the humoral theory of illness

Question 17

The idea that illness and disease result from abnormalities within individual cells is referred to as:

A) the cellular theory of illness
B) the biomedical model
C) trephination
D) the humoral theory of illness

Question 18

The notion that health is the absence of illness is associated with

A) the cellular theory of illness
B) the biomedical model
C) the social - cognitive model
D) the humoral theory of illness

Question 19

If I go to my doctor because I am not feeling well, my doctor is very likely to adhere to the:

A) cellular theory of illness
B) biomedical model
C) social - cognitive model of illness
D) humoral theory of illness

Question 20

Physical manifestations of psychological issues are known as:

A) mind-body crossovers
B) conversion reactions
C) biopsychosocial markers
D) humoral interventions

Question 21

What is the correct historical order of the development of theories of illness?

A) evil spirits > humoral > cellular theory > biological model
B) humoral > cellular theory > evil spirits > biological model
C) humoral > evil spirits > cellular theory > biological model
D) evil spirits > humoral > biological model > cellular theory

Question 22

For some unknown reason, I pass out and start seizing while donating blood. The doctors find no reason for why this event occurred. According to Freud, I am exemplifying:

A) psychosomatic illness
B) hysteria
C) conversion reaction
D) preconscious conflict

Question 23

The idea that changes in physiology mediate the relationship between unconscious conflicts and illness constitutes the field of:

A) psychoanalysis
B) health psychology
C) medical psychology
D) psychosomatic medicine

Question 24

The authors of your textbook state that the idea that psychology and physiology mutually influence each other resulted in:

A) the development of the biopsychosocial model of health
B) the field of psychosomatic medicine
C) phrenology
D) the discovery of the biological model of illness

Question 25

Which one of the following is considered to be a reason for the development of the biopsychosocial model of health and the area of health psychology in general?

A) Social factors are more important than biological factors in affecting health
B) The leading causes of death today are largely preventable
C) How and what one thinks is the sole determinant of one's state of bodily health
D) One cannot separate organisms from their physiology and from their social setting

Question 26

Which one of the following is the most commonly held theory of health psychology today?

A) biopsychosocial model of health
B) psychosomatic medicine
C) biological model
D) biomedical model

Question 27

One of the earliest theories of health behavior is the:

A) theory of reasoned action
B) biopsychosocial model
C) psychosomatic medicine
D) health belief model

Question 28

The health belief model argues that health behaviors can be predicted if one knows:

A) the perceived susceptibility to the health threat
B) the perceived seriousness of the health threat
C) the benefits and barriers of undertaking particular health behaviors and the cues to action
D) all of the above

Question 29

In an interview with high school students, I find out that they know how HIV is transmitted and how to prevent it. However, I also find out that the reason why they do not practice safe sex is because they think the odds are incredibly small that they will contract it. In the health belief model, the use of the term ìoddsî refers to:

A) the cues to action
B) the perceived seriousness of the health threat
C) the benefits and barriers of undertaking particular health behaviors and the cues to action
D) perceived susceptibility to the health threat

Question 30

Students on campus are told that they should get a flu shot, especially since the number of flu cases increases dramatically around the time of final exams. A student tells me that he won't get one because he thinks he is in better shape and eats better, as compared to his friends, and thus is unlikely to get the flu. With regard to the health belief model, which best explains the student's rationale for not getting a flu shot?

A) optimistic bias
B) the perceived susceptibility to the health threat
C) the perceived seriousness of the health threat
D) the benefits and barriers of undertaking particular health behaviors and the cues to action

Question 31

Every year, my New Year's resolution is to get more exercise because it will result in me being healthier despite the fact that it will mean getting less work done. I made this decision because I considered, in terms of the Health Belief model, the:

A) pros and cons
B) cues to action and goal state
C) benefits and barriers
D) present state and goal state

Question 32

Every time that I go to Florida to see my family and relatives, I do not smoke the entire time that I am there. I do so because even though my mother is only about five feet tall, she is quite tough. In terms of the Health Belief model, I stop my smoking because of:

A) the perceived susceptibility to the health threat
B) the perceived seriousness of the health threat
C) the benefits and barriers of undertaking particular health behaviors and the cues to action
D) cues to action

Question 33

Of the four components of the Health Belief model, which allows for the best prediction of someone's behavior?

