Question 1

Drug metabolism by the liver and other organs typically creates a more ____ compound,thus enabling the compound to be ____ when it reaches the nephrons in the kidney.&#10;A) polar; excreted&#10;B) neutral; excreted&#10;C) polar; reabsorbed&#10;D) neutral; reabsorbed&#10;E) none of the above; metabolism does not affect the polarity of drug byproducts

Accepted Answer

Drug metabolism by the liver and other organs typically creates a more polar compound, which enables the compound to be excreted when it reaches the nephrons in the kidney. The polar compounds are more water-soluble and can be easily filtered out by the kidneys into the urine for elimination from the body.

Question 2

Biotransformation usually results in an altered version of the original compound known as&#10;A) bile&#10;B) a metabolite&#10;C) an antidrug&#10;D) albumin&#10;E) a steroid

Accepted Answer

Biotransformation is the process by which the body transforms a foreign substance (such as a drug) into a more easily excretable form. The product of this process is known as a metabolite, which is an altered version of the original compound. A) Bile is a substance produced by the liver that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. It is not directly related to biotransformation. C) "Antidrug" is not a term typically used in pharmacology. D) Albumin is a protein found in blood that helps to transport substances throughout the body. It is not related to biotransformation. E) Steroids are a class of organic molecules that include many hormones and other compounds, but they are not specifically related to biotransformation.

Question 3

The primary location for drug metabolism (biotransformation)is the&#10;A) liver&#10;B) kidneys&#10;C) lungs&#10;D) skeletal muscle&#10;E) adipose tissue

Accepted Answer

The liver is the primary site for drug metabolism due to its high concentration of enzymes that are involved in biotransformation. The enzymes in the liver break down drugs into more water-soluble metabolites that can be excreted from the body. The kidneys also play a role in drug elimination, but their main function is to filter drugs from the bloodstream and eliminate them in urine. The lungs, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue are not major sites of drug metabolism.

Question 4

The amount of time required for 50 percent of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated is known as the&#10;A) median effective dose&#10;B) median toxic dose&#10;C) median efficacy&#10;D) median threshold dose&#10;E) half-life

Accepted Answer

The amount of time required for 50 percent of the drug remaining in the body to be eliminated is known as the drug's half-life. This is the time it takes for the drug concentration in the bloodstream to decrease by half. It is a pharmacokinetic parameter that helps to determine the dosing interval and duration of therapy. Options A, B, C, and D do not refer to this concept, but rather to different types of dose-response relationships.

Question 5

The process of breaking the original drug compound into separate parts is known as&#10;A) oxidation&#10;B) reduction&#10;C) conjugation&#10;D) hydrolysis&#10;E) biodestruction

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down a compound into separate parts by adding water. In the case of drug metabolism, hydrolysis can occur in the liver or other tissues, where enzymes break down the drug into its component parts, making it easier for the body to eliminate.

Question 6

Drug metabolism that occurs when a drug is changed chemically following administration is also known as&#10;A) biotransformation&#10;B) excretion&#10;C) retoxification&#10;D) degradation&#10;E) allosterification

Accepted Answer

Biotransformation is the process of chemical changes that occur in a drug within the body, often in the liver, which results in metabolites that may be more or less pharmacologically active than the original drug. Excretion refers to the elimination of drugs or their metabolites from the body through urine, feces, sweat, or other bodily fluids. Retoxification and allosterification are not terms commonly used in pharmacology or drug metabolism. Degradation may refer to the breakdown of a drug molecule into smaller fragments, but it generally does not encompass the broader concept of drug metabolism.

Question 7

Drug oxidation occurs when ______ the original compound.&#10;A) oxygen is added to&#10;B) hydrogen is removed from&#10;C) an endogenous substance such as acetyl coenzyme is coupled to&#10;D) all of the above are true&#10;E) only A and B are true

Accepted Answer

Drug oxidation is a process in which drugs undergo metabolism and are broken down into smaller compounds. This can occur by adding oxygen to the drug molecule or removing hydrogen from it. Therefore, both options A and B are correct. However, the coupling of endogenous substances such as acetyl coenzyme A to drugs is not considered drug oxidation, so option C is not correct. Therefore, only options A and B are true and the best choice is E: only A and B are true.

Question 8

Most drugs are metabolized by _____ to the drug molecule,and the enzymes that catalyze these reactions are typically located at the ____ of specific cells.&#10;A) adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; mitochondria&#10;B) adding a hydrogen or removing an oxygen; mitochondria&#10;C) adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; rough (granular) endoplasmic reticulum&#10;D) adding a hydrogen or removing an oxygen; rough (granular) endoplasmic reticulum&#10;E) adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen; smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum

Accepted Answer

Most drugs are metabolized by adding an oxygen or removing a hydrogen, and the enzymes responsible for these reactions are typically located in the smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum of cells.

Question 9

Variations in drug response may occur because of individual differences in the patient's&#10;A) age&#10;B) genetic background&#10;C) gender&#10;D) diet&#10;E) all the above are true

Accepted Answer

All of the factors listed (age, genetic background, gender, and diet) can influence how a patient responds to a drug. For example, genetic differences can affect the way drugs are metabolized or how they interact with specific targets in the body, age can affect the way drugs are absorbed or cleared, gender can influence the way hormones interact with drugs, and diet can affect the availability of nutrients needed for drug metabolism. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to consider these individual differences when selecting and administering drugs to patients.

Question 10

To calculate drug elimination rates,blood flow to an organ and the fraction of drug removed from the plasma as it passes through the organ are measured to determine drug&#10;A) excretion&#10;B) biotransformation&#10;C) clearance&#10;D) deactivation&#10;E) esterification

Accepted Answer

Drug clearance involves both the elimination of the drug through excretion or biotransformation, as well as the removal of the drug from the plasma as it passes through organs. Therefore, blood flow to the organ and the fraction removed from plasma are important factors in determining drug clearance.

Question 11

Drugs and their metabolites are excreted from the body primarily by&#10;A) the liver&#10;B) the kidneys&#10;C) the lungs&#10;D) skeletal muscle&#10;E) adipose tissue

Accepted Answer

The answer of Drugs and their metabolites are excreted from...

Question 12

Prolonged administration of therapeutic drugs and other substances (alcohol,nicotine)may enhance the liver's ability to metabolize certain drugs,thus decreasing their therapeutic effect.This process is known as _______

A) glomerulonephritis
B) biliary cirrhosis
C) decreased hepatic blood flow
D) enzyme induction

Accepted Answer

The answer of Prolonged administration of therapeutic drugs and other...

Deck 3: Pharmacokinetics II: Drug Elimination