Deck 5: Civil Rights

Question 1

What does the term Jim Crow mean?

A) northern whites who sympathized with African Americans
B) the civil rights movement of the mid-twentieth century
C) the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction
D) African American politicians during Reconstruction
E) white politicians from northern states who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The first slaves were brought to what would become the United States in ________.

A) 1619
B) 1720
C) 1763
D) 1780
E) 1787

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A) established the separate but equal rule.
B) upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
C) declared that segregation by race was unconstitutional.
D) ruled that the equal protection clause did not cover private acts of discrimination.
E) ruled that the equal protection clause applied only to the federal government and not to state governments.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

During World War II, ________ forced federal officials to address discriminatory hiring practices by threatening massive labor marches on Washington, D.C.

A) Thurgood Marshall
B) A. Philip Randolph
C) Martin Luther King, Jr.
D) Harry Truman
E) Rosa Parks

Question 5

________ was one of the founders of the NAACP.

A) Woodrow Wilson
B) W. E. B. Du Bois
C) Thurgood Marshall
D) Malcolm X
E) Harriet Tubman

Question 6

The Compromise of 1877

A) resulted in the presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes.
B) ended Jim Crow laws in the United States.
C) resulted in the Jim Crow system.
D) both a and c
E) resulted in the presidency of Samuel Tilden.

Question 7

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to

A) protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters.
B) protect African Americans against disenfranchisement in the voting booth.
C) expand the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment to recent Asian immigrants.
D) restore civil rights to former Confederate soldiers and sympathizers.
E) protect women against disenfranchisement in the voting booth.

Question 8

The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees

A) women the right to vote.
B) equality of law for all races.
C) African American men the right to vote.
D) the illegality of state secession.
E) the illegality of slavery.

Question 9

During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was

A) used as a strong tool for engineering racial equality.
B) severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court.
C) ruled to be unconstitutional.
D) more strongly defended by individual states than by the federal government.
E) not implemented because of a lack of tax revenue.

Question 10

In 1890, ________ became the first state to allow women to vote.

A) Massachusetts
B) Wisconsin
C) Wyoming
D) New York
E) California

Question 11

Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, which was ratified in ________.

A) 1820
B) 1880
C) 1900
D) 1920
E) 1970

Question 12

What was the ultimate destination of the Underground Railroad?

A) Washington, D.C.
B) Boston
C) Liberia
D) Canada
E) California

Question 13

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

A) a meeting in upstate New York during the mid-nineteenth century regarding women's rights
B) an important gathering that initiated the abolitionist movement
C) a convention of southern leaders in the 1850s debating secession
D) the convention that wrote and debated the Fourteenth Amendment
E) the convention where leaders of the Confederacy and the Union negotiated the end of the Civil War

Question 14

When did civil rights become part of the U.S. Constitution?

A) Civil rights have always been part of the Constitution.
B) Civil rights were included in the Bill of Rights.
C) Civil rights were incorporated with the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) Civil rights were incorporated immediately following World War II.
E) Civil rights were incorporated when Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Question 15

After World War II, which government institution first began drawing attention to the problem of racism in America?

A) the Supreme Court
B) the White House
C) Congress
D) state governments
E) the State Department

Question 16

The NAACP had the most success with ________ for combating racism.

A) mass marches and protests
B) civil disobedience
C) lawsuits
D) passive resistance
E) radio and television advertising

Question 17

What did the justices rule in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)?

A) Racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts.
B) Universities and professional schools had to desegregate.
C) Public universities were required to admit women, but private colleges could still segregate on the basis of gender.
D) Busing in order to integrate public schools was unconstitutional.
E) Busing in order to integrate public schools was constitutional.

Question 18

What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish?

A) It abolished slavery.
B) It guaranteed voting rights for African American men.
C) It guaranteed equal protection of the laws.
D) It granted women the right to vote.
E) It gave married women the right to own property.

Question 19

What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

A) The justices declared the act constitutional.
B) The justices declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.
C) The justices declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the principles of federalism.
D) The justices declared the act unconstitutional because Congress had violated the separation of powers.
E) The Supreme Court justices never heard a case concerning the constitutionality of this act.

Question 20

During the late 1940s and 1950s, ________ was the head lawyer for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund.

A) John Marshall
B) Thurgood Marshall
C) James Byrnes
D) W. E. B. Du Bois
E) Felix Frankfurter

Question 21

One step taken toward the desegregation of public schools was

A) busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones.
B) outlawing of all forms of de facto segregation.
C) opening numerous private schools and academies.
D) providing white parents with valuable tax credits if they enrolled their children in all-African American schools.
E) attracting more black students to white schools by hiring only African American teachers.

