Deck 11: Political Organization and the Maintenance of Order

Question 1

Which of the following processes is involved in both decision making and conflict resolution among members of a band society?

A) consensus among adults
B) competitions
C) consulting elders
D) majority voting

Answer 1

consensus among adults

Question 2

What is the Kapauku tonowi's political role?

A) headman of the village
B) keeper of the sacred shells
C) war chief
D) to act as a senior senator

Answer 2

headman of the village

Question 3

How did contemporary Slavey First Nations gain greater political autonomy and more control over their traditional lands?

A) They protested rulings made by the Supreme Court of Canada.
B) They allied themselves with other Dene peoples to form the Dene nation
C) They took a petition to the United Nations outlining their grievances.
D) They took their case to the World Court.

Answer 3

They allied themselves with other Dene peoples to form the Dene nation

Question 4

Which term refers to an egalitarian autonomous group composed of related families who occupy a single region?

A) government
B) state
C) band
D) tribe

Question 5

What do "bands" all have in common?

A) They are centralized.
B) They are associated with intensive agriculture.
C) They are hierarchical in social organization.
D) They are egalitarian and kin-based.

Question 6

Which term best describes leaders among the Blackfoot First Nations tribe?

A) permanent
B) all-powerful
C) women
D) wise and accomplished hunters

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a Ju/'hoansi leader,male or female?

A) planning trading expeditions
B) organizing hunting parties
C) punishing wrongdoers
D) making marriage arrangements

Question 8

In 1500,Europe consisted of 500 political entities.By 1900,how many political entities were left in Europe?

A) 300
B) 150
C) 90
D) 30

Question 9

Which term refers to the way power is distributed and embedded in a cultural group?

A) government
B) political organization
C) adjudication
D) law

Question 10

Among the Slavey,band members settled their own disputes for most serious offenses.What would happen to a guilty offender?

A) They might take the dispute to a tribunal of bands.
B) They might be banished from the band.
C) They may have to perform work duties.
D) They would have to pay compensation.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about political organization is correct?

A) Political organization is not an important component of human behaviour.
B) Political organization only exists in modern complex cultures.
C) Some form of political organization exists in all cultures.
D) Political organization has to do primarily with military control and police structure.

Question 12

Which of the following terms is defined as a form of East African political organization in which a very large group is broken up into clans,which in turn are divided into maximal,major,minor,and minimal lineages?

A) band
B) kindred
C) tribal council
D) segmentary lineage

Question 13

Among the Nuer of the Sudan,alliances among lineage segments that occur during conflict between minimal lineage segments are resolved by activating an alliance of higher-order lineages.What is this system known as?

A) unified lineage action
B) complementary opposition
C) maximized counteraction
D) lineage collusion

Question 14

What is the term for a group that involves separate bands and villages integrated by factors such as kinship and clans?

A) band
B) tribe
C) chiefdom
D) state

Question 15

Hunter-gatherers tended to form different social organizations than pastoralists.What is the most common form of organization among pastoralists?

A) chiefdoms
B) states
C) bands
D) tribes

Question 16

Among the Slavey of northern Canada,how might the most serious offences might be resolved?

A) by forcing the culprit to fast until he or she repents
B) by confining the culprit to his or her house for several weeks
C) by banishing the culprit from the band
D) by ridiculing and tormenting the culprit for several months

Question 17

Among the Slavey,anyone was free to "vote with their feet" who was unhappy with decision making by _____________

A) consensus
B) drawing lots
C) leader's advice
D) majority vote

Question 18

How does the tonowi (Big Man)of the Kapauku of New Guinea acquire political power?

A) by being trusted,deceptive,and a good talker
B) by being generous,wealthy,and a good talker
C) by being handsome,well-dressed,and a good talker
D) by being mysterious and a good talker

Question 19

Among the Nuer of South Sudan,which statement about feuds is true?

