Deck 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Question 1

You are the mayor of a city with 100 000 people in it.About how many people with schizophrenia can you estimate live in your city?

A) 50
B) 100
C) 250
D) 1000

Answer 1

1000

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a persecutory delusion?

A) the belief that people are out to get you
B) the belief that a body part has changed in some impossible way
C) the belief that a familiar person is actually a double
D) the belief that you are a famous or important person

Answer 2

the belief that people are out to get you

Question 3

Who renamed "dementia praecox" as "schizophrenia"?

A) Heinz Lehmann
B) Eugen Bleuler
C) Walter Heinrichs
D) Emil Kraepelin

Answer 3

Eugen Bleuler

Question 4

Leo believes he is Jesus Christ.He is convinced he has returned to pass judgment on the world and offer salvation to true Christians.Despite a complete lack of evidence to support his beliefs,he remains convinced that he is Christ and that he is all-powerful.What kind of delusions do Leo's beliefs illustrate?

A) delusions of being controlled
B) delusions of reference
C) delusions of grandeur
D) delusions of persecution

Question 5

Eugen Bleuler's concept of schizophrenia as an "associative splitting" of the basic functions of personality led to an incorrect use of the term.What is this incorrect meaning?

A) manic-depressive disorder
B) multiple personality
C) a fugue state
D) folie à deux

Question 6

Wayne believes that people are spying on him.He claims that the RCMP has put a microphone in his dog's stomach so that they can listen to his private conversations.What kind of delusions do Wayne's beliefs illustrate?

A) delusions of being controlled
B) delusions of reference
C) delusions of persecution
D) delusions of grandeur

Question 7

Martin believes that he was sent to earth to save humankind.He says that he regularly hears the voice of God describing his mission.His appearance is dishevelled and he often speaks incoherently.He has experienced these symptoms for the past seven months.Based on this information,what disorder does Martin most likely have?

A) delusional disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) brief psychotic disorder
D) schizophreniform disorder

Question 8

Abby has schizophrenia and announces that the Pope has given her secret instructions and she plans to end world poverty and homelessness.What kind of delusions does Abby's thinking illustrate?

A) delusions of grandeur
B) delusions of reference
C) delusions of thought insertion
D) delusions of persecution

Question 9

What is Cotard's syndrome?

A) the belief that people are out to get you
B) the belief that a body part has changed in some impossible way
C) the belief that you are a famous or important person
D) the belief that a familiar person is actually a double

Question 10

Toward the end of the 19th century,the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin used a term to refer to an onset of symptoms that often occurs before adulthood,and what we now call schizophrenia.What was that term?

A) folie à deux
B) dementia praecox
C) adolescent insanity
D) hebephrenia

Question 11

Janet has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.What is the likelihood Janet will have delusions and hallucinations?

A) between 5 percent and 20 percent
B) between 30 percent and 40 percent
C) between 50 percent and 70 percent
D) between 80 percent and 90 percent

Question 12

In 1908,Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler introduced the term "schizophrenia," which comes from the combination of the Greek words for "split" and "mind." What does the term refer to?

A) an associative splitting of the basic functions of personality
B) a malfunction of the left and right hemispheres of the brain
C) a splitting of one personality into several distinct personalities
D) a dualistic view of the mind, as consisting of both body and soul

Question 13

Alberto believes that his computer comes to life at night and transmits messages about humans to Pluto.Assuming Alberto's computer does not do this,what is Alberto's belief an example of?

A) tangentiality
B) frequent derailment
C) a delusion
D) alogia

Question 14

What percentage of people are affected by schizophrenia at some point in their lives?

A) 1 percent
B) 2 percent
C) 5 percent
D) 10 percent

Question 15

Who introduced the term "schizophrenia" in 1908?

A) Emil Kraepelin
B) Heinz Lehmann
C) Phillipe Pinel
D) Eugen Bleuler

Question 16

In working with patients with schizophrenia,mental health professionals typically distinguish between two types of symptoms-an excess or distortion of normal behaviour and deficits in normal behaviour.What are these symptoms called,respectively?