Question 22

Why did President Dwight Eisenhower deploy federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957?

A) There were massive race riots as a result of a federal court order to bus white children into African American neighborhoods for schooling.
B) The governor of Arkansas mobilized the Arkansas National Guard to block the enforcement of a federal court order to integrate Little Rock Central High School.
C) Ku Klux Klan members from Little Rock were making terrorist threats against President Eisenhower if the local school district tried to integrate.
D) It was feared that communists had infiltrated the local government.
E) The local police refused to respond to calls from African American neighborhoods.

Question 23

In ________, the Supreme Court permitted busing children as a way of bringing about desegregation of schools.

A) 1942
B) 1947
C) 1964
D) 1971
E) 1985

Question 24

Which area was NOT covered by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A) employment
B) public accommodations
C) school desegregation
D) voting
E) military service

Question 25

The Reconstruction era in the South came to an end because

A) African Americans had been granted full social, political, and economic equality in the South.
B) northern Republicans agreed to remove federal troops from the South and give up on their support for civil liberties if southern Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president.
C) the Supreme Court ruled that federal troops could not be stationed in southern states under the Constitution.
D) a referendum on the federal government's military presence was held in 1876 and a majority of Americans voted to end the Reconstruction policies.
E) in 1876, state legislatures from around the South passed laws forcing the federal government to remove all troops immediately.

Question 26

In their response to Brown v. Board of Education (1954), southern officials did all of the following EXCEPT

A) pass laws requiring schools to remain segregated.
B) centralize school boards to prevent local districts from obeying the Supreme Court.
C) protest the constitutionality of the Court's decision.
D) enact "pupil placement" laws that placed the burden of transferring to all-white schools on nonwhite children and their parents.
E) quickly desegregate their schools.

Question 27

In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress vastly expanded the role of the executive branch and the credibility of court orders by

A) mandating that the southern states racially gerrymander their legislative districts to ensure that more African Americans were elected to Congress.
B) creating the strict scrutiny test.
C) creating a Department of Civil Rights.
D) requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for education be withheld from any school system practicing racial segregation.
E) ordering the desegregation of the military.

Question 28

The right to vote was strengthened in 1975 when members of Congress

A) made literacy tests mandatory for presidential elections.
B) made literacy tests illegal and mandated bilingual ballots or other assistance for non-English-speaking Americans.
C) gave women the right to vote.
D) gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.
E) made poll taxes illegal.

Question 29

________ civil rights acts were passed during the first decade after the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

A) No
B) Three
C) Ten
D) Twenty
E) Thirty-two

Question 30

________ began the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-1956.

A) Martin Luther King, Jr.,
B) Orbal Faubus
C) George Wallace
D) Rosa Parks
E) Jesse Jackson

Question 31

Redlining refers to

A) the practice of bank officials refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods.
B) the practice of drawing electoral districts that are biased against minority groups.
C) denying someone the right to vote by drawing a red line across his or her name in the voter registry.
D) the practice of denying a person's rights by labeling him or her a communist.
E) the practice of drawing school district boundaries in a way that ensures segregated schools.

Question 32

Ten years after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), ________ percent of black children in the Deep South attended school with white children.

A) 1
B) 20
C) 33
D) 55
E) 80

Question 33

________ occurs when electoral districts are drawn so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged.

A) Disenfranchisement
B) Gerrymandering
C) Busing
D) Logrolling
E) Redlining

Question 34

In a case of workplace discrimination, which government institution would most likely handle the complaint?

A) the Supreme Court
B) Congress
C) the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
D) the Department of Commerce
E) the Executive Office of the President

Question 35

In ________, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

A) 1942
B) 1948
C) 1954
D) 1963
E) 1976

Question 36

The Seneca Falls Convention was significant because it

A) marked the starting point of the abolitionist movement.
B) marked the starting point of the modern women's movement.
C) marked the end of the modern women's movement.
D) led to the passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments.
E) enacted Jim Crow laws at the federal level.

Question 37

Why did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) rely primarily on the courts to press for black political rights in its early years?

A) Only the courts had the legal authority to grant African Americans political rights, so the litigation strategy was most consistent with the organization's goals.
B) The organization was composed of five members and, due to the fact that they were all lawyers, the strategy of litigation seemed to be the most logical choice.
C) The organization was legally prohibited from contacting elected officials at the state and local levels and, therefore, had no other alternative than a strategy of litigation.
D) Many judges were African American and, therefore, more sympathetic to the claims of the organization than legislators.
E) The northern African American vote was too small to bring about policy change at the legislative level, so the organization chose a strategy of litigation.