A) They are very uncommon.
B) They have been eliminated through mediation by chiefs.
C) They are very common.
D) They are resolved by clan elders.

Question 20

In uncentralized bands,how is conformity to society's laws and customs accomplished?

A) by ostracizing those who do not conform and exposing them to public scorn and gossip
B) by band leaders applying various levels of force
C) through a system of tribal courts
D) by a chief who decides matters of dispute

Question 21

What did the British do when they imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria?

A) They introduced changes that caused the tribal elders to lose power.
B) They introduced changes that advocated the equality of political power between the sexes.
C) They introduced changes that made women more powerful than men.
D) They introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men.

Question 22

Which term best describes systems of political organization,age-grade systems,and common-interest associations?

A) segmentary
B) negotiated
C) kinship
D) cross-cutting

Question 23

What does the "similarity" model of political inequality propose?

A) Women seeking political office in Canada must possess the same social and political resources that men do.
B) Minority women must possess the same standards as have long been set for majority women and men.
C) Women seeking political office must hold the same views as their political party.
D) Women will advance only after having formed their own "separate but equal" political party.

Question 24

Among the Iroquois nations of southern Ontario,what form did women's political power take?

A) They were village leaders.
B) They were tribal council leaders.
C) Only they could appoint men to or remove men from high council positions.
D) They sat on the great council of the League of Five Nations.

Question 25

How does political power function in the modern state?

A) Political power is centralized in the government,which may legitimately use force to regulate the affairs of its citizens as well as its relations with other states.
B) Political power is centralized in the government,which provides a constitution to determine political process.
C) Political power is vested in provinces or territories as democratic entities.
D) Political power flows from the hands of the voters who elect political representatives to carry out their will.

Question 26

Among the Plains Cree of Canada,what was one of the functions of warrior societies?

A) maintaining order in the region
B) guarding against enemy attack
C) dressing animals after the hunt
D) performing rituals that strengthened regional solidarity

Question 27

Which term applies to a ranked cultural system in which every member of the group has a position in the hierarchy and an individual's status is determined by his or her closeness to the leader?

A) kindred
B) tribe
C) chiefdom
D) state

Question 28

What unusual political situation do Iceland and Japan have in common?

A) In both the state and the nation coincide.
B) They are both multinational states.
C) Both countries have no constitution.
D) They both are states without nations.

Question 29

Among the Nuer of South Sudan,which statement about the "leopard-skin chief" is true?

A) He is the head of the largest and most powerful Nuer clan.
B) He is in charge of the ritual slaughter of cattle for conciliation purposes.
C) He can force feuding lineages to accept "blood cattle."
D) He tries to mediate between feuding sides but does not have political power.

Question 30

What is the principal means of distributing goods in a chiefdom?

A) reciprocity
B) negative reciprocity
C) redistribution
D) silent trade

Question 31

In a chiefdom,how is the office of the chief determined?

A) It is usually a hereditary position.
B) It passes matrilineally from a man to his brother's son.
C) Passes patrilineally from a man to his daughter's husband.
D) It goes to the best hunter.

Question 32

In Canada,which statement about Aboriginal self-government arrangements is true?

A) They do not include First Nations groups in British Columbia or Quebec.
B) They have required negotiations on a nation-by-nation basis.
C) They are identical for First Nations and the Inuit.
D) They do not recognize Aboriginal people's right to culture,identity,and language.

Question 33

What conclusion did J.H.Black's study on minority women in Canadian politics reach?

A) Women tend to have fewer accomplishments than men.
B) Minority women are disadvantaged in terms of ethnicity and gender.
C) The hurdles facing men are generally higher than for women.
D) Most women in politics have followed their husbands there.

Question 34

What goal is always at the heart of political organization?

A) maintaining social order
B) the legitimate use violence
C) unequal access to power
D) the development of egalitarian relationships

Question 35

Among the Igbo of Nigeria,how was power divided between men and women?