A) dysmorphic and dysfunctional symptoms
B) acute and passive symptoms
C) manic and depressive symptoms
D) positive and negative symptoms

Question 17

Jess tells her friend Hannah that her brother is psychotic.What does Jess mean?

A) He has disorders of thought.
B) He has disorganized speech and disorganized behaviour.
C) He has paranoia.
D) He has hallucinations and delusions.

Question 18

Veronica is hospitalized after a suicide attempt.In the hospital,she spends all of her time drawing sketches of monsters that she calls "hell's keepers." She claims that these "hell's keepers" talk to her and ordered her to plan her suicide.She talks to invisible people in her room.What is Veronica most likely suffering from?

A) dissociative identity disorder
B) paranoid personality disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) schizoid personality disorder

Question 19

Which of the following best characterizes an individual who is diagnosed as psychotic?

A) The person has delusions.
B) The person has hallucinations and delusions.
C) The person has hallucinations.
D) The person has hallucinations and delusions but in a less serious form than in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Question 20

Who first used the term "dementia praecox"?

A) Eugen Bleuler
B) Walter Heinrichs
C) Heinz Lehmann
D) Emil Kraepelin

Question 21

What is the negative symptom of schizophrenia known as "flat affect"?

A) an inability to initiate and persist in activities
B) a lack of emotional response and a blank facial expression
C) an inability to experience pleasure
D) a lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response

Question 22

Kyle just had a hallucination due to schizophrenia.What type of hallucination did he most likely experience?

A) a tactile hallucination
B) an olfactory hallucination
C) an auditory hallucination
D) a visual hallucination

Question 23

Callie has been diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder.This means that,in addition to schizophrenic symptoms,she also has another condition.What is the other condition?

A) an anxiety disorder
B) a split personality
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) a mood disorder

Question 24

What is the negative symptom of schizophrenia known as "avolition"?

A) an inability to initiate and persist in activities
B) a lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response
C) a lack of emotional response and a blank facial expression
D) an inability to experience pleasure

Question 25

What is one possible explanation why schizophrenic delusions persist in the face of contradictory information?

A) The individual cannot recognize the difference between the voices in his or her head and voices of other people who are providing the information.
B) New information is not being properly integrated.
C) The ventricles are enlarged.
D) One of the symptoms of schizophrenia is perseverative thinking.

Question 26

Roberts (1991)studied 17 people who had elaborate delusions about themselves and the world,and compared them with a matched group of people who previously had delusions but were now improving.Compared to those who previously suffered delusions,what did Roberts discover about people with current delusions?

A) Those with current delusions expressed a lack of purpose and meaning in life and greater depression.
B) Those with current delusions were more motivated to undergo therapy.
C) Those with current delusions expressed a stronger sense of purpose and meaning in life and less depression.
D) Those with current delusions were functioning at a higher level in their everyday life.

Question 27

A woman with schizophrenia has a vision of St.Paul hovering in midair at the foot of her bed.What is this vision an example of?

A) an apparition
B) a hallucination
C) an avolition
D) a delusion

Question 28

Frank has schizophrenia.He frequently giggles childishly to himself on the subway and cries when he watches cartoons on television.What symptom is he exhibiting?

A) catatonic affect
B) cognitive slippage
C) anhedonia
D) inappropriate affect

Question 29

What is one reason why schizophrenic delusions persist in the face of contradictory information?

A) One of the symptoms of schizophrenia is perseverative thinking.
B) The ventricles are enlarged.
C) The delusions may provide the affected individual with a sense of purpose and meaning in life.
D) The individual cannot recognize the difference between the voices in his or her head and voices of other people who are providing the information.

Question 30

Sorin is experiencing anhedonia.What does this mean for Sorin?

A) He lacks emotional responses and exhibits a blank facial expression.
B) His speech lacks content or is slowed.
C) He has an inability to initiate and persist in activities.
D) He has an inability to experience pleasure.

