Deck 12: Personality Disorders

Question 1

A woman demonstrating very stereotypical female traits probably would be diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder.Which of the following would most likely occur if a man demonstrated very stereotypical masculine traits?

A) He would not be diagnosed with a personality disorder.
B) He would be given a diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder.
C) He would be given a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder.
D) He would be given a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder.

Answer 1

He would not be diagnosed with a personality disorder.

Question 2

Gary's parents are furious at the psychiatrist for diagnosing him with a second personality disorder. They feel that the psychiatrist is incompetent so they seek a second opinion.What will the second psychiatrist most likely tell them?

A) You are right; it's impossible to have more than one disorder unless the person suffers from dissociative identity disorder.
B) Multiple diagnoses are common.
C) It is possible but only for personality disorders in the same DSM 5 cluster.
D) It is rare but possible.

Answer 2

Multiple diagnoses are common.

Question 3

Theo is a loner.He walks to class by himself,does not talk to anyone,and appears indifferent to other people.It is clear that Theo neither desires nor enjoys closeness with others.He does not act in any obviously unusual ways nor does he appear to possess strange beliefs about the world.Which personality disorder does Theo most likely have?

A) schizotypal personality disorder
B) schizoid personality disorder
C) avoidant personality disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Answer 3

schizoid personality disorder

Question 4

It is possible that teaching children to "trust nobody" and to "be careful all of the time because people want to hurt you" may contribute to the development of a personality disorder.Which personality disorder would it be?

A) schizoid personality disorder
B) paranoid personality disorder
C) schizotypal personality disorder
D) socially anxious personality disorder

Question 5

According to the definition of a personality disorder,what kind of pattern of maladaptive behaviour must an individual show to be diagnosed with a personality disorder?

A) a relatively permanent pattern
B) a highly variable pattern
C) an unpopular pattern
D) a very severe pattern

Question 6

You are waiting to board a plane when you hear that the flight has been delayed,due to a passing thunderstorm.The man sitting next to you says,"Passing thunderstorm,sure! That's Jim again; he's been doing everything to make me miss this meeting because he's trying to get me fired!" Which of the following personality disorders are his remarks most consistent with?

A) paranoid personality disorder
B) schizotypal personality disorder
C) psychotic personality disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 7

What is the main reason we do NOT have sufficient research examining the development of personality disorders?

A) There is insufficient research funding for these disorders due to relative lack of public awareness.
B) Many individuals do not seek treatment in the early phases of these disorders.
C) There are many other disorders involving far greater impairment, and these tend to receive the most research funding.
D) Sophisticated research methods are necessary to study disorders that are so ingrained in personality.

Question 8

Karen's brother Paul has paranoid personality disorder.She is considering seeking treatment for Paul.What do you tell her based on your knowledge of research on the effects of treatment on paranoid personality disorder?

A) Cognitive restructuring therapy is effective in most cases.
B) Treatment can be successful only if the patient remains in therapy for a minimum of one year.
C) Strict behavioural approaches, which do not require that the patient become attached to the therapist, are most effective.
D) Therapy probably will not help.

Question 9

Of the DSM 5 personality disorders,which of the following disorders are relatively rare,occurring in less than 1 percent of the general population?

A) histrionic, avoidant, and schizoid personality disorders
B) schizoid, schizotypal, dependent, and avoidant personality disorders
C) schizoid, narcissistic, and avoidant personality disorders
D) paranoid, schizotypal, histrionic, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Question 10

Dr.Angleman is having a hard time treating Craig,who has paranoid personality disorder.What problem is Dr.Angleman most likely encountering with Craig?

A) Craig won't follow treatment recommendations.
B) Craig doesn't trust him.
C) He can't understand Craig's belief system.
D) He can't convince Craig to talk about his beliefs.

Question 11

Dr.Eso specializes in treating histrionic personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder.Which of the following MOST likely describes her patient population?

A) There will be more women with histrionic personality disorder and more women with dependent personality disorder.
B) There will be similar numbers of men and women with histrionic personality disorder and dependent personality disorder.
C) There will be more women with histrionic personality disorder and more men with dependent personality disorder.
D) There will be more men with histrionic personality disorder and more women with dependent personality disorder.