A) Men and women had separate autonomous spheres of political activity.
B) Women were treated as inferiors.
C) Men had no political role in the village,which was controlled by women.
D) Men and women lived in separate villages.

Question 36

What have anthropologists observed about the relationship between women and politics?

A) Many women who hold high office behave more emotionally than men.
B) Many women leaders must adopt a temperament that is usually considered hyper-masculine.
C) In many societies,women have as much political power as men.
D) No society has ever been ruled by a woman.

Question 37

Which of the following is one of the causes of state formation?

A) shrinking population as a result of reduced food production
B) festering competition for delineated lands
C) specialized urban sectors supported by large rural populations
D) emergence of authority and the growth of individual freedom

Question 38

Minority women must surpass the standards set for majority women and men.Which of the following models is this an example of?

A) similarity
B) compensation
C) gender
D) political

Question 39

Which term can be defined as people who share a language,culture,territorial base,political organization,and a common history?

A) civilization
B) chiefdom
C) state
D) nation

Question 40

Which attribute of a state-as well as the scope of its legitimate use in regulating the affairs of its citizens-is a key factor in distinguishing one state from another?

A) kinship
B) force
C) chiefs
D) religion

Question 41

Which type of political organization is most likely to resolve conflicts with a neighbouring social unit by means of warfare?

A) band
B) tribe
C) chiefdom
D) state

Question 42

There is a disproportionate number of Aboriginal people in Canadian prisons.What has this led to?

A) harsher sentences
B) sentencing circles
C) better behaviour on the part of First Nations people
D) more prisons for non-Aboriginal people

Question 43

Which of the following is one of the functions of law?

A) defining proper moral behaviour so that the police always know whom to arrest
B) allocating authority to use coercion to enforce sanctions
C) protecting the rich from the poor
D) declaring which behaviour must always be considered proper

Question 44

"Awards,titles,recognition,imprisonment,corporal punishment,and ostracism from the community." What are these all examples of,both positive and negative?

A) internalized controls
B) statuses
C) kinship principles
D) sanctions

Question 45

Which of the following is an expanding field of employment for anthropologists?

A) ethnoscience
B) assertiveness training
C) dispute control
D) dispute resolution

Question 46

How is social order in bands and tribes maintained?

A) public beatings
B) executions carried out by night
C) gossip and fear of supernatural forces
D) threats aimed at the wrongdoer's first-born child

Question 47

Suppose that two members of a secret society are engaged in a fierce dispute.Their argument is escalating and seems to be endangering the survival of the group.Because you are respected as an impartial observer,both parties agree to abide by your decision.What are you being asked to engage in?

A) consensus building
B) adjudication
C) negotiation
D) mediation

Question 48

What do "sanctions" refer to?

A) internalized social controls
B) holy behaviour
C) externalized social controls
D) ritualized behaviour

Question 49

Traditionally,what do Canadian Inuit often employ to settle disputes?

A) song duels
B) fist fights
C) punishment based on assigning guilt
D) mediation

Question 50

Which Canadian won the Nobel Peace Prize for establishing a United Nations international peacekeeping force?

A) Jean Chrétien
B) Brian Mulroney
C) Pierre Trudeau
D) Lester B.Pearson

Question 51

Which of the following did Benjamin Franklin use as a model for the founding of the United States from 13 American colonies?

A) the Cheyenne Elk Soldier Society
B) the League of the Iroquois
C) the Aztec state
D) the Nuer segmentary lineage system

Question 52

What kind of sanctions are attempts to regulate people's behaviour precisely and explicitly?

A) hierarchical
B) egalitarian
C) informal
D) formal

Question 53

Which of the following circumstances is least likely to be associated with warfare?

A) decentralizing political systems
B) the rise of cities
C) technology that supports population growth
D) possession of complex valuable property

Question 54

Why do Wape villagers avoid quarrelling with one another?