Question 38

Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ________ discrimination.

A) de facto
B) de jure
C) stare decisis
D) suspect
E) intermediate

Question 39

________ was the setting for a major racial confrontation concerning school busing in the 1970s.

A) Atlanta
B) New Orleans
C) Boston
D) Dallas
E) Miami

Question 40

Suffragists called the Statue of Liberty "the greatest hypocrisy of the nineteenth century" because

A) it was in New York-a state that had prohibited women from owning property throughout its history.
B) it was a gift from France and French women were frequently abused by their husbands during the time.
C) "liberty" had historically been represented as a male figure, not a female figure.
D) it was supposed to represent "liberty," yet women could not vote in the United States.
E) the statue did not wear clothes that were appropriate for women during the time.

Question 41

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

A) Racially segregated schools can never be equal.
B) States that segregate must spend more money to make African American schools equal.
C) States that segregate must spend less money on all-white schools in order to make them equal with African American schools.
D) The federal judiciary, but not Congress, has the power to enforce civil rights.
E) School segregation is unethical but does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 42

Which statement best describes the path to women's suffrage in the United States?

A) Some states granted women the right to vote first, and then a constitutional amendment gave all women the right to vote.
B) A constitutional amendment gave all women the right to vote, and then each state passed laws granting women the right to vote.
C) During the fall of 1920, every state passed a law granting women the right to vote, and the United States Constitution was amended to give women the right to vote.
D) The Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting women's suffrage were unconstitutional, and all states were forced to give women the right to vote.
E) A majority of voters in every state passed a national ballot initiative granting women the right to vote.

Question 43

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on voter registration in southern states?

A) A smaller percentage of African Americans registered to vote in southern states after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
B) A much larger percentage of whites registered to vote in southern states after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
C) The percentage of African Americans registering to vote did not change at all after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
D) The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of African Americans registering to vote declined significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
E) The gap between the percentage of whites registering to vote and the percentage of African Americans registering to vote increased significantly after passage of the Voting Rights Act.

Question 44

The Supreme Court justices began to change their position on racial discrimination in the ________.

A) 1890s
B) 1910s
C) 1930s
D) 1960s
E) 1980s

Question 45

The Fair Housing Act of 1968

A) had little effect on housing segregation because its enforcement mechanisms were very weak.
B) had little effect on housing segregation because it was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1969.
C) had little effect on housing segregation because most housing segregation had been eliminated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
D) dramatically increased housing segregation.
E) dramatically reduced housing segregation.

Question 46

Which of the following best describes the federal courts' trend toward school desegregation in the 1990s?

A) The courts increased the federal supervision of local school desegregation.
B) The courts decreased the federal supervision of local school desegregation.
C) The courts continued the active use of busing.
D) The courts ordered the withdrawal of federal education funds from school districts that did not combat de facto segregation.
E) The courts ordered the federal government to dramatically increase the amount of money spent on integrating public schools.

Question 47

Desegregating schools in northern states proved to be difficult because

A) very few minorities lived in the North.
B) segregation in the North was generally de facto, the product of both segregated housing and acts of private discrimination that were hard to prove.
C) discrimination in the South was so visible and pervasive that little attention had been given to other parts of the country.
D) there was less hostility toward segregation in the North.
E) there was less tax revenue to fund integration efforts in the North than in the South.

Question 48

How did the Supreme Court justices justify their decision to strike down the use of white primaries in the southern states?

A) The justices claimed that the practice infringed upon Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce.
B) The justices claimed that parties were "an agency of the State," and therefore any practice of discrimination against blacks was a violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.
C) The justices claimed that separate but equal elections were inherently unequal and therefore a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) The justices claimed that only the federal government had the authority to conduct primaries under the Constitution.
E) The justices claimed that the practice violated the reserved powers clause of the Tenth Amendment.

Question 49

Which of the following is true of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

A) The justices outlawed de facto segregation.
B) The justices outlawed de jure segregation.
C) The justices allowed school systems to desegregate "with all deliberate speed."
D) The justices upheld the separate but equal doctrine.
E) The justices decided not to use the strict scrutiny test.

Question 50

________ once said, "Your denial of my citizen's right to vote is the denial of my right of consent as one of the governed, the denial of my right of representation as one of the taxed, the denial of my right to a trial of my peers as an offender against law."