Question 12

What does the cross-cultural research on the five-factor model of personality suggest?

A) Only two dimensions are universal.
B) Western-type personality structure differs from the non-Western type.
C) There is no such thing as a universal human personality structure.
D) The five dimensions are fairly universal.

Question 13

Jack has little interest in social relationships and appears distant and aloof.He seldom shows emotion and seems indifferent to praise and criticism.He is usually wrapped up in abstract ideas and has little time for,or interest in,people.Which personality disorder does Jack most likely have?

A) schizotypal personality disorder
B) avoidant personality disorder
C) schizoid personality disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 14

Jennifer is overly sensitive to criticism.She takes offence at the most trivial,real,or imagined slight.She's distrustful,easily angers,and holds grudges.She has few friends and is extremely jealous and possessive of her one boyfriend,whom she is always accusing of "playing around" on her.Which personality disorder does Jennifer most likely have?

A) antisocial personality disorder
B) schizoid personality disorder
C) paranoid personality disorder
D) narcissistic personality disorder

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for the diagnosis of a personality disorder?

A) maladaptive functioning
B) pervasive pattern of behaviour
C) subjective feelings of distress
D) chronic pattern

Question 16

According to a study by Ford and Widiger (1989),what is a likely cause of the gender differences observed in the prevalence of many personality disorders?

A) cultural scripts that dictate the type of disordered behaviour appropriate for each gender
B) genetic differences
C) gender-specific, learned behaviour patterns
D) gender bias on the part of the diagnosing clinician

Question 17

Unlike schizophrenia or an eating disorder,how can personality disorders be viewed?

A) as disorders of functioning rather than disease
B) as disorders of learning rather than disease
C) as disorders of biology rather than learning
D) as disorders of degree rather than kind

Question 18

Dr.Gall is studying a personality characteristic that is NOT a dimension in the five-factor model of personality.What is it?

A) extraversion
B) neuroticism
C) conscientiousness
D) expressiveness

Question 19

An individual presents for treatment and keeps talking about how gangsters are "out to get" him.Before diagnosing paranoid personality disorder,what must we determine?

A) whether he is overly sensitive to criticism
B) whether his fears are justified
C) whether he has any meaningful relationships
D) whether he has symptoms from any other personality disorder

Question 20

Clinicians who have criticized the way DSM 5 classifies personality disorders view personality disorders as extremes of normal personality rather than as which of the following?

A) impaired functioning
B) medical conditions
C) biologically based traits
D) separate categories of disorders

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT another name for what the DSM 5 calls antisocial personality disorder?

A) egopathy
B) sociopathy
C) idopathy
D) moral insanity

Question 22

What is the most likely cause of schizotypal personality disorder?

A) poor parenting
B) isolation during childhood
C) social modelling
D) biological factors

Question 23

Oliver has "ideas of reference," but senses that these beliefs are probably unrealistic.Which personality disorder would Oliver most likely to be diagnosed with?

A) histrionic personality disorder
B) paranoid personality disorder
C) schizoid personality disorder
D) schizotypal personality disorder

Question 24

Which of the following best describes patients diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder?

A) They are usually indifferent to the idea of changing their behaviour but make more progress once they become invested in the therapeutic relationship.
B) They are usually highly resistant to begin therapy at first but become more motivated if they have a trusting relationship with the therapist.
C) They are usually indifferent to the idea of changing their behaviour until they are convinced of the potential benefits to themselves.
D) They are usually not motivated to begin therapy and generally make little progress while in therapy.

Question 25

Jane and Katelyn both have personality disorders that are part of the DSM 5 Cluster B.Although the women have been diagnosed with different personality disorders,what characteristics do they likely have in common?

A) elevated levels of impulsivity
B) elevated levels of anxiety
C) elevated levels of eccentricity
D) elevated levels of extraversion

Question 26

What is the key characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

A) criminal behaviour at a very young age
B) impulsivity
C) failure to comply with social norms
D) selfishness

Question 27

Martin's father asks Martin's psychiatrist what has caused Martin's schizoid personality disorder.What is the psychiatrist MOST likely to say?