A) They worry that a ghost will misdirect a bullet and kill a quarrelling person during hunting.
B) They believe that if they quarrel,angry ancestral ghosts will prevent a successful hunt.
C) The ancestors will go away from their villages if they quarrel.
D) A hunter will refuse to loan his gun to a quarrelling person.

Question 55

Which of the following may be a supernatural agent of control in cultures?

A) witchcraft
B) magic
C) soothsaying
D) astrology

Question 56

For how many years has Canada has played an active role in international peacekeeping?

A) 75
B) 50
C) 25
D) 10

Question 57

The Order of Canada is awarded in a formal ceremony in Ottawa each year.What is this an example of?

A) a positive sanction
B) an informal sanction
C) an internalized sanction
D) a military sanction

Question 58

Which term refers to a method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement?

A) negotiation
B) mediation
C) adjudication
D) law

Question 59

According to Adamson Hoebel,what is the term for a social norm enforced by the legitimate use (or threat of use)of physical force?

A) law
B) negotiation
C) mediation
D) adjudication

Question 60

In centralized culture groups,antisocial behaviour is usually dealt with in a court system through formal negative sanctions involving abstract rules and the use of force.What is the primary aim of these sanctions?

A) to help the victim
B) to renew social relations between victim and perpetrator
C) to prevent witchcraft from being used
D) to assign blame and punish

Question 61

What term would by used by anthropologists to describe a ruling class that used expressions such as "common sense" and "the natural order of things" to promote its ideas?

A) cultural arrogance
B) discrimination
C) hegemony
D) coercion

Question 62

Which of the following is an attribute of class-based capitalist societies?

A) an elite that owns the predominant means of production and access to high political office
B) a middle class with wide-open access to wealth and property
C) an impoverished lower class with open access to the means of production
D) frequent use of mediation by the political elite as a means of social control

Question 63

Which of the following represents one of the questions that Liam Kilmurray asks in attempting to link social movements to the broader social settings in which they operate?

A) What specific jobs are protesters trying to eliminate in a particular culture?
B) Which forms of protests have been most effective and successful in a particular culture?
C) What sort of permits are required to hold a protest in a particular city?
D) What is the typical level of education of the protesters?

Question 64

The United Nations has called on nations with ships in the area of Somali piracy to repress it with military force.What has been the actual result of that call to arms?

A) Navies from a dozen nations now patrol one million square miles of sea.
B) Navies from coastal African states patrol one million square miles of sea.
C) Navies of African countries have clashed with foreign powers because of incursions into their waterways.
D) Despite naval intervention,no pirates have been caught or jailed since this policy began.

Question 65

The manner in which protesters are accommodated or suppressed by the authorities reveals a great deal.What does it reveal a great deal about?

A) the effectiveness of the protest movement
B) the legitimacy of the state or governing structure
C) the self-control of the policing structures deployed
D) how much effective anti-protest force the state has at its control

Question 66

What is the role of the anthropologist engaging in conflict resolution?

A) advocating for the First Nation and getting the best possible financial deal for them
B) explaining the complicated legal business and government context to the Aboriginal leadership
C) arriving at a deal no matter what compromises have to be made on all sides
D) understanding needs and culture of the communities,organizations,and governments that represent all parts of the negotiations

Question 67

The pre-Columbian Aztec of Mexico maintained a religious-state complex.Which of the following factors contributed most to the instability of their state?

A) more or less constant warfare carried out to procure human captives for sacrifice to appease the gods
B) the short term of office held by leaders of only seven months per term
C) the shared power between two co-kings at the top of their political/religious power structure
D) the spending of money on public construction projects while ignoring environmental degradation

Question 68

Which of the following statements best captures Liam Kilmurray's observations about the extremes of ideological diversity that is seen in social protest movements?