A) Dred Scott
B) Harriet Beecher Stowe
C) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
D) Lucretia Mott
E) Susan B. Anthony

Question 51

Which of the following was NOT used as a way to limit the electoral influence of African Americans?

A) poll taxes
B) literacy tests
C) restrictive covenants
D) white primaries
E) gerrymandering

Question 52

The constitutional authority of Congress to forbid discrimination in employment is based on the

A) power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce.
B) equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) privileges and immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
D) Thirteenth Amendment.
E) Tenth Amendment.

Question 53

Which statement about the Reconstruction era is FALSE?

A) African Americans held many state-level political offices.
B) Two African American senators were elected from Mississippi.
C) The Constitution was amended three times.
D) Many areas of the southern states were occupied by federal troops.
E) African American voters supported the Democratic Party.

Question 54

Which amendments to the U.S. Constitution seemed to offer African Americans the most hope for achieving full citizenship rights in the United States?

A) the First, Second, and Third amendments
B) the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh amendments
C) the Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth amendments
D) the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments
E) The Twentieth, Twenty-First, and Twenty-Second amendments

Question 55

The American experience with civil rights suggests which of the following things about political change in the United States?

A) Political change can only be achieved when citizens bypass the courts and the legislatures entirely.
B) Political change is easiest to achieve when the courts and the legislatures frequently overturn each other's actions.
C) The courts are far more powerful than the legislature and therefore can advance political change on their own.
D) The legislatures are far more powerful than the courts and therefore can advance political change on their own.
E) Legislatures need constitutional authority to act from the courts, and the courts need legislative assistance to implement court orders and focus political support.

Question 56

In Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857), the justices determined that

A) Dred Scott was a free citizen.
B) slaves were not citizens of the United States.
C) African Americans had no due process rights under the U.S. Constitution.
D) both b and c
E) the Missouri Compromise was constitutional in all aspects.

Question 57

Which of the following statements about the abolitionist movement is FALSE?

A) The movement spread primarily through local organizations in the North.
B) The movement spawned two political parties: the Liberty Party and the Free Soil Party.
C) The movement grew in the 1830s.
D) Some members of the movement aided in the escape of runaway slaves through the Underground Railroad.
E) The movement focused most of its energies on eliminating slavery in New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.

Question 58

What best explains the increased attention the federal government paid to the problem of racial discrimination during the 1940s?

A) The NAACP had successfully lobbied members of Congress for better federal legislation against disenfranchisement.
B) Northern migration of African Americans increased their voting strength.
C) In a 1942 decision, the Supreme Court required desegregation in the armed forces.
D) The fight against the Nazis challenged the assumptions of white supremacy.
E) The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment forced the federal government to act on racial discrimination.

Question 59

Which of the following statements best describes the number of peaceful civil rights demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s?

A) The most demonstrations were held in the mid-1950s, and the number of demonstrations declined throughout the 1960s.
B) There were almost no demonstrations prior to 1968.
C) The number of demonstrations grew in the early 1960s and peaked in 1965.
D) There were many demonstrations in the mid-1950s and many demonstrations in the late 1960s, but none in between.
E) There were almost no demonstrations during the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 60

Strict scrutiny is the level of judicial review that federal judges give to all cases that involve ________ classifications.

A) racial
B) gender
C) age
D) ability
E) sexual orientation

Question 61

Which of the following are names of Latino civil rights organizations?

A) G.I. Forum, LULAC, and MALDEF
B) NOW, NARAL, and Emily's List
C) NRA, AARP, and WWF
D) NRDC, NAACP, and ACLU
E) NCAA, MLB, and NFL

Question 62

Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail to pass?

A) It won approval in the House but not in the Senate.
B) It won approval in the Senate but not in the House.
C) It was not ratified by the necessary thirty-eight states.
D) The Supreme Court had declared the amendment unconstitutionally vague before it could be submitted to the states.
E) It was vetoed by President Ronald Reagan.

Question 63

What was the purpose of California's Proposition 187?

A) It barred unauthorized immigrants from voting.
B) It barred unauthorized immigrants from receiving most public services.
C) It barred unauthorized immigrants from ever receiving green cards.
D) It attempted to limit unauthorized immigration at the border through the use of racial profiling.
E) It attempted to limit unauthorized immigration at the border by building a wall between California and Mexico.

Question 64

What did the Supreme Court justices rule in Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)?