A) The cause is social.
B) The cause is unknown.
C) It is learned in genetically predisposed individuals.
D) It is genetic.

Question 28

With respect to the behaviour relating to suicide,which of the following is one of Hervey Cleckley's 16 major characteristics of the psychopathic personality?

A) frequent threats of suicide for attention
B) frequent suicide attempts
C) suicide rarely carried out
D) high risk of (completed) suicide

Question 29

Kent is socially isolated,behaves in ways that seem unusual,tends to be suspicious,and has odd beliefs.Which personality disorder is Kent likely to be diagnosed with?

A) schizoid personality disorder
B) schizotypal personality disorder
C) paranoid personality disorder
D) narcissistic personality disorder

Question 30

Jeremy has schizotypal personality disorder and also meets the criteria for another psychological disorder.What is that other disorder most likely to be?

A) schizoid personality disorder
B) major depressive disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) paranoia

Question 31

Sam goes through life as a loner and has no motivation to interact with others,but he has relatively normal behaviour and beliefs.Which of the following personality disorders is Sam most likely to be diagnosed with?

A) schizoid personality disorder
B) paranoid personality disorder
C) avoidant personality disorder
D) narcissistic personality disorder

Question 32

Martin believes he can read people's minds and foretell the future.He often feels as if deceased relatives are in the room with him.He talks to himself frequently and often speaks to others in a meandering,vague,although not incoherent manner.He is often unkempt,he believes people are talking about him,and he tends to be socially aloof.Which personality disorder does Martin most likely have?

A) schizoid personality disorder
B) schizotypal personality disorder
C) paranoid personality disorder
D) multiple personality disorder

Question 33

Dave and Mike both have antisocial personality disorder.Dave has gotten in trouble with the law whereas Mike has not.If you had to guess what differs between the two men,what would you say?

A) Mike has the capacity for empathy and Dave does not.
B) Mike received early intervention and Dave did not.
C) Mike probably has more supportive parents than Dave.
D) Dave probably has a lower IQ than Mike.

Question 34

James has autism spectrum disorder and has also been diagnosed with a Cluster A personality disorder.What personality disorder has James MOST likely been diagnosed with?

A) paranoid personality disorder
B) schizoid personality disorder
C) avoidant personality disorder
D) schizotypal personality disorder

Question 35

When Emily first started showing signs of mental illness,her family thought she had developed schizophrenia.However,Emily has since received a diagnosis of a personality disorder that shares many symptoms with schizophrenia.Which disorder is this MOST likely to be?

A) paranoid personality disorder
B) schizoid personality disorder
C) borderline personality disorder
D) schizotypal personality disorder

Question 36

To people who know her casually,Liz is charming.But underneath her superficial charm is an impulsive,self-centred,insensitive,irresponsible person who has little anxiety and feels no guilt or remorse when she hurts someone else.She blames others for her problems.While she can appear to be the nicest person in the world,if you get in her way-watch out! Which personality disorder does Liz most likely have?

A) paranoid personality disorder
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) schizotypal personality disorder
D) narcissistic personality disorder

Question 37

Dr.Fries specializes in treating antisocial personality disorder.What percentage of Dr.Fries' patients are likely to also have a substance abuse problem?

A) 50 percent
B) 60 percent
C) 70 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 38

Phillipe Pinel (1801)used the term manie sans délire to describe roughly the same symptoms as a disorder in the DSM 5.What is that disorder?

A) schizotypal personality disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 39

In which of the following examples is a subtle but important difference between the unusual perceptual experiences associated with schizotypal personality disorder versus schizophrenia apparent?

A) People with schizotypal personality disorder may have the feeling that someone else is in the room (when there isn't), whereas people with schizophrenia may strongly believe others are trying to hurt them.
B) People with schizotypal personality disorder may have the feeling that someone else is in the room (when there isn't), whereas people with schizophrenia may strongly believe there is someone else in the room (when there isn't).
C) People with schizotypal personality disorder may think they have telepathic abilities, whereas people with schizophrenia may hear voices telling them that they are sinful.
D) People with schizotypal personality disorder may think they have a "sixth sense," whereas people with schizophrenia may strongly believe they have superhuman powers.