Question 31

In the development of the DSM-5,how are subtypes of schizophrenia differentiated?

A) by categorizing as catatonic, paranoid, or disorganized
B) the severity
C) by the duration of the symptoms
D) by whether or not the person has hallucinations

Question 32

What is the disorganized symptom of schizophrenia known as "tangentiality"?

A) incomprehensible speech
B) abruptly changing the topic of conversation to unrelated or only peripherally related areas
C) drawing illogical conclusions in one's speech
D) answering a question indirectly (only in a peripheral sense)

Question 33

Consider the following statement: "The time is 9:30.Ten is my favourite number.I also like to listen to music and paint pictures." What kind of disorganized speech does the statement illustrate?

A) catatonic slippage
B) tangentiality
C) word salad
D) derailment

Question 34

The neuroleptic drugs,which were introduced in the 1950s,primarily treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom?

A) alogia
B) delusions
C) agitation
D) hallucinations

Question 35

James is experiencing alogia.What would someone spending time with James notice about him?

A) He would seem to have an inability to experience pleasure.
B) He would seem to have an inability to initiate and persist in activities.
C) He would show a lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.
D) He would show a lack of emotional response and a blank facial expression.

Question 36

Allen is convinced that his brother has been replaced by an imposter.What aspect of schizophrenia is Allen displaying?

A) delusional disorder
B) Capgras syndrome
C) schizoaffective disorder
D) folie à deux

Question 37

Diagnosed with schizophrenia,Marta shows an unusual form of catatonia.If someone moves one of her arms or legs into a different position,it just stays that way.What is this symptom called?

A) waxy flexibility
B) catatonic cooperation
C) schizophrenic movement disorder
D) postural dysfunction

Question 38

Mark was diagnosed with schizophrenia.Recently,he has been standing for hours in unusual postures.What is this symptom called?

A) cognitive slippage
B) inappropriate affect
C) hebephrenia
D) catatonic immobility

Question 39

Which of the following would be considered a delusion?

A) clearly seeing a vision of an object that is not physically present
B) having to wash one's hands thoroughly every time one touches something
C) feeling pain in one's back even though there is no physical sign of injury
D) being convinced that one's neighbours are aliens from another planet

Question 40

James has schizophrenia.His parents can always tell when he is hallucinating.Consistent with research,James sits there and smiles as if he is listening to someone next to him.What is he usually doing while hallucinating?

A) talking
B) just waking up in the morning
C) nothing
D) watching television

Question 41

You read a story about a couple who was arrested because they abducted their children from their previous marriages.They shared the theory that government agencies and others were plotting to sell children to childless parents.Which disorder best characterizes what these two people had?

A) brief psychotic disorder
B) folie à deux
C) dual schizophrenia
D) schizophreniform disorder

Question 42

Which of the following concepts supports the outcome of the Genain sisters (the identical quadruplets all diagnosed with schizophrenia)?

A) an unshared environment
B) a unique perceptive interpretation
C) an environmental phenomenon
D) a variable home structure

Question 43

How is the genetic basis of schizophrenia best understood?

A) Schizophrenia is primarily genetically caused.
B) Researchers have discovered the gene responsible for causing schizophrenia.
C) Genes are responsible for making some individuals vulnerable to schizophrenia.
D) Some forms of schizophrenia are influenced by genes; others are not.

Question 44

Greg has recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia and is currently complaining of auditory hallucinations.What can you predict about the symptoms he will likely display in one year?

A) he will probably continue to have only auditory hallucinations
B) he will probably develop delusions
C) he will probably shift to negative symptoms
D) he could develop any new symptom, continue to hallucinate, or both

Question 45

Which of the following describes the onset of schizophrenia?

A) Most people with schizophrenia develop symptoms in their teen years.
B) Most people with schizophrenia develop symptoms in their 40s.
C) The probability of developing schizophrenia is greater for males than for females until age 36.
D) The probability of developing schizophrenia is greater for females than for males until age 36.