A) There was a constitutional right to privacy for consensual homosexual activity.
B) There was no constitutional right to privacy for consensual homosexual activity.
C) The Court extended civil rights protection of gays and lesbians as a class.
D) The Court legalized gay marriages.
E) The Court ruled that employment discrimination against gays and lesbians was a violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Question 65

The Supreme Court's decisions on school desegregation policies since 1991 generally suggest that the Court will

A) uphold all desegregation plans involving predominantly minority schools that lag behind white suburban schools.
B) uphold all desegregation plans involving white suburban schools that lag behind predominantly minority schools.
C) refuse to hear any cases in the future about desegregation plans.
D) be willing to end desegregation plans even when predominantly minority schools continue to lag significantly behind white suburban schools.
E) always uphold all desegregation plans, regardless of the schools involved.

Question 66

Which of the following did the President's Commission on Civil Rights NOT discuss in its report, To Secure These Rights?

A) the extent of the problem of racial discrimination
B) the result of experiments with racial integration in the armed forces during World War II
C) the consequences of affirmative action in university admissions on African Americans
D) a proposal to tie civil rights legislation to the commerce power of Congress
E) a proposal to use the treaty power as a source of authority for civil rights legislation

Question 67

Which of the following is FALSE about the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

A) It made discrimination by private employers and state governments illegal.
B) It was a fairly weak law compared to earlier legislation on civil rights.
C) It ended some of the most blatant forms of discrimination.
D) It authorized the Justice Department to implement federal court orders to desegregate schools.
E) It was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson.

Question 68

At what level of scrutiny do federal judges review cases involving gender discrimination?

A) strict scrutiny
B) intermediate scrutiny
C) loose scrutiny
D) stare decisis
E) rational basis

Question 69

The ________ forbade workplace discrimination based on race.

A) Fourteenth Amendment
B) Civil Rights Act of 1875
C) Civil Rights Act of 1964
D) Nineteenth Amendment
E) Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education

Question 70

In 1870, Congress passed a law forbidding ________ from becoming U.S. citizens.

A) Italians
B) the Chinese
C) Russians
D) Mexicans
E) the Japanese

Question 71

Before 1924, what was the political status of Native Americans?

A) They were federal citizens but not citizens of the states in which they lived.
B) They were considered to be foreigners because their tribes were regarded as separate nations.
C) They were considered to be unauthorized immigrants, unless they lived on reservations.
D) They had the same legal status as any other citizen of the United States.
E) They had no political status.

Question 72

In Lawrence v. Texas (2003), the Supreme Court justices

A) upheld a state law banning private homosexual activity.
B) granted gays and lesbians status under the equal protection clause.
C) struck down a state law criminalizing homosexual conduct.
D) denied that homosexuals were a protected class under the Fourteenth Amendment.
E) ruled that gays and lesbians should be allowed to legally marry.

Question 73

What was the Supreme Court's record in segregation cases in the years before Brown v. Board of Education?

A) The justices overturned forms of segregation using the separate but equal rule.
B) The justices had struck down forms of segregation through the commerce clause, not the Fourteenth Amendment.
C) The justices consistently refused to strike down any form of segregation.
D) The justices had already struck down separate but equal as a principle before Brown.
E) The justices had refused to hear cases on segregation before Brown.

Question 74

The rights of disabled individuals to both access public businesses and not be discriminated against in employment are guaranteed by

A) the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B) the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
C) the amended Civil Rights Act of 1991.
D) the federal courts, not laws passed by Congress.
E) individual laws passed by state legislatures.

Question 75

The attempt to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment was an important struggle for ________.

A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) women
D) gays and lesbians
E) Latinos

Question 76

It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ________ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a highly visible area of civil rights law.

A) Taft
B) Warren
C) Burger
D) Rehnquist
E) Marshall

Question 77

Title IX of the 1972 Education Act has had its greatest effect on ________.

A) college recruiting
B) university athletic programs
C) school busing
D) religious freedom on campus
E) school integration

Question 78

Which group was excluded from immigrating to the United States from the late nineteenth century until the 1940s?

A) Chinese
B) Japanese
C) Mexicans
D) Russians
E) Italians

Question 79

What happened to California's Proposition 187?

A) A federal judge declared it constitutional.
B) A federal judge declared most of it a violation of the U.S. Constitution.
C) It was ruled a violation of the state constitution but not the U.S. Constitution.
D) It was negated by a law passed by the California state legislature.
E) There was never a court challenge to its legality and it remains in effect.

Question 80

Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act

A) was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it prohibited gender discrimination.
B) was a valuable tool for the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it added the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.
C) significantly hurt the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it only outlawed discrimination on the basis of race.
D) significantly hurt the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s because it required government to treat men and women differently in many areas of public policy.
E) had no effect on the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s.