Question 40

Ted has paranoid personality disorder,and Jake has schizoid personality disorder.What trait do the two men likely have in common?

A) a dislike of other people
B) extreme irritability
C) a sense of being someone special
D) constricted emotional expression

Question 41

Which type of personality disorder most often leads to self-mutilation?

A) schizoid personality disorder
B) schizotypal personality disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 42

What is involved in the most common treatment strategy for children at risk for antisocial personality disorder?

A) medication and intensive psychotherapy
B) placing them in supervised foster homes
C) behavioural modification
D) parent training

Question 43

According to Carrasco and colleagues (2006),what personality characteristic is most important in distinguishing between boys who showed a stable pattern of antisocial over time and those who eventually outgrew the behaviour?

A) sociotropy
B) psychoneuroticism
C) psychoticism
D) egocentricity

Question 44

According to research,what role does genetics play in the cause of antisocial personality disorder?

A) Genetic factors account for at least 90 percent of criminal behaviour.
B) Genetic factors may cause criminal behaviour even in the absence of negative environmental influences.
C) There is no evidence of a genetic cause.
D) Genetic factors may contribute to criminal behaviour only in the presence of certain environmental factors.

Question 45

According to the underarousal hypothesis,why do psychopaths engage in their characteristic behaviours?

A) to provide a sense of relief from the feelings of depression that they experience when they are not highly aroused
B) to reduce the generally high level of arousal that they feel
C) to deal with their anger
D) to provide a level of stimulation that most of us receive from more typical behaviours

Question 46

Which of the following pairs includes the two major neurobiological theories that have received a great deal of attention in the area of psychopathy?

A) Yerkes-Dodson and lack of shame
B) underarousal and fearlessness
C) underarousal and lack of shame
D) cortical immaturity and underarousal

Question 47

George is a 15-year-old boy who has been repeatedly arrested for theft and assault.In addition to shoplifting and other theft,he has been caught stealing money from his parents' wallets and his young sister's piggy bank.George demonstrates no guilt or remorse when he harms others.What is George's most likely diagnosis?

A) conduct disorder
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) narcissistic personality disorder
D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Question 48

Dr.Hamid studies antisocial personality disorder.Which of the following groups likely comprises the basis for much of Dr.Hamid's research?

A) hospital inpatients
B) outpatient volunteers
C) college and university students
D) criminals

Question 49

One prominent theory of psychopathy suggests that the behaviours are caused by an imbalance between two systems.What are these two systems?

A) the brain's behavioural inhibition system and reward system
B) the brain's fight/flight system and reward system
C) the brain's cortical stimulation system and reward system
D) the brain's behavioural inhibition system and fight/flight system

Question 50

One of the contributing factors in the developmental history of individuals with antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy appears to involve parenting.Which of the following behaviours were their parents more likely than average parents to have utilized?

A) an overly permissive parenting style
B) overly firm discipline
C) physical discipline
D) inconsistent discipline

Question 51

Nick has difficulty maintaining relationships because he goes back and forth from being a best friend to hating people in his life quite often.His romantic relationships are always characterized by incredible loving passion,alternating with episodes of horrible fighting.Sometimes he becomes violent.At times,Nick becomes so upset that he cuts himself and reports that this makes him feel better emotionally.Which personality disorder does he most likely have?

A) histrionic personality disorder
B) dependent personality disorder
C) narcissistic personality disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 52

What does research indicate regarding psychopaths and their goal setting patterns?

A) Individuals with this disorder are less likely to be motivated toward a goal.
B) Individuals with this disorder are more likely to keep trying even though the goal is probably unattainable.
C) Individuals with this disorder are less likely to attempt difficult goals.
D) Individuals with this disorder are more likely to quit trying as soon as failure appears imminent.

Question 53

Which of the following disorders is NOT likely to coexist with borderline personality disorder?

A) substance abuse
B) depression
C) panic disorder
D) bulimia

Question 54

Which of the following have Links and Stockwell (2001)NOT identified as a subtype of borderline personality patients?