Question 46

Jack was recently arrested,for the fifth time,for stalking a local media celebrity who he believes is in love with him.This is a persistent and strongly held belief of Jack's,but it is his only symptom.What disorder does Jack most likely have?

A) brief psychotic disorder
B) delusional disorder
C) erotic schizophrenia
D) disorganized paranoid disorder

Question 47

Why do the delusions in delusional disorder differ from the more bizarre types often found in people with schizophrenia?

A) In delusional disorder, the imagined events are so bizarre that they could never have happened and never will happen.
B) In paranoid schizophrenia, the imagined events have actually happened or are now happening.
C) In delusional disorder, the imagined events could really be happening but there is no evidence that they are happening.
D) In paranoid schizophrenia, the imagined events have not happened but affected individuals think they will occur.

Question 48

After Martha's last final examination,she began experiencing auditory hallucinations and told her friends about her plans to reunite all missing children from around the world with their parents.Martha's friends were relieved two weeks later when Martha reported that she was not hearing any voices and did not have any plans for reuniting missing children.What had Martha most likely experienced?

A) an undiagnosable event
B) a schizophreniform disorder
C) a brief psychotic disorder
D) a delusional disorder

Question 49

Several studies have shown a link between eye-tracking deficits and schizophrenic symptoms.Which of the following symptoms are these?

A) negative symptoms
B) both positive and negative symptoms
C) both positive and negative symptoms, but mostly positive symptoms
D) positive symptoms

Question 50

When looking for abnormalities in the brain as clues to the influences of schizophrenia,it is important to keep certain questions in mind when doing correlational research.For example,if a person with schizophrenia were found to have an excess of dopamine,a researcher would need to ask certain questions.Which of the following is NOT one of these questions?

A) Why is the dopamine system active in the schizophrenic brain?
B) Is there some factor that causes both schizophrenia and an excess of dopamine?
C) Does too much dopamine cause schizophrenia?
D) Does having schizophrenia cause an excess of dopamine?

Question 51

Which of the following statements reflects "circumstantial evidence" for the dopamine theory of schizophrenia?

A) Amphetamines, which activate dopamine, can lessen psychotic symptoms in persons with schizophrenia.
B) The drug L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, is used to treat schizophrenic symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.
C) Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) can produce side effects similar to those of Parkinson's disease (a disorder due to insufficient dopamine).
D) Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) act as dopamine agonists, increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain.

Question 52

Arthur,who is described in your textbook,suddenly experienced the delusion that he could save all the starving children in the world with a "secret plan." Because his symptoms lasted only a few days,what was he diagnosed with?

A) schizotypal personality disorder
B) cocaine abuse
C) brief psychotic disorder
D) folie à deux (shared psychotic disorder)

Question 53

In which of the following situations would the risk of developing schizophrenia be the lowest for a child?

A) The child's parent with schizophrenia has a non-schizophrenic fraternal twin.
B) The child's nonschizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic fraternal twin.
C) The child's nonschizophrenic parent has a schizophrenic identical twin.
D) The child's parent with schizophrenia has a non-schizophrenic identical twin.

Question 54

According to a study on the relapse rates of schizophrenia,as described in the textbook,approximately what percentage of people who have one episode of schizophrenia will have no lasting impairments or further episodes?

A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 55

Sanjev has had schizophrenia since he was 21 years old,and now he is 71 years old.How have his symptoms of schizophrenia MOST likely changed as his age has advanced?

A) His hallucinations likely decreased.
B) His negative symptoms involving speech decreased.
C) His delusion likely increased.
D) His negative symptoms involving cognitive difficulties have decreased.

Question 56

How are schizophrenia and delusional disorder different?

A) In schizophrenic delusions, the imagined events could be happening but they're not; in delusional disorder, the imagined events aren't possible.
B) Delusional disorder usually lasts only a few days; schizophrenia is long lasting and chronic.
C) Delusional disorder is often triggered by stressful events; schizophrenia is never precipitated by stressful events.
D) Schizophrenia usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood; delusional disorder often has an age of onset in the 40s.