A) the perceived susceptibility to the health threat
B) the perceived seriousness of the health threat
C) the barriers and costs
D) all four components are needed to make accurate predictions

Question 34

A failure of the health belief model is that:

A) people are not sure they can change their behavior
B) cues to action are of lesser importance than previously believed
C) susceptibility can not be accurately determined
D) perceived seriousness was found to be essentially unimportant in people's health behavior

Question 35

According to your textbook, one reason that people's health beliefs might not match their actual likelihood of contracting an illness is:

A) optimistic bias
B) cues to action
C) perceived susceptibility
D) all of the above

Question 36

In order to adapt to the fact that people are uncertain about their capability to change their health-related behaviors, the Protection Motivation Theory included:

A) self-efficacy
B) attitudes
C) reasoned action
D) subjective norms

Question 37

Although I know that cancer is a common disease, I believe that I am not particularly susceptible to cancer. I know the disease is serious, and I understand the benefits and barriers of cancer screening and other preventative measures. However, I have a strong conviction that I can keep myself cancer free with some basic strategies. I am following the

A) Protection Motivation Theory
B) Theory of Planned Behavior
C) Theory of Reasoned Action
D) Cartesian Dualism

Question 38

The theory of _____ argues that what people do is a reflection of their intention.

A) self-efficacy
B) deus ex machina
C) reasoned action
D) subjective norms

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a component of the theory of reasoned action?

A) subjective norms
B) attitudes
C) behavioral intentions
D) self-efficacy

Question 40

The fact that my mother hates smoking and that ex-smokers are the most critical of smokers, and some of my friends are ex-smokers, affects my smoking behavior. My behavior reflects:

A) subjective-efficacy
B) attitudes
C) social reasoning
D) subjective norms

Question 41

Which of the following theories has predicted a wide range of behaviors, including sunscreen use, hand hygiene practice, intentions to eat healthy foods, and intentions to get mammograms?

A) subjective-efficacy theory
B) psychosomatic medicine
C) biomedical model
D) theory of planned behavior

Question 42

To understand someone's intentions, according to the theory of Reasoned Action, one must consider:

A) attitudes and planning
B) attitudes and subjective norms
C) subjective norms and planning
D) action cues and planning

Question 43

People do not always feel they can successfully change their behavior. This notion is captured by the:

A) veridical theory
B) theory of reasoned action
C) theory of planned behavior
D) none of the above

Question 44

Based on the textbook, one of the following theories appears to be capable of predicting the most behaviors. Which one?

A) Health Belief Model
B) Theory of Reasoned Action
C) Theory of Planned Behavior
D) All of the theories/models are capable of predicting an equal number of behaviors.

Question 45

One of the first studies (conducted in the 1960's) that examined the link between health-compromising behavior and mortality and morbidity found that:

A) good health habits and wellness were strongly positively correlated
B) 9.5 years later the mortality rate of women who practiced the health behaviors was 43% of that of women who did not
C) people who practiced more health habits had higher energy levels
D) all of the above

Question 46

According to the textbook, more than _____ percent of adult Americans are overweight or obese.

A) 13
B) 27
C) 50
D) 66

Question 47

Which is true of obesity in America?

A) The incidence of obesity has doubled in the past 20 years
B) About 1 in 6 or 7 children and adolescents are overweight
C) 86% of children who initially saw a doctor because they were overweight were found to be obese at a follow-up
D) All of the above are true

Question 48

If your BMI is between 25% and 30%, you are classified as:

A) normal or average
B) underweight
C) overweight
D) obese

Question 49

Which of the following is associated with being obese?

A) lower household income
B) less likely to be hired
C) less likely to get into a prestigious college
D) all of the above

Question 50

The second leading cause of preventable deaths in America is:

A) depression
B) obesity
C) smoking
D) risky sexual behavior

Question 51

Obesity is typically calculated by a formula including:

A) weight and height
B) gender, body fat, and ethnic group
C) gender, age, weight, and height
D) height, weight, and age

Question 52

The statistical index that reflects a persons weight in pounds divided by the height in inches squared is known as

A) OBI
B) BMI
C) WH2
D) Obesity scale

Question 53

To determine BMI, one should calculate a person's:

A) body fat percentage divided by height times age
B) weight in pounds divided by the height in inches
C) height in inches divided by weight of body fat
D) body weight minus body fat in pounds

Question 54

The difference between obesity and overweight is

A) obesity refers to the amount of body fat, whereas overweight refers to the amount of body weight
B) obesity is a medical term referring to BMI, whereas overweight is a casual term used by non-medical professionals
C) the calculation of overweight uses to weight alone, whereas the calculation of obesity includes height and age
D) Obesity refers to a body fat in excess of 30% for women and 20% for men, whereas overweight refers to a body mass index between 25 and 30, depending on age and gender

Question 55

With respect to obesity, the correlation between BMI and depression:

A) is positive
B) is negative
C) is essentially zero
D) depends on gender

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a correlate of obesity?

A) breast and colon cancers
B) poverty
C) diabetes
D) relationship satisfaction

Question 57

Heritability for obesity is estimated to range from _____ percent.

A) 30-70
B) 20-30
C) 80-90
D) 10-40

Question 58

Genetic influences are estimated to account for up to _____ percent of the etiology of obesity.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 59

Which of the following is true of obesity?