A) impulsive subtype
B) identity disturbance subtype
C) affective cluster
D) self-harming subtype

Question 55

Approximately 70 percent of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder also have another disorder.What is the other disorder?

A) bipolar disorder
B) a substance use disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) an eating disorder

Question 56

How effective is the treatment of antisocial personality disorder and the related antisocial behaviours?

A) Therapy is successful in about half of the cases treated.
B) There has been greater success in reducing antisocial behaviour in children than in adults.
C) Treatment is rarely effective because people with the disorder will not participate in treatment.
D) There has been greater success in reducing antisocial behaviour in adults than in children.

Question 57

What does the presence of low-frequency theta waves in the brains of psychopaths lead to?

A) underarousal
B) cortical immaturity
C) shamelessness
D) fearlessness

Question 58

Josie has extremely unstable behaviour and emotion; she is impulsive,depressed,and often injures herself.What personality disorder does Josie most likely have?

A) schizotypal personality disorder
B) borderline personality disorder
C) dependent personality disorder
D) histrionic personality disorder

Question 59

Data from long-term follow-up research indicates that many adults with antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy had another condition as children.What is that condition?

A) learning disability
B) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
C) conduct disorder
D) autism

Question 60

What is the basic assumption of the fearlessness hypothesis of psychopathy?

A) Individuals with this disorder have an underactive cortex.
B) Individuals with this disorder learn to avoid punishment.
C) Individuals with this disorder underreact to the threat of punishment.
D) Individuals with this disorder have brain damage that inhibits their ability to understand the implications of their actions.

Question 61

Recently,Janice was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder.Her therapist told her that many people with this disorder respond well to a variety of medications.What medications are these?

A) antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs
B) anti-anxiety drugs
C) atypical antipsychotics and lithium
D) anti-anxiety drugs and lithium

Question 62

Steven loves to brag.While he is not overly dramatic or flirtatious,he enjoys being the centre of attention.He is self-absorbed and lacks empathy for others.He is successful in his career and very proud of his accomplishments.Steven just wishes others would appreciate how wonderful he thinks he is.He is preoccupied with fantasies of future success and power.Which personality disorder does Steven most likely have?

A) antisocial personality disorder
B) histrionic personality disorder
C) narcissistic personality disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 63

Dr.Dawson is studying possible causes of borderline personality disorder.She is likely to be interested in researching the impact of all but which of the following?

A) parental neglect
B) genetics
C) child physical abuse
D) child sexual abuse

Question 64

What is the relationship between childhood sexual and physical abuse and borderline personality disorder?

A) Although early trauma may play a small role in the development of borderline personality disorder, it is likely that biological factors play the major role.
B) Neither sexual nor physical abuse appears to be necessary or sufficient to produce the disorder.
C) Early trauma is indirectly related to the disorder in that all cases of borderline personality disorder resemble post-traumatic stress disorder.
D) Because early abuse is linked to a number of disorders in addition to borderline personality disorder, it is unlikely that it is causally related to any specific disorder.

Question 65

According to Lasch,which of the following disorders has been increasing in frequency due to significant cultural changes?

A) narcissistic personality disorder
B) antisocial personality disorder
C) histrionic personality disorder
D) dependent personality disorder

Question 66

What does the psychological treatment that has been found to be most effective in helping patients with borderline personality disorder involve?

A) learning to cope with life stressors in a more effective manner
B) regressing patients to the time in their lives when they experienced trauma
C) removing the reinforcing attention that they have received for their disordered behaviour in the past
D) changing maladaptive attitudes about the patient himself or herself, and others

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate treatment strategy for narcissistic personality disorder?

A) coping strategies to help accept criticism
B) cognitive therapy to replace grandiose fantasies with more realistic goals
C) being helped to focus on the feelings of others
D) coping strategies for the stressful life events that seem to trigger insecurity in the patient

Question 68

Rija overreacts to everything,is overly dramatic and vain,and seeks reassurance and approval constantly.Which personality disorder is Rija MOST likely to be diagnosed with?