Question 57

Which of the following explains gradations of severity in people with schizophrenia (from mild to severe)and explains that the risk of having schizophrenia increases with the number of affected relatives in the family?

A) the neurological damage theory of schizophrenia
B) the quantitative trait loci model of schizophrenia
C) the hypofrontality theory of schizophrenia
D) the dopamine theory of schizophrenia

Question 58

Of the various genetic linkage and association studies,which one seems to be a possible "marker" for schizophrenia?

A) unusual facial features
B) eye-tracking
C) scores on various cognitive tests
D) blood type

Question 59

What do cross-cultural studies of schizophrenia suggest?

A) Schizophrenia is universal in its prevalence, course, and outcome.
B) Schizophrenia is more prevalent in developing countries.
C) Schizophrenia is largely a Western phenomenon.
D) Schizophrenia is universal, but it may vary in its course and outcome across cultures.

Question 60

If one identical twin has schizophrenia,what is the probability that the other identical twin also has the disorder?

A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 100 percent

Question 61

There is some evidence to suggest that fingerprint ridges may be a marker for schizophrenia that result from prenatal exposure to which of the following?

A) alcohol
B) rubella
C) influenza
D) caffeine

Question 62

Extrapyramidal symptoms,which are serious side effects of antipsychotic medications,occur in some patients with schizophrenia.These are similar to the symptoms of another condition.What is that condition?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) cerebral palsy
C) Parkinson's disease
D) multiple sclerosis

Question 63

What hypothesis has the fact that nothing that resembles our current image of schizophrenia exists in historic records or ancient literature given rise to?

A) Schizophrenia is a recent phenomenon and, like AIDS, may involve some newly introduced virus.
B) Schizophrenia is a social and cultural construct.
C) There may have been effective treatments for the symptoms of schizophrenia in some ancient societies.
D) Schizophrenia was frequently confused with bipolar illness.

Question 64

Which of the following provides evidence for structural difference in the brains of patients with schizophrenia?

A) In some patients with schizophrenia, there is an excess amount of "gray matter" in the cerebral cortex.
B) Schizophrenic patients have smaller ventricles in their brains.
C) The majority of patients with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles in their brains.
D) Many patients with schizophrenia have increased activity in the frontal lobes of the brain.

Question 65

Current research suggests that at least three specific neurochemical abnormalities are involved in the development of schizophrenic symptoms.What are they?

A) overactive striatal D2 receptors; underactive prefrontal D1 receptors; alterations in glutamate transmission
B) underactive striatal D2 receptors; underactive prefrontal glutamate receptors; alterations in serotonin transmission
C) underactive striatal D2 receptors; overactive prefrontal D1 receptors; underactive glutamate transmission
D) overactive striatal D2 receptors; underactive prefrontal serotonin receptors; underactive glutamate transmission

Question 66

When drugs are administered to patients with schizophrenia,what effect do they have?

A) Drugs that destroy dopamine cause an increase in schizophrenic behaviour.
B) Drugs that increase dopamine cause an increase in schizophrenic behaviour.
C) Drugs that decrease dopamine cause an increase in schizophrenic behaviour.
D) Drugs that increase dopamine decrease schizophrenic behaviour.

Question 67

Motor disruptions in schizophrenia are similar to motor disruptions with which other disease?

A) Parkinson's disease
B) ALS
C) Huntington's disease
D) muscular sclerosis (MS)

Question 68

Tardive dyskinesia,a severe side effect of antipsychotic medications,includes a number of involuntary movements.Which of the following is NOT one of these movements?

A) involuntary chewing
B) tongue protrusion
C) puffing of the cheeks
D) tooth grinding

Question 69

Which of the following has been proven regarding neurotransmitters and schizophrenia?