A) There are democratic social movements protesting in fascist states,as well as fascist social movements protesting in democratic states.
B) There are democratic anti-corporate protesters in communist states,as well as communist pro-corporate protesters in democratic states.
C) There are often close political alliances between anti-abortion Christian protesters and pro-choice secular humanist protesters.
D) There are environmental protesters trying to stop the cutting of forests who still want access to cheap wood and paper to make their protest signs.

Question 69

Which phenomenon often becomes an unwelcome feature of social movement protests?

A) Violence coming from the protesters,the police,or both.
B) Protest leadership being compromised by payoffs from government.
C) Conflicting protest groups undermine each other's issues.
D) Protesters dislike media coverage and often smash their cameras.

Question 70

What aspect of communities,organizations,and governments must be taken into account and acknowledged during the course of a negotiation?

A) They are generally governed by one powerful person.
B) They are so different in structure that communication is almost impossible.
C) They each have their own values and expectations which must be respected.
D) They each must be protected from liability.

Question 71

How must power based on force be perceived in order for it to be effective?

A) as legitimate
B) as mediated
C) as negotiated
D) as subject to sanctions

Question 72

What did the famous Deganawida,known to the Iroquois as the Peacemaker,contribute to their culture?

A) He brought them the use of tobacco in peace negotiations.
B) He brought them the Great Law of peace and buried a hatchet under a tree to signify it.
C) He created the five distinct nations of the Confederacy.
D) He negotiated peace with the French and then the English to ensure prosperity.

Question 73

What circumstances do the strongest social movements generally emerge from?

A) from issues of gender equality
B) from state-business conflict issues
C) from anti-capitalist issues
D) from contentious political issues

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of structural violence?

A) harm that people experience because of their position in society
B) high rates of fatal automobile accidents among young male drivers
C) police SWAT teams that intimidate violent protesters
D) any form of domestic family violence

Question 75

(1)The use of wealth to support the tonowi's power;(2)the belief in the divine right of kings to rule;and (3)the oldest living male becoming the head of the Dahomey state of West Africa:What are these all elements of?

A) a system of centralized authority
B) a legitimate basis of political authority in a particular society
C) a legal authority for using force
D) a society based on foraging

Question 76

The Anthropologist's World article on dispute resolution describes situations of cross-cultural misunderstanding.What important aspect of Tsimshian governance was overlooked by business and political leaders?

A) the role of traditional female leadership in the traditional council
B) the role of the traditional chiefs
C) the role of the common people in deciding the fate of the deal
D) the role of the spiritual influences that guide the council

Question 77

In the Original Study article titled "Social Movements" by Liam Kilmurray,he discusses two levels that must be studied in order to understand social movements.What are those two levels?

A) The protests are studied at the operational level along with instrumental action level.
B) The protests themselves are studied at the personal level along with the organizational level.
C) The protests themselves are studied along with the political structures that they operate in.
D) The protests are studied at the financial support level and the material mobilization level.

Question 78

Which Canadian government organization has NOT been involved in international peacekeeping?

A) the Canadian armed forces
B) the Royal Canadian Mounted Police
C) Elections Canada
D) the Office of the Privacy Commissioner

Question 79

Who makes the biggest profit from Somali piracy?

A) the government of Somalia
B) the victimized shipping companies themselves
C) the British Navy that protects the waters where pirates operate
D) the insurance company,Lloyd's of London

Question 80

The Dynamic Anthropology article on piracy in Somalia describes some of the factors that motivate Somali pirates.Which Somali group is most involved in piracy?

A) Most of them are ex-convicts,often murderers and rapists,who are free because of the countries decayed prison system.
B) Most of them were in the Somali navy or other armed forces but took to piracy when the Somali military was disbanded.
C) Most of them are fishermen who were pushed out of their traditional fisheries by foreign commercial fleets that pollute their coasts and deplete their fish stocks.
D) Most of them are coastal villagers who acquired weapons through the active arms trade,and the deprivations of civil war have motivated them to piracy.