A) narcissistic personality disorder
B) histrionic personality disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 69

According to Links and Stockwell (2001),couples therapy can be very beneficial for those borderline personality patients who are in a relationship,but there is an exception.Which of the following would NOT benefit from couples therapy?

A) those with the identity disturbance subtype of the disorder
B) those with the impulsive subtype of the disorder
C) those who have comorbid substance use disorders
D) those who have a history of violent interpersonal behaviour

Question 70

Amy quickly becomes the centre of attention when she enters a room.She is a tall and attractive young woman who generally wears something striking.Amy is known as a flirt and acts in a seductive manner around men.When Amy speaks,she uses exaggerated terms,even when describing relatively ordinary situations.What is Amy's most likely diagnosis?

A) histrionic personality disorder
B) dependent personality disorder
C) borderline personality disorder
D) narcissistic personality disorder

Question 71

Marielle has histrionic personality disorder.Her family has asked Marielle's psychiatrist whether there is any treatment that can help reduce her problematic behaviours.What is the psychiatrist MOST likely to say?

A) "Strict behavioural programs have been shown to be effective in controlled research."
B) "There are no well-controlled studies demonstrating success."
C) "Cognitive therapy is most effective."
D) "Patients who voluntarily attend therapy tend to get better."

Question 72

Why might labelling childhood trauma as a cause of borderline personality disorder be too simplistic an explanation?

A) because people with borderline personality disorder frequently lie about childhood trauma
B) because childhood traumas occur frequently and don't always create any disorders
C) because individuals with borderline personality disorder tend to respond to SSRI medications
D) because there are too many neurological deficits that are noted in borderline personality disorder patients

Question 73

Why are individuals with narcissistic personality disorder most likely to become depressed?

A) because they seldom live up to their unrealistic expectations of themselves
B) because they are involved in an endless search for the ideal person who will meet their unfulfilled empathic needs
C) because they feel that others don't understand and appreciate them
D) because they become upset when their intimate relationships fail

Question 74

What is the primary characteristic of narcissistic personality disorder?

A) thinking of oneself as deserving of special treatment
B) exaggerated emotions and seductive behaviour
C) a constant need for reassurance and approval
D) impulsivity

Question 75

Shauna shows excessive emotionality; has an excessive need for praise,reassurance,and approval; and constantly needs to be the centre of attention.Which personality disorder does Shauna most likely have?

A) narcissistic personality disorder
B) dependent personality disorder
C) histrionic personality disorder
D) borderline personality disorder

Question 76

Ming has narcissistic personality disorder and Ian has psychopathy.Although they are quite different,which of the Big Five personality traits are they likely to have in common?

A) disagreeableness
B) openness to experience
C) extroversion
D) irresponsibility

Question 77

Using the five-factor model of personality,Paulhus and Williams (2002)administered measures of psychopathy and narcissism to university students.What did they find?

A) The two disorders are virtually identical constructs.
B) The two disorders are overlapping but distinct constructs.
C) Both disorders share a hypersensitivity to criticism.
D) Both disorders were associated with elevated scores on the neuroticism scale.

Question 78

There appears to be a relationship between two personality disorders,with some evidence that each may be gender-typed,alternative ways of expressing the same underlying condition.What are these two disorders?

A) histrionic and antisocial personality disorders
B) borderline and histrionic personality disorders
C) antisocial and borderline personality disorders
D) histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders

Question 79

What is one of the problems encountered when trying to change the behaviour of an individual with histrionic personality disorder?

A) Patients with this disorder generally do not have the intellectual abilities to change despite their desire to do so.
B) The patient does not want to change.
C) The maladaptive behaviour generally results in short-term benefits despite long-term costs.
D) The maladaptive behaviour is genetically determined.

Question 80

Kelly is a born actress.She is always the centre of attention.She is highly dramatic,overemotional,self-centred,spoiled,and inconsiderate of her friends.While she can appear charming and is often flirtatious and seductive,she has never had a truly intimate relationship.She has poor self-esteem and tries to impress others as a means of improving her own self-worth.Which personality disorder does Kelly most likely have?

A) histrionic personality disorder
B) narcissistic personality disorder
C) dependent personality disorder
D) borderline personality disorder