A) The drug L-dopa has been very effective in stabilizing dopamine in the schizophrenic brain.
B) Two dopamine sites are of particular interest in the schizophrenic brain-D5 and D6.
C) The neurotransmitter dopamine is too active in a person with schizophrenia.
D) The neurotransmitter dopamine is underactive in a person with schizophrenia.

Question 70

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A) a side effect of some antipsychotic drugs
B) a neuroleptic drug
C) a brain site affected by schizophrenia
D) a side effect of schizophrenia

Question 71

In contrast to retrospective research,which is based on after-the-fact reports,what is the purpose of prospective research studies of patients with schizophrenia?

A) They look at brain-imaging diagnostic tests to determine if patients with schizophrenia have structural neurological defects.
B) They examine factors that predict the occurrence or recurrence of schizophrenic symptoms in the future.
C) They assess recovery rates in patients with schizophrenia who have taken different medications.
D) They compare genetic, biological, and social etiological factors to try to determine inheritance patterns in offspring of parents with schizophrenia.

Question 72

Which of the following treatments was first used in the 1930s to treat schizophrenia but is now used primarily to treat severe depression?

A) insulin coma therapy
B) prefrontal lobotomy
C) psychosurgery
D) electroconvulsive therapy

Question 73

Using brain-imaging techniques,Staal and colleagues (2000)found that both people with schizophrenia and their otherwise-unaffected siblings had enlargement of the third ventricle as compared with healthy volunteers.What does this finding suggest?

A) Schizophrenia causes enlargement of the third ventricle.
B) Enlargement of the third ventricle causes schizophrenia in only 50 percent of first-degree relatives.
C) An enlarged third ventricle causes schizophrenia.
D) An enlarged third ventricle may be related to susceptibility to schizophrenia.

Question 74

Brown and colleagues (1962)followed a sample of people who had been discharged from the hospital after an episode of schizophrenic symptoms.What did the researchers find?

A) Those who had limited contact with their relatives did worse than patients who spent longer periods with their families.
B) If the mothers of the patients had schizophrenia, the patients did better.
C) If the mothers of the patients did not have schizophrenia, the patients did better.
D) Those who had limited contact with their relatives did better than patients who spent longer periods with their families.

Question 75

Historic records and ancient literature contain descriptions of symptoms in people who today would be diagnosed with various disorders.Which of the following is NOT one of these disorders?

A) mood disorders (depression and mania)
B) schizophrenia
C) intellectual disability
D) senile dementia

Question 76

As early as what year did researchers observe that the ventricles of the brain of people with schizophrenia where enlarged?

A) 1907
B) 1927
C) 1947
D) 1967

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT a typical,minor side effect of antipsychotic medications?

A) blurred vision
B) grogginess
C) headaches
D) dryness of the mouth

Question 78

Karl had surgery to treat his schizophrenia in 1947.What type of surgery did he have?

A) electroconvulsive therapy
B) prefrontal lobotomy
C) cingulotomy
D) insulin coma therapy

Question 79

With regard to the family interactions of patients with schizophrenia,for a certain time period,what was the word "schizophrenogenic" used to describe?

A) a mother whose cold, dominant, and rejecting nature was thought to cause schizophrenia in her children
B) a family in which relatives on both sides were psychotic
C) a highly dysfunctional family environment, associated with divorce or extreme marital discord, which was thought to foster psychotic symptoms in children
D) a physically and emotionally abusive and alcoholic father whose children developed schizophrenia

Question 80

If expressed emotion is a cause of schizophrenia,we would expect to see a positive correlation between the rates of schizophrenia and the rates of expressed emotions across cultural groups.What does the research on this subject show?

A) There is no correlation; levels of expressed emotion do not vary by cultural group but rates of schizophrenia do.
B) There is a positive correlation; most cultural groups with higher levels of expressed emotion show higher rates of schizophrenia.
C) There is no correlation; levels of expressed emotion vary by cultural group but rates of schizophrenia do not.
D) There is a negative correlation; most cultural groups with higher levels of expressed emotion show lower rates of schizophrenia.