A) obesity refers to body fat in excess of 30 percent in women and 20 percent in men
B) most people who try to lose weight through dieting succeed in maintaining weight loss
C) obesity is mostly a problem with adults, as relatively few children are obese
D) members of some minority groups, such as African Americans and Mexican-Americans are less likely to become obese than Caucasians

Question 60

The difference between normal and obese individuals may be due to the fact that the obese have:

A) more fat cells
B) larger fat cells
C) more active genes relative to the individual's weight
D) both a and b

Question 61

Which of the following is NOT a reason for obesity to have a high heritable component?

A) the number and size of fat cells is heritable
B) the tendency to be leptin sensitive and thus able to appropriately self-regulate despite eating cues is highly heritable
C) the amount a person eats is highly heritable
D) genetics influences a person's metabolic rate and activity level

Question 62

There is a (n)_____ correlation between BMI and amount of leptin.

A) positive
B) negative
C) zero
D) unknown

Question 63

Biologically speaking, obesity may be the result of:

A) more and larger fat cells
B) being leptin-resistant
C) a higher set point
D) all of the above

Question 64

Based on what was presented in the textbook, what best explains why my weight, regardless of how much or how little I eat, stays about the same?

A) The quantity of fat cells
B) I no longer produce leptin
C) My set point
D) All of the above.

Question 65

The theory that certain genes increase but do not guarantee the development of a particular trait or characteristic is known as:

A) genetic development theory
B) leptin resistance
C) susceptible gene theory
D) set point theory

Question 66

Which of the following is true of obesity?

A) women tend to be less overweight than men
B) Europeans tend to be less overweight than Americans, as Europeans have better genetic processing of leptin
C) in industrialized countries, women of higher socioeconomic status tend to be less obese than women of lower socioeconomic status.
D) all of the above

Question 67

Which of the following supports the notion that genes do not determine weight, and therefore, obesity?

A) Pima Indians and their Arizona relatives
B) Obese people have obese dogs
C) Obesity rates are higher in industrialized than non industrialized countries.
D) all of the above

Question 68

Psychologically speaking, obesity has been found to be linked to:

A) low self-esteem
B) anxiety
C) personality disorders
D) all of the above

Question 69

There are a number of problems with the use of appetite-suppressing drugs to lose weight. Which is NOT one of those problems?

A) they are addictive
B) health complications are associated with them
C) they reduce a person's self-efficacy
D) they can complicate health problems that already exist

Question 70

Stomach stapling, also known as _____, basically involves reducing the size of the stomach.

A) gastroplasty
B) gastric bypass
C) duodenal reduction
D) stomach reduction

Question 71

If I had a gastroplasty, I could gain weight, without becoming nauseous and vomiting, simply by:

A) eating junk food
B) drinking milkshakes
C) eating fast food
D) consuming fruit and carbohydrates

Question 72

Gastroplasty and gastric bypass are different in that:

A) the surgery is riskier in gastric bypass
B) more food can be consumed at one point in time by gastroplasty patients
C) the stomach pouch may stretch in a gastroplasty patient essentially undoing the surgery
D) there are no differences between gastroplasty and gastric bypass

Question 73

In terms of losing weight, which one of the following has NOT been found?

A) 90% of the people who lose weight as a result of dieting are likely to gain it back
B) gastroplasty is a better long-term solution than gastric bypass
C) only about 15% of dieters continue their exercise regimen after reaching their desired weight
D) gastroplasty and gastric bypass are reserved for people who are at least 100% overweight

Question 74

If we compare a male nonsmoker who lived to be 65 against a male smoker, the smoker is likely to live until:

A) 65
B) 60
C) 52
D) 38

Question 75

Consider the case of a female who is also a smoker. If she would have lived to be 65 if she did not smoke, what age is she likely to live until because she smokes?

A) 65
B) 60
C) 47
D) 50.5

Question 76

Biologically speaking, which is true of smoking?

A) The heritability estimate has been found to be 60% in identical twins
B) There is a positive correlation between rate of metabolism and negative effects of smoking
C) Smoking has been linked to a gene related to dopamine
D) All of the above

Question 77

The main reason most people begin to smoke is:

A) stress and anxiety
B) parental exposure
C) peer pressure and self-presentational concerns
D) mass media and cultural influences

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a reason that most people begin to smoke?

A) peer pressure
B) genetic variance in metabolizing nicotine
C) desire to appear rebellious to friends
D) desire to appear wealthy enough to afford expensive habit

Question 79

The physiological effects of nicotine include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) reduced pain sensitivity
B) feelings of relaxation
C) reduced sensitivity to self-awareness
D) stimulation of pleasure center by domapine

Question 80

Which one of the following chemicals is NOT affected by smoking?

A) epinephrine
B) androgen
C) norepinephrine
D) dopamine